Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages / Third Edition

by Edward Lewes Cutts

Abbesses, costume of, [57]
Abbey, infirmary of, [61]
Abbey-church, internal arrangement of, [75]
Abbot, duties of, [55];
his habit, [57]
Abbot-bishop, [5]
Abbot’s lodgings, [55], [84]
Alien Priories, [34]
Ampulla, the Canterbury, [171-73]
Anchorages, [132]
Anchoresses, bequests to, [129];
Judith the foundress and patroness of the order of, [120];
sketch of, [146]
Anchorholds, [130], [134], [138]
Anchorites, bequests to, [125-27];
rule for, [121];
their mode of life, [121]
Angel minstrels, [286-88]
Anglo-Saxons, St. Augustine the Apostle of the, [6]
Arbalesters, the Genoese famous as, [441]
Archers, [438];
corps of enrolled as body guards by Edward III. and French kings, [412];
importance of in battle, [440];
mounted corps of, ib.;
Norman, equipment of at time of Conquest, [438];
skill of English, [440]
Archery, practice of by commonality of England protected and encouraged by legislation, [445], [446]
Armorial bearings, date of invention of, [331]
Armour, details of a suit of thirteenth century, [333];
differences in suits of mediæval, [398], [399];
little worn in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., [458];
many modifications of in fifteenth century, [452];
of King Henry VIII.’s reign, [453];
of the fourteenth century, [338] et seq.;
of the fifteenth century, [394] et seq.;
various kinds of early, [329], [330], [335], [336]
Arquebusier, [458]
Artillery, ancient, [446];
date of first appearance in field disputed, [447];
first evidence as to the existence of, [440], [447]
Augustinians, order of the, [18]
Austin friars, order of, [44], [94]
Banker, the mediæval, [407]
Bard, anecdotes concerning the, [271-73];
the father of the minstrels of mediæval Europe, [270]
Basilican Institution, introduction of into Africa by St. Augustine, [4];
into France by St. Martin of Tours, ib.;
into Ireland by St. Patrick, ib.;
into Syria by Hilarion, ib.
Battering-ram, [385], [450], [451]
Bede houses, [24]
Benedictine monks, habit of, [1-7];
orders, [17]
Benefices, abuses in connection with, [200]
Bonhommes, the, [21]
Brigittines (female Order of Our Saviour), [21]
Britain, exports of when a Roman province, [463]
British Church, early history of the, [4]
coinage, date of fast, [463]
commerce, the beginnings of, [461]
Camaldoli, order of, [17]
Canons, Secular, cathedral establishments of, [196];
their costume, [197], [198]
Canterbury pilgrimage, chief sign of the, its origin and meaning, [170] et seq.
Carmelite friars, order of, [43]
Carthusian order, founded by St. Bruno, [15];
Charterhouse (Chartreux) principal house of in England, [15]
Carthusians, Cistercians, Clugniacs, and the orders of Camaldoli and Vallambrosa and Grandmont, history of the successive rise of the, [10]
Castle, mode of assaulting a, [381];
various methods of attacking a, [392]
Castles, counter-mines used by defenders of mediæval, [387];
Greek fire and stinkpots employed in repelling assailants of, [392];
mines used for effecting breaches in walls of, [385];
places of hospitality as well as of trials of arms, [358]
Cells, monastic, [89]
Chantry chapels, bequests to, [140]
priests, [136], [204], [206]
Chapels, private, curious internal arrangement of, [211];
establishments of, [208-10]
Chaplains, domestic, [208], [210], [212]
Christendom, cœnobitical orders of, [93]
Church of England, date of present organization of, [195]

