System of John Lindley (Vegetable Kingdom, 1845).
| Asexual, or Flowerless Plants. | ||
| Stem and leaves undistinguishable | I. | Thallogens. |
| Stem and leaves distinguishable | II. | Acrogens. |
| Sexual, or Flowering Plants. | ||
| Fructification springing from a thallus | III. | Rhizogens. |
| Fructification springing from a stem. | ||
| Wood of stem youngest in the centre; cotyledonsingle. Leaves parallel-veined, permanent; woodof stem always confused | IV. | Endogens. |
| Leaves net-veined, deciduous; wood of the stem,when perennial, arranged in a circle with a central pith | V. | Dictyogens. |
| Wood of stem youngest at the circumference, alwaysconcentric; cotyledons, 2 or more. | ||
| Seeds quite naked | VI. | Gymnogens. |
| Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels | VII. | Exogens. |
System of Alexander Braun (1864).
- I. Bryophyta.
- 1. Thallodea (Algæ, Fungi, Lichenes).
- 2. Thallophyllodea (Charas, Mosses).
- II. Cormophyta.
- 1. Phyllopterides (Ferns, Equisetums).
- 2. Maschalopterides (Lycopods).
- 3. Hydropterides (Water-ferns).
- III. Anthophyta.
- Gymnospermæ.
- 1. Frondosæ (Cycadeæ).
- 2. Acerosæ (Coniferæ).
- Angiospermæ.
- 1. Monocotyledones.
- 2. Dicotyledones.
- Apetalæ.
- Sympetalæ.
- Eleutheropetalæ.
W. Hofmeister published from 1849 to 1851 his researches upon the embryology of the Phanerogams, and upon the embryology and life-history of the Vascular Cryptogams, and established the phylogenetic connection existing between the Mosses, Vascular Cryptogams and Phanerogams.
System of Hooker and Bentham (Genera plantarum, 1862–1883).
DICOTYLEDONES.
I. POLYPETALÆ.
Series I. Thalamifloræ. Calyx most often free from the ovary. Petals uniseriate or often 2–∞-seriate. Stamens ∞ or definite, inserted on the receptacle, often small, or raised, or stipitate. Ovary most frequently free.