[174] Production of wine in Portugal before the appearance of oidium, in 1853, 105,600,000 gallons. Average annual produce of the vineyards of Alto-Douro (Oporto) in 1848, 11,726,000; in 1870, 11,374,000 gallons. Exports to England, 3,718,000 gallons; Brazil, 994,000 gallons. In 1874 Oporto alone exported 6,623,000 gallons, or more than ever before.
[175] Imports and exports about £4,000,000.
[176] Towns of over 5,000 inhabitants in Northern Portugal (1864):—Entre Douro e Minho: Oporto, 86,257; Braga, 19,512; Pavoa de Varzim, 10,110; Guimarães, 7,865; Villanova de Gaia, 7,517; Vianna do Castello, 6,049; Mattozinhos, 5,089. Traz os Montes: Chaves, 6,382; Bragança, 5,111; Villa Real, 5,097. Beira: Coimbra, 18,147; Ovar, 10,374; Covilhã, 9,022; Lamego, 8,638; Ilhavo, 8,215; Murtoza, 7,666; Vizeu, 6,815; Castello Branco, 6,583; Avéiro, 6,557; Mira, 6,014; Soure, 5,855; Lavos, 5,837; Miranda do Corvo, 5,261; Paião, 5,097.
[177] In 1874 Lisbon exported 5,900 tons of potatoes, 447,450 gallons of olive oil, 4,400,000 gallons of wine, 157,200 bushels of salt, 200,000 tons of copper ore, figs, almonds, oranges, &c.: 4,092 vessels entered the harbour.
[178] Mean temperature of July, 90·6° F.; extremes of temperature, 27·5° and 102° F.; cloudless days, 150.
[179] In 1870 Portugal produced 320,000 tons of salt, of which 184,000 tons were from Setúbal.
[180] Towns of Estremadura having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Lisbon, 224,063; Setúbal, 13,134; Santarem, 7,820; Torres Novas, 6,878; Caparica, 6,311; Palmella, 6,260; Cezimbra, 5,797; Abrantes, 5,590; Cartaxo, 5,218; Louriçal, 5,182.
[181] Towns of Southern Portugal having over 5,000 inhabitants (1864):—Alemtejo: Evora, 11,965; Elvas, 11,086; Estremoz, 7,274; Beja, 7,060; Portalegre, 6,731; Serpa, 5,595; Móura, 5,489; Castello de Vido, 5,285; Campo Maior, 5,277. Algarve: Loulé, 12,156; Tavira, 10,903; Faro, 8,361; Lagos, 7,771; Olhão, 7,025; Alportel, 6,043; Villanova de Portimão, 5,531; São Bartholomeu de Messires, 5,318; Monchique, 5,251; Silves, 5,103.
[182] For a list of Portuguese colonies see p. [500.]
[183] In 1874 there were 2,649 elementary and middle-class schools, attended by 122,004 pupils, besides a university and nine special schools, with 4,300 students.