Cinque Ports, [480];
ships of the, frequently at war with those of other ports of the kingdom, [483]
Cistercian order, founded by Robert de Thierry, [16];
introduced into England A.D. 1128, ib.;
St. Bernard of Clairvaux the great saint of the, [17]
Clairvaux, external aspect and internal life of, [12];
founded by St. Bernard, [11]
Clergy, comparison between mediæval seculars and modern, [224], [225];
extracts from injunctions of John, Archbishop of Canterbury, on robes of the, [242], [243], [250], [251];
form of degradation for heresy, [214], [215];
friars a popular order of, [223];
parochial, cause of change in condition of the, [193];
rivalry between friars and secular, [223];
secular, [214];
stories illustrating deference of for squire in olden days, [225], [226];
wills of the, [248], [249]
Clerical costume of archbishop, [234-236];
of bishop, [235];
of cardinal, [234];
of minor orders, [214], [215];
of pope, [232], [233]
Clericus, meaning of the word, [215]
Clugniac, order of, [14]
Coffin-stones, mediæval, curious symbols on, [193]
Combat, a mediæval, [375], [376]
Commerce, checked by the Conquest, [468];
discovery of sea-passage to India opens up to a career of adventure, [485];
earliest extant document bearing on Saxon, [464];
of England greatly increased during reign of Edward the Confessor, [467];
receives much attention from Government during fourteenth century, [470];
recovers and surpasses its ancient prosperity in reign of Henry II., [469];
the pioneers of, [485]
Compostella pilgrimage, legend in connection with badge of the, [169];
offerings made by pilgrims on return from, [190]
Convent, the, officials of:
abbot, [55];
almoner, [62];
artificers and servants, [65];
cellarer, [60];
chantor, ib.;
chaplains, [65];
cloister monks, [64];
hospitaller, [61];
infirmarer, [62];
kitchener, [63];
master of the novices, [62];
novices, [65];
porter, [62];
precentor, [58];
prior, [58];
Professed Brethren, [65];
sacrist, [61];
seneschal, [63];
subprior, [60];
succentor, ib.
Council of Hertford, [195];
differences affecting parochial clergy reconciled at, ib.
Council of Lyons, suppression of minor mendicant orders by, [44];
red hat of cardinal first given by Innocent VI. at, [234]
Counting-board, the, [501]
Cross-bow, not used in war till close of twelfth century, [440];
various forms of, ib.
Croyland, monastery of, [87]
Crusades, objects for which they were organised, [159]
Crutched friars, order of, [44]
Deaconesses, order of, [152]
De Pœnetentia friars, order of, [44]
Dominican friar, Chaucer’s, [46]
friars, order of, [40]
Dunstan, Archbishop, reduces all Saxon monasteries to rule of St. Benedict, [7]
Education, monasteries famous places of, [66]
Edwardian period, armour and arms of the, [347]
Egyptian Desert, hermits of the, [148]
Eremeti Augustini, order of, [94], [96];
their habit, [96]
Eremetical life, curious illustration of, [2]
Fairs, sole power of granting right to hold exercised by king, [503];
great, [506]
Feudal system, introduction of into England by William the Conqueror, [326];
points of difference between Continental and English, [327]
Fontevraud, nuns of, [21]
Franciscan friars, order of, [40];
the several branches of, [43]
nuns, habit of the, [43]
Free towns, mediæval, [530];
Hull an example of one of the, ib.;
manner of laying out, [531-38]
Friars, orders of:
Austin, [44];
Carmelites, [43];
Crutched, [44];
de Pœnetentia, [44];
Dominicans, [40];
Franciscans, [40]
Chaucer’s type of a certain class of, [39];
convents of, ib.;
pictures of ancient customs and manners of, [45];
the principle which inspired them, [36]
Gilbertines, founded by Gilbert of Sempringham, [21]
Godrie of Finchale, [116]
Grandmontines, order of, [17]

