6. Dryobates nuttallii, Nuttall’s Woodpecker. Upper parts barred with black and white; under parts and outer tail feathers white or dingy white; nasal tufts white; forehead and crown black sprinkled with white. ♂ with red on occiput and nape. 7-7.5 inches. Southern Oregon and California west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges; most common in the oak belt of the foothills. Easily distinguished from Downy Woodpecker by being barred on the back, instead of striped. 7. Dryobates arizonæ, Arizona Woodpecker. Upper parts plain brown, not spotted nor streaked; primaries dotted with fine white dots; outer tail feathers barred; under parts white, thickly spotted (except throat), with large, round, brown spots. ♂ with red occipital band. 7.5-8.5 inches. Southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico; among oaks of the foothills from 4000 to 7000 feet elevation. 8. Xenopicus albolarvatus, White-headed Woodpecker. Glossy black all over, except showy white patch on primaries, and head and throat pure white (forehead and crown sometimes grayish). ♂ with broad occipital band of scarlet. 9 inches. “Iris pinkish red” (Bendire). Mountains of Pacific coast, east to western Nevada and western Idaho, usually in the pine and fir forests above 4000 feet altitude. 9. Picoides arcticus, Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker. Glossy black above, unmarked except by fine white spots on primaries; under parts grayish white, sides thickly barred black and white; three outer pairs of tail feathers white, sides of throat with broad white stripe. ♂ with large crown patch of deep yellow. 9.5 inches. British America, south into the northern tier of States and into the Sierra Nevada Mountains to Lake Tahoe. Most commonly seen in the track of forest fires, where it is usually abundant for about two years; rare outside of the extensive soft wood tracts, and usually found singly or in pairs except when on burnt land. I have found this species far more common than the next, and the best mark in life to be the white stripe on the neck, in distinction from the white line of P. americanus. 10. Picoides americanus, American Three-toed Woodpecker. Very similar to preceding species, but with narrow bars of white forming an interrupted stripe down the back; head thickly sprinkled with white in both sexes and a white line on nape or just below; a white line, too narrow to be called a stripe, down side of throat. ♂ with crown bright yellow. 9 inches. Same range in the East as last; replaced in West by following subspecies:—
a. P. a. alascensis, Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker. Smaller; more white; nape very white; more white on top of head. Alaska, south to 48°. (Mt. Baker, Washington). b. P. a. dorsalis, Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker. More white on back and head than P. americanus, less than alascensis; but continuous, not barred. “Iris dark cherry-red” (Mearns). Rocky Mountain region, south to New Mexico and Arizona.
11. Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Under parts whitish or pale sulphur yellow; upper parts black, mottled with pure or yellowish white; rump white; wings spotted, and with conspicuous white coverts; tail black with outer webs of outer feathers and inner webs of middle feathers light colored; sides streaked; breast with a broad black patch extending in a “chin-strap” to the corners of the mouth; sides of the head striped. Occiput black, nape white. ♂ with forehead, crown, chin, and throat crimson; ♀ usually with crown crimson, forehead black, and throat white, back more brownish; ♀ sometimes, and young always, with crown blackish. 7.5-8.5 inches. Colors vary much with age, sex, and season; the wing bar and yellowish tinge are good marks for all plumages; the rump and breast patch for adult birds. Eastern North America, breeding from Massachusetts northward, migrating in winter to the Southern States.
a. S. v. nuchalis, Red-naped Sapsucker. Similar, but an additional red stripe on nape, and the black chin-strap replaced by crimson. 8-8.5 inches. Rocky Mountains to Coast Range, replacing the above in the mountains; usually breeding at from 5000 to 10,000 feet elevation.
12. Sphyrapicus ruber, Red-breasted Sapsucker. Body and under parts similar to S. varius, but back much less variegated with white. No black on breast, no white stripe through eyes. Nasal tufts brownish instead of white. Head, neck, and breast uniform crimson. Sexes alike. Young with crimson replaced by gray or “claret brown” (Bendire). 8.5-9 inches. Pacific coast, Sierra Nevada, and on both sides of Cascade Mountains; a summer resident only north of northern California. At first sight the Red-breasted Sapsucker might be mistaken for the Red-headed Woodpecker, but the two birds do not inhabit the same country. 13. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, Williamson’s Sapsucker. Sexes totally dissimilar except in having a white rump and yellow under parts. Male, glossy black all over except conspicuous white rump and white wing coverts, two white stripes on sides of head, white nasal tufts, white spots on primaries; sides and tail coverts mottled; a stripe of scarlet down middle of throat and brilliant yellow under parts. Female, light brown; head clear brown; body, wings, and tail closely barred with black and white; no white wing coverts; rarely a red throat like male; usually but not always a large black patch on breast, and always a yellow belly and white rump. Young males lack the red on the throat and usually the yellow on the belly; the black is dull, and the throat a dingy white. Young females lack the yellow on the belly and the black on breast, and are dull-colored and indistinctly marked. 9-9.5 inches. Rocky Mountain region, west to Sierra Nevada, Cascades and northern Coast Ranges, breeding at from 5000 to 9000 feet elevation. The handsomest of our woodpeckers. 14. Ceophloeus pileatus, Pileated Woodpecker, Logcock. Body blackish slate; wings with a large white patch conspicuous only when flying; throat white; a white stripe across cheek and down neck; jaw-stripe scarlet in male, blackish in female; both sexes with scarlet crest, but in the male the whole top of head (which is slaty black in female) equally brilliant. This red cap gives the bird the name of pileated. Iris yellow. 17 inches. Wooded regions of Southern States, Florida to North Carolina, very rarely near settlements, but far more common than the following subspecies of the North and West.
