System of A. P. de Candolle (1819).
- I. Vasculares. Plants with vascular bundles.
- 1. Exogenæ. Vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
- A. Diplochlamydeæ. Calyx and corolla present.
- a. Thalamifloræ. Corolla polypetalous and hypogynous.
- b. Calycifloræ. Corolla perigynous or epigynous; stamens inserted on the calyx.
- c. Corollifloræ. Corolla gamopetalous; stamens inserted on the corolla.
- B. Monochlamydeæ. Perianth simple.
- 2. Endogenæ. Vascular bundles scattered, the youngest in the centre.
- A. Phanerogamæ. Flowers present.
- B. Cryptogamæ. Flowers absent.
- II. Cellulares. Vascular bundles absent.
- 1. Foliaceæ. Leaves present.
- 2. Aphyllæ. Leafless.
Robert Brown published in 1827 his discovery of the gymnospermy of the ovules of the Coniferæ and Cycadeæ, and showed that the Gymnosperms, which had previously been classed with the Dicotyledons, must be regarded as an independent group.
System of Stephen Endlicher (1836–40).
- I. Thallophyta. No differentiation into stem and root.
- 1. Protophyta. Class I., Algæ; Class II., Lichenes.
- 2. Hysterophyta. Class III., Fungi.
- II. Cormophyta. Differentiated into stem and root.
- 1. Acrobrya. Stem growing at the point.
- Anophyta (Hepaticæ, Musci).
- Protophyta (Filices, etc.).
- Hysterophyta (Balanophoreæ, etc.).
- 2. Amphibrya. Stem growing at the circumference (Monocotyledons).
- 3. Acramphibrya. Stem growing both at the point and circumference.
- Gymnosperma (Coniferae).
- Apetala. Perianth single or absent.
- Gamopetala. Petals gamopetalous.
- Dialypetala. Petals polypetalous.
System of A. Brongniart (1843).
- I. Cryptogamæ. Plants without flowers.
- 1. Amphigenæ. Not differentiated into stem or leaf (Algæ, Fungi, Lichenes).
- 2. Acrogenæ. Plants with stem and leaf (Muscineæ, Filicinæ).
- II. Phanerogamæ. Plants with flowers.
- 3. Monocotyledones.
- a. Albuminosæ. Seeds with endosperm.
- b. Exalbuminosæ. Seeds without endosperm.
- 4. Dicotyledones.
- a. Angiosepermæ.
- α. Gamopetalæ.
- β. Dialypetalæ.
- b. Gymnospermæ.