Greek Church, costume of monks and nuns in the, [4];
rule of St. Basil followed by all monasteries of, ib.
fire, [449];
used in the Crusades, ib.
Grimlac, rule of, [120], [121]
Guesten-halls, [86], [87]
Guild priests, [205];
bequests to, [206];
duties of, ib.
Guilds of minstrels, [298];
laws regulating them, [299], [300]
Hampton Court, shipping of time of Henry VIII. illustrated at, [484]
Harper, the mediæval, [271] et seq.
Henry VIII.’s army, [455];
account of its taking the field, [456];
description of the king’s camp, [458]
Heresy, form of degradation for, [214], [215]
Hermit, a modern, [119];
form of vow made by mediæval, [98];
popular idea of a, [95];
service for habiting and blessing a, [99];
superstition with regard to a, [100];
typical pictures of a, [117-19]
Hermitages, localities of, [101];
descriptions of, [111-17]
Hermit-saints, traditional histories of the early, [95] n.;
their costume, [98]
Hermits, curious history relating to, [104]
Holy Land, early pilgrims to the, [158];
pilgrim entitled to wear palm on accomplishment of pilgrimage to, [167];
special sign worn by pilgrims to, ib.
“Holy Reliques,” an account of, [185-87]
Horses, equipment of in fifteenth century, [404];
trappings of at tournaments, [433]
Hospitals of the Middle Ages, [23], [24];
foreign examples of, [25]
Hospitium, contrast between the Cloister and the, [87];
resorted to by travellers, [529]
Houses, description of, given by mediæval traders to various churches and monasteries, [519]
Impropriation, evil of, [199]
Iona, monastic institution at, [6]
Inventories, clerical, [261], [262];
of church furniture, [285]
“Isles of Tin,” [461]
Jewellery, portable, Saxon goldsmiths famous for, [464]
Jousting, [348], [349], [365], [411], [415]
Judicial combats, anecdotes illustrative of, [419];
various authorities on the subject of, ib.
Kelvedon Parsonage, [261], [263], [265]
Knight, manner of bringing up a, [406];
Chaucer’s portrait of a, [409], [410]
Knight-errant, armour and costume of a royal, [349], [350];
graphic account of incidents in single combat of a, [373-75];
squire of a, [352]
Knight-errantry, romances of, [354] et seq.
Knighthood, won by deeds of arms in the field and in the lists, [409]
Knight Hospitaller, a, [31]
Knights of Malta, [33]
of St. John of Jerusalem, order of, [29-32]
of the Temple, order of, [26], [29], [159]
Knights, noblemen and eldest sons of landed gentry made, [408];
ceremony of making essentially a religious one, [409];
equipment of reached its strangest form in reigns of Richard III. and Henry VII. [452]
Knights-errant, [369] et seq.
Knights of the Middle Ages, armour, arms, and costume of the, [311] et seq.;
scarcity of authorities for costume and manners of the, [329];
quaint and poetic phrases in romances of the, [367], [368]
Laura, the, [3];
original arrangement of the hermits in their, [107]
Lindisfarne, monastic institution at, [6]
Long-bow, the national arm of the English, [441];
attains climax of its reputation during fourteenth century, [441]
London, burgesses of at battle of Hastings, [467];
date of its becoming chief emporium of Britain, [463];
importance of its citizens previous to Conquest, [467];
interesting account of mediæval, [469];
“mysteries,” or trades of, [508];
regulations as to dress of merchants, citizens, and burgesses of the city of, [525]
Lord-monks, [223]
Marseilles, as a Greek colony, the chief emporium of the world, [462]
Mediæval dance, a, [281], [282]
England, inns of and their signs, [540-44];
picturesque aspect of, [489-92];
population of, [503];
town-halls of, [545];
