BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
[1] For accounts of the Young Turk Revolutions see René Pinon, L’Europe et la jeune Turquie (Paris, 1911); V. Bérard, La révolution turque (Paris, 1909); C. R. Buxton, Turkey in Revolution (London, 1909); Ernst Jäckh, Der aufsteigende Halbmond (Berlin, 1911); A. H. Lybyer, “The Turkish Parliament,” in Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Volume VII (1910), pp. 66 et seq.; S. Panaretoff, Near Eastern Affairs and Conditions (New York, 1922), Chapter V; A. Kutschbach, Die türkische Revolution (Halle, 1909); Baron C. von der Goltz, Der jungen Türkei Niederlage und die Möglichkeit ihrer Wiedererhebung (Berlin, 1913).
[2] Paul Rohrbach, Germany’s Isolation, p. 50.
[3] Karl Helfferich, Die deutsche Türkenpolitik, p. 21
[4] This quotation, together with many other facts in this chapter, is from a lengthy memorandum of Djavid Bey on the Bagdad Railway, prepared especially for the use of the author in the writing of this book. It is dated January 3, 1923, and was forwarded from the Lausanne Conference for Peace in the Near East. Unless otherwise specified, quotations from Djavid Bey here given are from this memorandum. There probably is no person who knows more of the Ottoman point of view on the Bagdad Railway than Djavid, who as Young Turk Minister of Finance and, later, as Turkish delegate to the Ottoman Public Debt Administration has had perhaps an unprecedented opportunity to observe the financial and economic ramifications of European imperialism in the Near East.
[5] Diplomatic and Consular Reports, No. 4835 (1911), p. 16; Mesopotamia, p. 41; The Annual Register, 1911, pp. 364–365; Armenia and Kurdistan, p. 62; Turkey in Europe, pp. 72–73; Anatolia, pp. 51–52, 81; infra, pp. 244–246.
[6] Pan-Turkism, or Pan-Turanianism, started as a cultural movement among Ottoman intellectuals. It assumed political aspects as a result of three important circumstances: 1. Aggressions against Turkey by foreign powers; 2. The ardent nationalism of the Balkan states bordering on Turkey; 3. The existence within Turkey of vigorous dissident nationalities, such as the Armenians and the Arabs. Pan-Turanianism and Pan-Islamism, although separate movements, had much in common. In 1911, at any rate, the Young Turks adopted Pan-Islamism as part of their program. Pinon, op. cit., pp. 134 et seq.; Mohammedan History, pp. 89–96; Sir Thomas Barclay, The Turco-Italian War and Its Problems (London, 1912), pp. 100 et seq.
[7] For an excellent statement of the reaction of Turkish nationalism upon European politics see The Quarterly Review, Volume 228 (1917), pp. 511 et seq.
[8] Regarding the coincidence of German and Turkish interests during the reign of Abdul Hamid cf. supra, pp. 64–65, 125–130.
[9] Report of the Anatolian Railway Company, 1908 and 1909, pp. 8–9; The Annual Register, 1909, pp. 337 et seq.; Stenographische Berichte, XII Legislaturperiode, 1 Session, Volume 260 (1910), pp. 2174d et seq.