[239] For the other churches at Narbonne, see the Congrès Archéologique, 1906. M. Lefèvre-Pontalis devotes a study to St. Paul Serge (p. 345), whose choir was built from 1229 to 1244. In the transept are vestiges of the primitive church. Two bays of the nave are of the XIV century, and the others are XII-century work redone in the XIII. To bind together the bulging walls, flat arches were thrown over the central vessel at the level of the pier arches. The church presents such peculiarities in the Midi as circulation passages at different levels round the edifice. There are false tribune arches, and over the pier arcade a passageway is maneuvered. Sergius Paulus was the first to preach Christianity in the city. In Narbonne’s valuable Museum are classic vestiges of the city’s great day under the Roman Empire. Many of the classic marble columns are to-day in the mosque at Cordova. Ch. E. Schmidt, Cordoue, Grenade (Collection, Villes d’art célèbres), (Paris, H. Laurens).
[240] The Cistercian abbey of Fontfroide lies in a wild gorge some six miles from Narbonne. The church, begun in the middle of the XII century, was roofed with a pointed cradle vault. The cloister, like that at Tarragona, was covered with bombé vaults on eight ribs. Little marble columns support the Gothic masonry roof of the chapter house, which, like Poblet’s, opens by arcades on the cloister. Twelve monks from Fontfroide founded Poblet in 1150. The countess who ruled Narbonne for sixty years confirmed the abbey charter in 1157: ” I, Ermengarde, give to God and the Blessed Mary, to Abbot Vital and the present and future servants of God, the lands of Fontfroide,” runs her deed of gift. Doubly is a nation robbed when monastic lands are held by private individuals who assume no responsibility toward the public, as did a majority of the ancient houses, before royalty named its favorites as their abbots. Even as vast tracts were granted to nobles that they might perform gratis the military defense of a land, so monasteries were expected to give payment for their domains, by voluntary services to civilization. J. de Lahondès, in Congrès Archéologique, 1906, p. 61; Calvert, Études historiques sur Fontfroide (1875); G. Desdevises du Dézert, Barcelone et les grands sanctuaires d’art catalan (Collection, Villes d’art célèbres), (Paris, H. Laurens).
[241] Perpignan’s aisleless cathedral of St. Jean was begun in 1324 and finished, as the century ended, under the kings of Majorca, who then ruled the Roussillon. The transept ends are apsidal below and pentagonal above. Beside it stands an older St. Jean, dedicated in 1025. The see originally was at Elne, where the cathedral was rebuilt in the XI century; lotus leaves are carved on the capitals of its lovely marble cloister (c. 1175). Congrès Archéologique, 1868; and 1906, p. 109, Perpignan; p. 135, Elne; E. de Barthélemy, ” Le cloître de la ville d’Elne,” in Bulletin Monumental, 1857, vol. 23; Bernard Palustre,” Perpignan et ses monuments,” in Revue d’hist. et d’archéol du Roussillon, 1905; Auguste Brutails, ” Notes sur l’art religieux du Roussillon,” in Bulletin archéol. du comité des traveaux hist. et scientifique, 1892, No. 4; 1893, No. 3; P. Vidal, Histoire de la ville de Perpignan (Paris, 1897); P. Vidal et J. Calmette, Le Roussillon (Collection, Les régions de la France), (Paris, L. Cerf, 1909); J. de Gazanyola, Histoire de Roussillon (Perpignan, Alzinc, 1857); Isabel Savory, Romantic Roussillon (London, Unwin, 1919).
[242] Eugène Müntz, Les constructions du pope Urbain V à Montpellier, 1364-70 (Paris, 1900); Jean Guiraud, Les fondations du pape Urbain V à Montpellier (Montpellier, 1899), 3 vols.; G. E. Lefenestre, Le musée de Montpellier (vol. 1, p. 189, “Inventaire des richesses d’art de la France: ministère de l’instruction publique”), (Paris, 1878); Émile Bonnet, Antiquités et monuments du département de l’Hérault (Montpellier, 1908); Abbé M. Chaillon, Le bienheureux Urbain V, 1310-70 (Collection, Les Saints), (Paris, Lecoffre, 1911); A Germain, Maguelonne, étude historique et archéologique; A Fabrége, Histoire de Maguelonne (Montpellier, 1900), 2 vols.