a. C. p. abieticola, Northern Pileated Woodpecker. Larger; more extensive white markings; the black grayer or browner. From Virginia northward to 63° in the East, and in the West among the Rocky Mountains, north of Colorado, to the northwest coast; a shy woodland bird to be looked for only in the primitive evergreen forests, though sometimes occurring in any heavy timber and, in New England, upon the higher well-wooded mountains. The largest of the northern woodpeckers; resident.
15. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, Red-headed Woodpecker. Wings, tail, and upper parts glossy blue-black; rump, exposed secondaries, and under parts from breast downward pure white; head, neck, and breast crimson. Sexes alike. Young with red and black wholly or partly replaced by grayish brown; can be recognized by white markings. 9.5 inches. United States, west to Rocky Mountains; rare east of Hudson River, but ordinarily breeding wherever found; in winter usually migratory from its northern limits, the migration depending principally upon the food supply and depth of snow. 16. Melanerpes formicivorus, Ant-eating Woodpecker. Upper parts, wings, and tail glossy greenish black; rump and lower parts white; white patch on primaries, conspicuous in flight; upper throat and line about the bill dull black; forehead with wide white band; lower throat sulphur yellow; breast and sides thickly streaked with black and white. ♂ with crown and occiput crimson; ♀ with crown black, occiput crimson. Iris white. 7-9 inches. Mexico; western Texas.
a. M. f. angustifrons, Narrow-fronted Woodpecker. Similar, but with a narrow band of white across the forehead; breast and sides not so thickly streaked. Lower California, never occurring within the borders of the United States. b. M. f. bairdi, Californian Woodpecker, El Carpintero. Similar to M. formicivorus, but the breast black, little streaked with white except along the sides; yellow of throat paler, or replaced by white. Iris white. Larger, 7.5-9.5 inches. Pacific coast, north into Oregon to 44°, east to southern New Mexico and Texas in the south and to the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains in the north, but more abundant, on the western than on the eastern slopes of these mountains.
17. Melanerpes torquatus, Lewis’s Woodpecker. Upper parts, wings, and tail glossy greenish black; under parts pinkish red; chest and collar round hind neck hoary gray; crown and sides of head black; forehead, cheeks, and chin crimson. Sexes alike. Young with pink replaced by grayish. 10.5-11.5 inches. Pacific coast, east to Black Hills and Rocky Mountains between Arizona and 49th parallel; casual still farther east; migratory in its northern ranges; a silent, heavy flying bird, different in habits and appearance from the other woodpeckers; often seen flycatching. 18. Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied Woodpecker, Zebra Bird. Back and wings black, barred with white; under and upper tail coverts, middle and outer tail feathers, white varied with black; head and under parts ashy; belly tinged with reddish. ♂ with whole top of head and nape bright red;♀ with forehead and nape red, crown gray. 9-10 inches. Eastern and Southern States between the Hudson River and the Rocky Mountains, north to southern New York, Ohio, southern Michigan, etc.; migratory in its northern ranges. 19. Melanerpes aurifrons, Golden-fronted Woodpecker. Back and wings barred with black and white; rump white; entire under parts brownish white, unspotted (except under tail coverts); primaries unspotted, except at tip; tail black with slightly barred outer feathers; belly yellowish; forehead and hind neck orange in both sexes. ♂ with crown red set in a larger patch of clear gray; ♀ with crown clear gray. 9.5 inches. Central and southern Texas, north to about 33º; breeds wherever found. 20. Melanerpes uropygialis, Gila Woodpecker. Back and wings barred with black and white; head and lower parts smoky brown; rump black and white; tail barred on inner and outer feathers; primaries unspotted; belly yellow (not conspicuous). ♂ with red crown surrounded by brownish; “iris red” (Hayden). 9 inches. Southwestern New Mexico and Arizona to southeastern California, usually above 2000 feet altitude; its distribution depending principally upon the giant cactus. 21. Colaptes auratus, Flicker, Yellow-hammer, High-hole, Clape. Back and wings (except primaries) brownish gray, barred with black; under parts pale vinaceous spotted with black spots from breast downward; rump white; tail and wings golden yellow beneath, dark above, showing the yellow shafts; tail feathers with black tips below; top of head ashy gray, sides of head and throat vinaceous; a broad black crescent across breast, a bright scarlet one on nape. ♂ with black jaw patches; ♀ without them. 12 inches. South Atlantic and Gulf region, north to North Carolina.
a. C. a. luteus, Northern Flicker. Larger; paler; black bars above narrower; less black and white below. North from North Carolina and west to the Rocky Mountains; casual farther west; migratory from its northern ranges.