Resume of Chinese historical development—General lines of Chinese advance—Methods of Chinese colonization—Equal pedigree claims of half-Chinese states—Tsin and Ts'i were even more ancient than orthodox China—Degree of foreignness in Ts'u-Ts'u native words and music—Ts'u peculiarities-Succession laws in Ts'u and Lu compared—Further evidence of Ts'u's foreign ways—Beards— Titles, posthumous and other—Ts'u admits her own savagery—Ts'u's claim to the Nine Tripods—Ts'u and the Chou rites—Ts'u's gradual civilization—Confucius' admiration of Ts'u—Confucius' style in speaking of barbarians—Distinction between "beat" and "battle"— German distinctions of rank compared with Chinese—The historical honour of "naming"—Vagueness of testimony and the way to test evidence.
CHAPTER XXVIII
BARBARIANS
The state of Wu—First Chinese princely emigrants adopted barbarian usages—The Jungle country and Wu—Wu's way of doing the hair and Wu's confession of barbarism—Federal China uses Wu against Ts'u—Wu the same language and manners as Yueh—Native Wu words—Wu's ignorance of war—Wu's early isolation—Ts'i enters into marriage relations with Wu—Mencius objects retrospectively— Wu ruling caste—The Wu language—Succession laws of Wu—A Wu prince's views on the soul—Confucius' views on ghosts—Ki-chah's intimacy with orthodox statesmen—Rumours of Early Japan—Japan and Wu tattooing customs alike—Japanese traditions of a connection with Wu—Dangers of etymological guess-work—Doubts about racial matters in Wu—Small value of Japanese history and tradition—General conclusions.
CHAPTER XXIX
CURIOUS CUSTOMS
Small size of ancient China—Description of ancient nucleus and surrounding barbarians—Amount of foreign element in each vassal state—Policy of the Ts'i and Lu administrations—The savage tribes of the eastern coasts—Persistency of some down to 970 A.D.—Ts'in's unliterary quality—Her human sacrifices—Her Turkish blood—Late influence of the Emperors over Ts'in—Ts'in's gradual civilization—Ki-chah on Ts'in music—Ts'u treats Ts'in as barbarian still in 361 B.C.—Ts'in's isolation previous to 326 B.C.—Tartar rule of succession at one time in Ts'in—Yiieh's barbarism—Its able king—Native name—Mushroom existence as a power—The various branches of the Yiieh race in Foochow, W&chow, and Tonquin—Wu and Yiieh spoke the same language—Ruling caste of Wu—Stern military discipline in Wu and Yiieh—Neither state proved to have had human sacrifices—Crawling customs—Ancient Chinese descent of rulers—Yiieh's later capital in the German sphere—Her power always marine.
CHAPTER XXX
LITERARY RELATIONS
Literary relations between vassal states—Confucius set the ball of philosophy a-rolling—The fourfold "Bible" of China—Odes were generally known by heart—Comparison with President Kruger and his texts—Quotations from Odes and Book enable us to fix dates—Books were heavy weights in those days—People trusted to memory—The Rites more exclusively understood by the ruling classes— Comparison with Johnsonian wits—Instances cited, with side proofs—History and Classics corroborate each other-Evidences— Confucius' ancestor composes odes—Political song by the children of Tsin—Another still-existing ode in reference to the Second Protector—Ts'u's early literary knowledge—General knowledge of Odes and History—Ignorance of Ts'in-Ts'in ancient documents the only ones now remaining—First definite notion of abolishing the feudal system—The pivot point 403 B.C.—Ts'in's conquests in north, south, east, and west—The First August Emperor's travels— Lao-tsz's Taoist philosophy becomes fashionable—Ts'in's hatred of orthodox literature, and of the Odes and Book in particular—The Book of Changes escapes his hatred—Revolutionary decree of the First August Emperor-Lost annals of all feudal states but Ts'in— Learned Tartars of Tsin-Confucius used Tsin annals too—Origin of the name Shi-ki, or "Historical Annals"—Further evidence of lost histories—Curious name for Ts'u Annals—Ts'u poetry- Ts'u's knowledge of past history—The term "Springs and Autumns"— Baldness of early Chinese annals.