town houses of county families of, ib.
life and characters, sketches of, from an artist’s point of view, [1]
shops, descriptions of, [509], [510]
towns, [529];
best specimens of to be found in Normandy and Germany, [535];
Conway a perfect example of one of the, [534];
gradual growth of, [529];
houses of, [534], [535];
inhabitants of, [533];
mode of lodging of population of, ib.;
numerous on the Continent from eleventh to fourteenth centuries, [530];
picturesque views of streets and shops of, [537-40];
some built for specific purposes, [529]
trade, [503] et seq.
Merchant, mediæval, an account of his occupation and way of life, [465], [466];
curious epitaph on a brass relating to a, [525];
effigy of a at Northleach, [523]
Merchant guilds, [489]
navy, the, [475]
ships, early, [470], [471];
king at liberty to impress, [481], [482]
Merchants, commerce of England, during thirteenth century, carried on by foreign, [470];
details of dresses worn by mediæval, [521];
early English, [465];
law conferring rank on, [465];
munificence of the mediæval, [495];
private naval wars carried on between, [482], [483];
provision in charter of King John as to, [469];
social position of the mediæval, [487], [488];
various classes of distinguished by costume, [487]
Middle Ages, armour of the, [329-36];
archers of England famous during the, [439];
combats of the, [411];
consecrated widows of the, [152];
costume of tradespeople of the, [519];
description of the combat between King Arthur and a knight of the, [365], [366];
drill and tactics of the soldiers of the, [377-79];
engines of war of the, [382], [383];
habitations of secular clergy in the, [252-54];
harper the most dignified of the minstrel craft throughout the, [271];
hermits and recluses of the, [93] et seq.;
hospitals of the, [23-25];
hospitium of a monastery in the, [87];
houses of the, [519], [520];
itinerant traders of the, [513], [517];
manner of bringing up a youth of good family in the, [406];
merchant navy of the, [475];
merchant princes of the, [493], [494];
merchants of the, [461] et seq.;
minstrels part of regular establishment of nobles and gentry of the, [275];
monks of the, [1] et seq.;
primitive mode of life of rural English population of the, [513];
ships of the, [470-71];
sketch of life led by a country parson in the, [262], [263];
sumptuary laws regulating dress of merchants of the, [525];
system of Pluralities in the, [200]
Military engines, [382] et seq.
exercises and encounters, [410] et seq.
orders:
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, [29];
Knights of the Temple, [26];
Our Lady of Mercy, [32];
Teutonic Knights, ib.;
Trinitarians, [32-34]
Minstrels, mediæval, assist in musical part of divine service, [285];
costume of, [304-309];
curious anecdotes concerning, [294], [295];
duties of, [275] et seq.;
female, [302], [303];
incorporated in a guild, [297];
marriage processions attended by, [282], [283];
often men of position and worth, [294], [295];
part of regular establishment of nobles and gentry, [275-77];
patronised by the clergy, [288];
singular ordinance relating to, [296];
tournaments enlivened by the strains of, [291], [292];
welcome guests at the religious houses, [289], [290]
“Minstrels unattached,” [293], [294]
Miracle-plays, parish clerks took an important part in, [220];
survival of in Spain, [221]
Minstrelsy, in high repute among the Normans, [274];
Grostête of Lincoln a great patron of, [288];
Israelitish compared with music of mediæval England, [267]
Mitre, earliest form of the, [236];
transition shape of the from twelfth century, ib.
Monachism, origin of,