[243] Jean Aicard, Arlette des Mayons (Paris, Flammarion, 1916).
[244] To the northwest of Montpellier, near Aniane, is St. Guilhem-le-Désert, with blind niches in its exterior apse wall that derive from such Lombard churches as S. Ambrogio at Milan. Lombard towers, arched corbel tables, and mural arcaded bands passed from northern Italy into Languedoc. The early intersecting ribs here were exceptional for the Midi in being profiled. The nave and aisles are of the first half of the XI century, the chevet and transept of the early XII, as is the cloister, which once had a second story. The narthex was built from 1165 to 1199. The first duke of Aquitaine, Aliénor’s ancestor, died here, a monk. Congrès Archéologique, 1906, p. 384; “L’église abbatiale de St. Guilhem-le-Désert,” Émile Bonnet; Joseph Bédier, Les légendes épiques, vol. 1, “St. Guillaume de Gellone” (Paris, H. Champion, 1908-13), 4 vols.
[245] Innocent III was the best type of the theory, enunciated by Boniface VIII as the XIII century closed, that civil rulers derive their power from religious authority. Leo XIII, in the encyclical Immortale Dei, November, 1885, set aside that claim. Each should keep to its own sphere, he said, one is not subordinate to the other; civil authorities are to attend to human affairs, and spiritual authorities to divine things. With every monarch in Europe appealing to him for his arbitration, it is little wonder that Innocent III should have held the views he did.
[246] Mende lies in the mountains of western Languedoc. Its cathedral was begun (1365) under the auspices of Urban V, whose statue stands in the square close by. Practically it is a XV-century church, without capitals, flying buttresses, or transept. During twelve years the architect was Pierre Juglar, an associate, at Riom, of those Flamboyant Gothic masters, the Dammartin brothers. The cathedral was finished with its two towers in 1512. From 1286 to 1296 the bishop of Mende was Guillaume Durandus, author of Rationale, the famous book on church symbolism. He was governor under the popes of the marches of Ancona and the Romagna, and led the papal forces in battle. The Italian city of Castel Duranti was named after him. When he died at Rome in 1296, Giovanni Cosmati made his tomb, a masterpiece in the only Gothic church of Rome, Santa-Maria-sopra-Minerva. Urban V was generous also to St. Flour (which lies south of Mende), whose abbatial was rebuilt in the XIV century; John XXII had raised it to cathedral rank in 1317. Congrès Archéologique, 1857, Mende.
[247] Nothing now at St. Victor’s, Marseilles, is earlier than the XI century. A pre-Gothic use of diagonal ribs (with Lombard rectangular profiles) cropped out here, yet when the upper church was remodeled in the XIII century, Romanesque vaulting was used. Urban V rebuilt the transept, made the square apse, and raised the battlemented towers. When he visited Marseilles in 1373 every man in the city ceased his work to welcome him. As it was his desire to be buried in his former abbey, his remains were brought hither in 1372, and his successor, Gregory XI, raised a sumptuous Gothic monument forty feet in height. Abbé A. d’Agnel, “L’abbaye de St. Victor de Marseilles,” in Bulletin historique et philosophique, 1906, p. 364; Eugène Müntz, “St. Victor, Marseilles,” in Gazette Archéol., 1884.
[248] In his short time in Rome Urban V gave commissions for art works to Giottino and the sons of Taddeo Gaddi, and he had made the precious shrine for the relics of St. Peter and St. Paul in the Lateran. (See Eugène Müntz in the Cronique des Arts for 1880.)