So the plant, like the animal, is just a great mass of different sorts of these living bricks, and of the various substances which they form within and around them.

Naturally it takes millions upon millions of these living bricks to build up the body of a man or an apple tree, still more of a whale or one of the giant redwood trees of California. Many humbler creatures, on the other hand, both animals and plants, contain comparatively few. Our common green pond scums, for example, which tho they are plants, have neither leaves nor stems nor roots, are like single long lines of tiny green barrels set end to end. Our common sea-lettuce is a sheet of cells only one layer thick; while other sea-weeds and water plants are but bundles of a score or more. Often the fewer such bricks there are, the larger they are; even at times, to a half-inch in thickness and an inch or more in length.

[ Cells of a pond scum much enlarged. The green living substance flowing from one to another unites to form an egg or spore. ]

A vast number of plants and animals, moreover, are single cells. Such among plants are the yeasts with which most of us make our bread, and a few of us brew our beer. Such also are the hundreds of different sorts of bacteria, which tho some of them are the germs of various catching diseases, are for the most part useful enough. But of these we shall learn more by and by. The green spots and patches on the bark of old trees and fences, and sometimes even on damp earth, are due to enormous numbers of minute plants, green with the same green pigment as the leaves of the largest tree; while the green tint of the gray lichens on rocks and tree trunks is caused by similar single-celled plants which grow among the white fibers of the lichen proper. Besides these, there are many like plants which float about in fresh water, each a single cell.

[ Three sorts of infusoria much enlarged. ]

The diatoms which one finds in the mud at the bottom of ditches and mud-puddles, tho they have shells and move about, are usually counted among plants; but the water of most ditches and puddles swarms with amoebas, infusoria, animalcules of various sorts, most of them large enough to be made out with the unaided eye when seen in a tumbler against the light, and each a single cell.

Many animals, then, and many plants are just one single cell and no more. Many others, like pond scums and sea-lettuces,—which are plants,—and sponges and jelly-fishes,—which are animals,—are composed of many cells, but all pretty much alike. But the animals and plants which we know best, kittens and oak trees and horses and grass, and the creatures we know best of all which are ourselves, are made up of many cells, and many different sorts—skin and bark and wood, flesh and fat and leaves and hair and all the rest, so many that it would take half an hour merely to write them all down.