Water Supply: the Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells / With Geological Considerations and Examples of Wells Executed

by Ernest Spon

---

[INDEX.]

• Abridge, well at, [190]
• Accident tools, Mather and Platt’s, [138]-143
• Acton, wells at, [190]
• Africa, rainfall in, [30]
• Air freshening in wells, [53]
• Albany Street, well at, [190]
• Aldershot Place, wells at, [190]
• Alluvion, [5], [7]
• America, North, rainfall, [30], [31]
• —— South, [31]
• American tube well, [81]
• Amwell End, well at, [190]
• Apothecaries’ Hall, well at, [191]
• Apparatus for boring, [68], [71], [72]
• Arlesey, well at, [190]
• Artesian well, definition, [2]
• —— —— causes of failure, [2]-4
• Ash, well at, [190]
• Asia, rainfall in, [29], [30]
• Augers, [62]-64
• Available rainfall, [27]
• Bagshot Sands, [5]
• —— well at, [190]
• Balance-beam, Kind’s, [91]
• Balham Hill, well at, [190]
• Ball-clack, [91]
• Bank of England, well at, [190]
• Bare outcrop, [18]-21
• Barking, well at, [190]
• Barnet, wells at, [190]
• Battersea, wells at, [190]
• Bearwood, well at, [191]
• Beaumont Green, well at, [191]
• Bell-box, [64]
• Belleisle, well at, [191]
• Berkeley Square, well at, [191]
• Bermondsey, wells at, [191]
• Berry Green, well at, [191]
• Bexley, well at, [191]
• Bexley Heath, wells at, [21]
• Bickford’s fuse, [50]
• Birkenhead, wells at, [155]
• Birmingham, wells at, [156]
• Bishop Stortford, wells at, [167], [191]
• Blackfriars, well at, [191]
• Blackheath, well at, [191]
• Blasting, sinking by, [44]
• Bootle, wells at, [158]
• Borers or drills, [47]
• Boring, [60]-80
• —— apparatus for, [61], [68], [71], [72]
• —— at great depths, [85]
• —— cost of, [80], [209]
• —— chisels, [62], [87], [102], [115], [132]
• —— difficulties of, [80]
• —— direct from surface, [72]
• —— Kind-Chaudron system, [93]
• —— Mather and Platt’s system, [126]-149
• —— machine, Mather and Platt’s, [127]-130
• —— rate of, [207], [208]
• —— rods, [64], [65]
• —— rods, hollow, [80]
• —— sheer-frame [Frontispiece], [72]
• —— tools, [62]-79
• Boston Heath, well at, [191]
• Bow, well at, [191]
• Box-clutch, [107]
• Box-joint for mizer, [57]
• Boxley Wood, well at, [191]
• Braintree, well at, [168], [191]
• Breaking-up bar, [139], [141]
• Brentford, well at, [191]
• Brick steining, [55], [59], [205]
• Bricks, good, characteristics, [205]
• Brickwork in wells, [205]
• Brighton, wells at, [168]
• Broken tubing, [74]-79
• —— rods, extracting, [64], [107], [122]
• Bromley, wells at, [191]
• Broxbourne, well at, [191]
• Bucket, sinkers’, [67], [150]
• Bucket grapnel, [140], [142]
• Bull or clay-iron, [50]