[1-5]
Monasteries, Benedictine, [9];
British, [5];
Saxon, [7];
suppression of, [52]
Monastery, arrangement of a Carthusian, [71];
description of a, [72] et seq.;
graphic sketch of the arrival of guests at a, [87]
Monastic orders, traditionary histories of the founders and saints of, [1] et seq.;
their suppression in England, [52]
Monk, cell of a Carthusian, [123];
pilgrim, [188]
Monks, abodes of, [70];
lord, [223]
Monumental brasses, [19], [57], [276], [494], [495], [497], [521], [527];
minutiæ of costume of middle ages supplied from, [521];
peculiar features in, [526]
Movable tower, a, [387]
Music, sketch of the earliest history of, [267-70]

Musical instruments, date of invention of, [267];
occasions when used, ib.;
names of, ib. et seq.;
used in the colleges of the prophets, [269];
Saxon, [273];
learned essays on mediæval, [274];
used in celebration of divine worship, [285];
forms of, [309], [310]
Order for the Redemption of Captives, [33], [34];
their habit, [34];
their rules, ib.
Ostiary, costume of an, [215] n.
Our Lady of Mercy, order of, [32]
Our Lady of Walsingham, shrine of, [180], [181];
a relic from, ib.
Pachomius, written code of laws by, [4]
Palmers, [189], [190];
graves of three holy, [193]
Parish clerk, frequently the recipient of a legacy, [217];
his duties, [218], [220];
office of an ancient, ib.;
worth of his office, [220]
priests, early handbooks for, [227];
instructions for, [162] n.;
points of difference between monks and friars and the, [222]
Parochial clergy, [195], [196];
domestic economy of the early, [263-65];
organization of the established by Archbishop of Canterbury, [195]
Parsonage houses, early, [254] et seq.;
description of, [259];
furniture of, [261], [262]
Pastoral staff, earliest examples of the, [237]
Pedlars, their mode of dealing in mediæval times, [513], [515], [517]
Pilgrim, an equestrian, [168];
the female, [188];
the penitential, [178]
Pilgrimage, chief sign of the Canterbury, [170];
chief signs of the Roman, [168];
Holy Land first object of, [175];
mendicant, [176];
palmers, on return from, received with ecclesiastical processions, [189];
practice to return thanks on returning from, [189];
relics of, [191], [192];
saying of Jerome as to, [157];
special roads to the great shrines of, [178];
sign of the Compostella, [169];
usual places for, [159]
Pilgrimages, a pleasant religious holiday, [176];
gathering cry of, [178];
popular English, [161], [162]
Pilgrims, [159], [160];
costume of, [164], [177];
description of staff and scrip of, [164-66];
graphic sketch of a company of passing through a town, [179];
insignia of, [164], [192], [193];
office of, [162-64];
special signs of, [167];
singers and musicians employed by, [179];
vow made by, [164]
Pioneers of commerce, the, [485]
Piracy, prevalence of in mediæval times, [483], [484]
Plate armour, first introduction of, [336]
“Pleasure fairs,” [507]
Priest-hermits, costume of, [97]
Priesthood, curious history of way in which many poor men’s sons attained to the, [201]
Prior, functions of, [59]
Prioress, Chaucer’s description of a, [58]
Recluse, service for enclosing a, [148], [150]
Recluses, bequests to, [128], [129];
canons concerning, [121];
cells of female, [142];
curious details of the life of, [130];
dress of female, [97];
giving of alms to, [123];
hermitages for female, [130], [131];
popular idea as to the life of, [121];
sketch of, [146-48]
Reclusorium, the, [124], [125], [132]
Rectors, Saxon, [198], [199]
Reformed Benedictine orders, [17]
Regular Canons, Premonstratensian branch of, founded by St. Norbert, [21]
Rettenden, reclusorium at, [135], [137]
Richard of Hampole, life of, [107-10]
Rome, pilgrimage to, [168];
number of pilgrims visiting, [168];
description of relics at, [182], [183] n.
Sacred music, [284]
Salby abbey, staff of servants at, [66]
Saxon soldiers, costume of, [312-18], [322-24];
ornaments of, [324], [325];
romantic fancies in connection with swords of, [320];
weapons used by, [316], [318], [319], [321]
Saxons, the, a musical people, [272];
a pastoral rather than an agricultural race, [466];
corn not exported by the, ib.;
famous throughout Europe for goldsmiths’ work and embroidery, ib.;
rage among the for foreign pilgrimages, [464];
traffic in slaves considerable during time of the, [466]
Scottish Archers of the Guard, enrolment of the, [442]
Secular clergy, comparison between costume of and that of mediæval merchants, [528];
costume of the, [232] et seq.
Shrines, pictures of, [187]

