MORE ON PROTECTORS
The Five Protectors of China more exactly defined—No such period as the "Five Tyrant period" can be logically accepted as accurate— Chinese never understand the principles of history as distinct from the detailed facts—International situation defined—Flank movements—Appearance of barbarous Wu in the Chinese arena— Phonetic barbarian names—The State of Wei—Enlightened prince envoy to China from Wu—Wu rapidly acquires the status of Protector—Confucius tampers with history—Risky position of the King of Wu—Yüeh conquers Wu, and poses as Protector—The River Sz (Grand Canal).
CHAPTER XV
STATE INTERCOURSE
Further explanations regarding the grouping of states, and the size of the smallest states—Statesmen of all orthodox states acquainted with one another—No dialect difficulties in ancient times—Records exist for everything—Absence of caste, but persistence of the hereditary idea—The great political economist Kwan-tsz—Tsz-ch'an, the prince-statesman of Cheng—Shuh Hiang, statesman of Tsin—Reference to Appendix No. r—The statesman Yen- tsz of Ts'i—Confucius' origin as a member of the royal Sung family—Confucius' wanderings not so very extensive—Confucius no mere pedant, but a statesman and a humorist—Hiang Suh of Sung, inventor of "Hague" Conferences—Ki-chah, prince-envoy of Wu—K'u- peh-yuh, an authority in Wei—Ts'in had no literary men—Lao-% of Ts'u—Reasons why Confucius does not mention him
CHAPTER XVI
LAND AND PEOPLE
Ancient land and land-tax-Combination of military service with land cultivation—Studious class had to study tao (in its pre-Lao-tsz sense)—Next the trading classes—Next the cultivators— Last the handicraftsmen—Another division of the people—Responsibility of rulers to God—Classification of rulers and ruling ranks—Eunuchs and slaves—Cadastral survey in Ts'u state—Reserves for sporting— Cemeteries—Salt-flats Another land and military service system in Ts'u—Kwan-tsz's system in Ts'i—Poor relief—Shrewd diplomacy—His master becomes First Protector—commerce and fairs—"The people" ignored in history—Tsin reforms and administration—The "great family" nuisance—Roads, supplies, post-stages—Ts'i had developed even before Kwan-tsz—Restlessness of active minds under the yoke of ritual.