• Bunter sandstone, [35], [36]
• Burton-on-Trent, wells at, [156]
• Bushey, well at, [191]
• Butte-aux-Cailles, well at, [179]
• Camberwell, well at, [191]
• Camden Station, well at, [191]
• Camden Town, wells at, [192]
• Canterbury, well at, [192]
• Carbonic acid in wells, [209]
• Carburetted hydrogen in wells, [210]
• Cartridges for blasting, [50]
• Cast-iron tubes, [66], [143]
• Caterham, well at, [192]
• Cement backing, [111], [112]
• —— ladle for tubbing, [111], [112]
• Chalk, [5], [7]
• —— headings or tunnels in, [54]
• —— level of water in, [8]
• —— marl, [5]
• —— rainfall on, [27]
• Charge of powder, rule for, [45], [46]
• Chelmsford, well at, [169], [192]
• Cheshire, thickness of trias, [36]
• Cheshunt, wells at, [170], [192]
• Chinese system of boring, [60], [61]
• Chisels for boring, [62], [87], [102], [115], [132]
• —— or trepans, [113], [115]
• —— tempering, [209]
• Chiswell Street, well at, [192]
• Chiswick, wells at, [192]
• Clamp for tube well, [81]
• Claw grapnel, [139]
• Clay, [12]
• —— grapnel, [140], [141], [143]
• —— iron or bull, [50]
• Cleaning pipes, tube well, [83]
• —— shot-holes, [49]
• Clewer Green, wells at, [192]
• Cold-drawn wrought-iron tubes, [66]
• Colnbrook, well at, [192]
• Colney Hatch, well at, [192]
• Core box, [206]
• Core grapnel, [140]
• Cost of boring, [80], [209]
• —— of headings in sandstone, [54]
• Covent Garden, well at, [192]
• Coventry, wells at, [155]
• Covered outcrop, [21]
• Cretaceous strata, [167]-201
• Crewe, wells at, [158]
• Cribs, fixing, [94]
• Cricklewood, well at, [192]
• Crow, Kind-Chaudron, [107]
• Crow’s foot, [64]
• Croydon, wells at, [192]
• Curb in underpinning, [40]
• Cutting grapnel, [139], [141]
• Cylinder, Mather and Platt’s, [130]
• Cylinders, iron for lining, [56]
• Dartford Creek, wells at, [193]
• Deep boring, [72], [85]-150
• Defective tubing, [74-79]
• Denham, well at, [193]
• Deptford, well at, [193]
• Depth of rainfall, [26]
• Difficulties of boring, [80]
• Dip-bucket, [150]
• Dogs, [65], [67]
• Dolly, [67], [74]
• Dorking, well at, [171]
• Drainage area, definition, [25]
• Drift, [5]-7, [21], [22]
• —— outcrop covered by, [21]
• Driving tubes, [67], [73], [74]
• —— tube well, [81]-83
• Drum curb, [42]
• Dru’s first trepan, [113]
• —— system, [113]
• —— ——, summary, [126]
• Dudlow Lane well, [160]
• Dulwich, well at, [193]
• Durham, sinkings in, [93]
• —— wells in, [155]
• Dyke, effect of, [4]
• Dynamite, [44]
• Earth-fast, definition, [44]
• East Barnet, well at, [190]
• East Ham Level, well at, [193]
• Edgware, well at, [193]
• Edgware Road, well at, [193]
• Edlesborough, well at, [193]
• Eltham, wells at, [193]
• Enfield Lock, well at, [193]
• Enlarging hole below tubes, [67], [68]
• —— shot-holes, [48]
• Epping, well at, [193]
• Erith, well at, [193]
• Europe, rainfall in, [28], [29]
• Euyenhausen joint, [85], [88]
• Excavation in wells, table of, [204]
• Explosive agents, use of, [45]

• Fan, for ventilation, [52]
• Farnham, well at, [193]
• Fault, effect of, [4]
• Fauvelle’s system, [79]
• Fissures, [2], [12]
• —— in blasting, [46]
• —— in chalk, [8]
• Flat chisels, [62]
• Fleet Street, well at, [193]
• Formation, mineral character of, [11]
• Foul air in wells, [52], [209]
• Four and a half inch steining, [59]
• Free-falling tools, Dru’s, [117]-123
• Freshwater, well at, [187], [188]
• Fulmer, well at, [193]
• Fuse for blasting, [50]
• Gases in wells, [52], [209]
• Gault, [5]
• General conditions of outcrop, [18]
• Geological conditions, epitome of, [10]
• —— —— primary, [4]
• Gneiss, rainfall on, [27]
• Golden Lane, well at, [193]
• Granite, rainfall on, [27]
• Grapin, or clutch, [107]
• Grapnels, [107], [139]-141
• Gravesend, well at, [193]
• Green Lane wells, [160]
• Greensands, [5], [8]
• Greenwich, wells at, [193]
• Grenelle, well at, [85], [179]
• Guides, bore-head, [132]
• ——, Dru’s, for rods, [121]
• Guncotton, [44]
• Gunpowder, [44]
• —— weight of, [49]
• Hackney Road, well at, [193]
• Haggerstone, well at, [194]
• Hainault Forest, well at, [194]
• Half-brick steining, [59]
• Halstead, well at, [194]
• Hammersmith, well at, [194]
• Hampstead, wells at, [194]
• —— Road, wells at, [194]
• Hand-dog, [65]
• Hand-jumpers, [47]
• Hanwell, well at, [194]
• Hard rock, Dru’s system, [125]
• —— —— sinking in, [44], [53]
• Harrow, well at, [171], [194]
• Hastings sand, [5]
• Haverstock Hill, well at, [194]
• Hayes, well at, [194]
• Headings or tunnels, [53], [54]
• Hedgerley, sands and clays at, [17]
• Height of strata above surface, [23]
• Hendon, well at, [194]
• Herne Bay, section at, [12]
• Highbury, wells at, [172], [194]
• Hills or mountains, [5]
• —— drift on, [6]
• —— flat-topped, [20]
• —— outcrop on, [19]
• Hoddesdon, well at, [194]
• Holloway, wells at, [194]
• Hollow rods, [80]
• Hoop-iron, boring with, [60], [61]
• Horizontal strata, [9]
• Hornsey, wells at, [194]
• Horselydown, well at, [194]
• Hoxton, well at, [195]
• Hungerford, section near, [14]
• Hyde Park Corner, well at, [195]
• Hydraulic tube-forcers, [146]-148
• Ickenham, well at, [195]
• Instruments used in blasting, [46]
• Iron cylinders for lining, [56]
• —— drum curb, [42]
• —— for drills and jumpers, [47]
• —— rods, [64], [65], [80], [120]
• —— tubbing, [95], [97], [98]
• Isle of Dogs, well at, [195]
• —— of Grain, well at, [195]
• Isleworth, wells at, [195]
• Islington Green, well at, [195]
• Joints, Kind-Chaudron rod, [105]-107
• —— tubbing, [109]
• —— tube, [75], [143], [144]
• Journal of well-work, [206]
• Jumpers, [47], [48]
• Kensington, wells at, [195]
• Kentish Town, well at, [172], [195]
• Keuper, [5], [35], [36]
• Key, Kind-Chaudron, [105]
• Kilburn, well at, [195]
• Kind-Chaudron system, [93]
• Kind’s moss-joint, [123], [124]
• —— system, [85]-93