Siege, interesting points in a mediæval, [442]
Solitaries, mediæval, [94];
curious incident relating to two, [105]
Spenser’s description of a typical hermit and hermitage, [118], [119]
Squires, duties of, [352]
St. Anthony, cœnobite system attributed to, [4];
monks of, ib.
St. Augustine, Canons Secular of, [18];
their costume, ib.;
Canons Regular of, [20];
Chaucer’s pen-and-ink sketch of one of the order, [19]
St. Basil, abuse of great church festivals mentioned by, [513];
introduction of Monachism into Asia Minor by, [4];
rule of, ib.
St. Benedict, his rule, [6], [7];
Archbishop Dunstan reduces all Saxon monasteries to rule of, [7]
St. Clare, foundress of the female order of Franciscans, [43]
St. Edmund’s Bury, abbey of, [65]
St. Francis, character of, [37]
St. Jean-les-Bons-hommes, priory of, [89]
St. John the Hermit, [148]
St. Mary, Winchester, abbey of, [66]
Sumptuary laws, [525];
civil costume regulated by, [527], [528]
Teutonic Knights, order of, [32]
Tilting-ground, remains of, to be seen at Carisbrook Castle, [359]
Timber fort, [444];
used by William the Conqueror, [391]
Tournament, [412];
a miniature, [415];
an historical example of the, [429], [430];
description of encounter between French and English knights at a, [432];
directions for the, [415-17];
form of challenge for a, [431];
form of proclamation inviting to a, [412], [413];
habiliments required by knights at a, ib.;
incidents relating to a, [424], [430];
manner of arranging a, [423];
mode of arming knights for the, [413];
pictures illustrating various scenes of the, [432], [433];
prizes of the, [427];
the joute à outrance, [412];
the joute à plaisance, ib.;
weapons used at a, [415]
Tournaments, feasting and merriment usual at, [424];
the mediæval romances safe authorities on all relating to the subject of, [423];
unusual deeds performed at, [426], [427]
Town-halls, architectural beauty of continental, [544];
date of earliest English, [545]
Towns, provincial, market-days in mediæval, [511], 572;
specimens of various in time of Edward III., [508-10]
Traveller, religious houses chiefly the resting-places of the, [103], [490]
Trinitarians, order of, [32-34]
Vallombrosa, order of, [17]
Vestments, mediæval official, description of, [237-241];
abandoned at time of Reformation, [250]
Wager of Battle, account of a mediæval, [420-22]
Walter of Hamuntesham, beating of by rabble, [64]
War-ships, cannon of both iron and brass employed on board English, A.D. 1338, [447];
costume of sailors and soldiers of mediæval, [477];
description of early, [475] et seq.;
list of English, A.D. 1205, and where stationed, [481]
Waverley, Cistercian abbey of, [65]
Westminster Abbey, grants made by Henry VIII. to, [79]
Whale fishing, early, [474]
Widowhood, description of a lady who took the vows of, [155], [156]
Widows, order of, [152];
dress worn by, [156];
profession or vow of, [154];
service for consecration of, [152], [153]
William of Swynderby, [140]
Wills, inventories attached to ancient, [211], [212] n.
Wool merchants, costume of mediæval, [523], [525]

THE END.

THE RIVERSIDE PRESS LIMITED, EDINBURGH

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Footnotes:

[1] We cannot put down all these supernatural tales as fables or impostures; similar tales abound in the lives of the religious people of the Middle Ages, and they are not unknown in modern days: e.g., Luther’s conflict with Satan in the Wartzburg, and Colonel Gardiner’s vision of the Saviour. Which of them (if any) are to be considered true supernatural visions, which may be put down as the natural results of spiritual excitement on the imagination, which are mere baseless legends, he would be a very self-confident critic who professed in all cases to decide.

[2] Besides consulting the standard authorities on the archæology of the subject, the student will do well to read Mr. Kingsley’s charming book, “The Hermits of the Desert.”

[3] Strutt’s “Dress and Habits of the People of England.”

[4] This is the computation of Tanner in his “Notitia Monastica;” but the editors of the last edition of Dugdale’s “Monasticon,” adding the smaller houses or cells, swell the number of Benedictine establishments in England to a total of two hundred and fifty-seven.