• Kind’s system, time employed, [92]
• Kingsbury, well at, [195]
• Kingston-on-Thames, well at, [195]
• Knightsbridge, well at, [195]
• Ladle, cement, for tubbing, [111]
• Lagging of drum curb, [42]
• Lambeth, wells at, [195], [196]
• Lancashire, thickness of trias, [36]
• Lea Bridge, well at, [196]
• Leamington, well at, [158]
• Least resistance, line of, [45], [46], [50]
• Leatherhead, sands and clays at, [17]
• Leek, wells at, [163]
• Leicester Square, well at, [196]
• Lias, [5], [8]
• Lifting dog, [65]
• Lift of rods, [70]
• Limehouse, wells at, [196]
• Line of least resistance, [45], [46], [50]
• Lining or steining wells, [54]-59
• —— tubes for bore-hole, [66], [143], [144]
• Liquorpond Street, well at, [196]
• Lithofracteur, [44]
• Liverpool, wells at, [158]
• London Basin, wells in, [190]-201
• —— average section of strata, [13]
• —— clay, [5]
• —— measurement of sections, [15], [16]
• Long Acre, well at, [196]
• Longton, wells at, [162]
• Loughton, well at, [196]
• Lower Morden, well at, [196]
• —— tertiaries, outcrop of, [23]
• Luton, well at, [196]
• Magnesian limestone, [5], [10]
• Maldon, well at, [196]
• Margate, well at, [196]
• Marylebone Road, well at, [196]
• Mather and Platt’s system, [126]-154
• Measure of water in wells, [204]
• Michelmersh, well at, [176]
• Middlesborough, well at, [163]
• Mile End, wells at, [176], [196]
• Mile End Road, well at, [197]
• Millbank, wells at, [197]
• Mineral character of formation, [11]
• Mitcham, well at, [197]
• Mizers, [56], [57]
• Molasse sandstones, [5]
• Monkey for tube well, [81]
• Monkham Park, well at, [197]
• Mortlake, wells at, [197]
• Moss box, Kind-Chaudron, [110], [111]
• Moss joints, [110], [111], [123]
• Mountain slopes, springs in, [6]
• Mountains or hills, [5]
• Muschelkalk, [35]
• New Barnet, well at, [190]
• New Cross, well at, [197]
• New red sandstone, [5], [8], [35]
• —— —— headings in, [54]
• New Wimbledon, well at, [201]
• Nine-inch steining, [59]
• North America, rainfall, [30], [31]
• Northampton, well at, [166]
• Northolt, well at, [197]
• Norwich crag, [5]
• —— well at, [177]
• Notting Dale, well at, [197]
• —— Hill, well at, [197]
• Number of bricks in wells, [205]
• Observations with rain-gauge, [24]
• Off-take of rods, [70]
• Old Kent Road, well at, [197]
• Old Windsor, wells at, [197]
• Oolitic strata, [5], [8], [166]
• Orange Street, well at, [197]
• Outcrop, [11]
• —— position of, [18]
• —— rainfall on, [11]
• —— rainfall on district, [24]
• Oxford Street, well at, [197]
• Paris, wells at, [179]
• Pass pipes for tubbing, [98]
• —— valves for tubbing, [98]
• Passy, well at, [85], [180]
• Pebble Hill, section at, [14]
• —— beds, [36], [37]
• Peckham, well at, [197]
• Penge, well at, [197]
• Pentonville, wells at, [197]
• Permeability of new red sandstone, [37]
• Permian strata, [155]
• Picker, [58]
• Pimlico, wells at, [197]
• Pinner, well at, [197]
• Pipe-dolly, [67]
• —— iron, [74]
• Plaistow, well at, [197]