22. Colaptes cafer, Red-shafted Flicker. Color pattern similar to above with the following differences: wings and tail red beneath instead of yellow; throat ashy gray; usually no red on occiput (though some specimens show a narrow crescent). ♂ with red jaw patches. 12.5-14 inches. Rocky Mountain region west to Pacific coast from Mexico to British Columbia, except northwest coast region of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, and occasionally east to Kansas and Nebraska; resident except in the more northern portions of its range.
a. C. c. saturatior, Northwestern Flicker. Darker; smaller; narrower breast crescent. Northwest coast, replacing the above, from which it cannot be separated in life.
23. Colaptes chrysoides, Gilded Flicker; Cactus Flicker. Color pattern same as C. auratus, but throat gray; top of head brown; occiput without band; tail band broader and yellow paler than in C. auratus. ♂ with jaw patches bright red; “iris blood red” (Hayden). Central and southern Arizona and Lower California.
a. C. c. brunescens, Brown Flicker. A curious subspecies of the last, smaller, with larger, more numerous spots and a smoky brown cast of plumage; black tail band very wide; jaw patches red; wings and tail yellow beneath. Lower (not southern) California; casual only in southern California; in Arizona to 35°.
24. Colaptes rufipileus, Guadalupe Island Flicker. Coloration like C. cafer, crown decidedly brown; crescent on nape wanting; jaw patches red; wings and tail red beneath. Guadalupe Island off the coast of Lower California.
INDEX
Aard-vark, [104].
Acorns, eaten by woodpeckers, [46], [51], [57], [58], [59].
Acquired habits, [61]-[66].
Adaptations of woodpeckers to environment,[104]-[109].
Ant-bear, [104], [106].
Ants, as food for woodpeckers, [3], [30], [63], [105], [106].
Argument from design, [110].
Bear, black, [107].
Beechnuts, as food for woodpeckers, [57], [58], [59].
Beetles, as food for woodpeckers, [3], [11], [63].
Bill of woodpeckers as a tool, [68]-[76].
Borers, [3], [10], [11], [29], [30], [36].
Burroughs, John, quoted, [17].
Cacti, woodpeckers nesting in, [20].
Cannibalism among woodpeckers, [64].
Carpenter, the. See California woodpecker.
Carpintero, El. See California woodpecker.
Caterpillars, as food for woodpeckers, [10], [11], [29], [63].
Cecropia chrysalids, eaten by woodpeckers, [9].
Chestnuts, eaten by woodpeckers, [59].
Chickadee, [16], [21], [25], [30], [32], [74].
Chipmunks, hoarding food, [60].
Clape. See Flicker.
Creeper, brown, [5], [81], [87], [88].
Crossbills, eating salted food, [31].
Crow, hoarding habit, [60]; [74].
Cuckoo, ground, [82].
Cuckoos, yoke-toed, [5], [82].
Drumming of yellow-bellied sapsucker, [16], [17].
Evolution, [109], [112].
Feeding young, how the flicker does it, [24], [25].
Fence-posts used by woodpeckers, [48], [56], [58].
Finch, purple, [39].
Finches, [74].
Fish-spears, [12], [13].
Flicker, [6], [7], [15], [18], [20], [23]-[26], [73], [74], [82], [88], [89], [95], [97]-[99], [101], [103], [106], [125].
brown, [126].
cactus, [126].
gilded, [126].
Guadalupe Island, [127].
northern, [126].
northwestern, [126].
red-shafted, [126].
Flycatching habits of woodpeckers, [7], [56], [106], [124].
Foot, of a four-toed woodpecker figured, [77].
of a three-toed woodpecker figured, [80].
discussed as a tool, [77]-[85].
Grasshoppers, as food for woodpeckers, [3], [56], [63].
Grosbeaks, pine, [39].
Grouse, ruffed, [14], [15].
Grouse, sharp-tailed, [15].
Hawk, sparrow, [21].
High-hole. See Flicker.
Hoarding habits, [62], [63].
Hummingbird, Anna’s, [27].
Hummingbirds, [25], [103].
Hyoid bones, [100]-[103].
Jay, blue, hoarding habit, [53], [60].
Kinglets, [5].
Lightning rods attracting woodpeckers, [18].
Logcock. See Woodpecker, pileated.
Maple, rock and red, sugar made from, [36].
Maize, eaten by English sparrows, [62], [65].
Mandibles of woodpeckers, [13], [101].
Martin, sand, [20].
Mice, hoarding habit, [60].
Migration, dependent upon food supply, [63].
Mountain-ash trees, sought by woodpeckers, [38].
Nesting of woodpeckers, [20]-[23].
Nests, in unusual places, [20].
North America, ornithologically defined, [114].
Nuthatches, [5], [21], [30], [81].
Oaks, used by Californian woodpecker for storing nuts, [48], [49].
Oranges, eaten by woodpeckers, [65], [66].
Owls, [15], [21], [80].
Pangolin, as an ant-eater, [104].
Parrot, [13], [82].
Parroquet, Carolina, [5].
Pigeon, domestic, [27].
Pines, acorns stored in, [49].
“Ploughshare,” anchylosed vertebræ of tail, [86].
Ravens, [74].
Reason in woodpeckers’ hoarding, [62].
Red-head. See Woodpecker, red-headed.
Robins, [39].
Sap, not used as an insect-lure, [41].
how its loss harms the tree, [44], [45].
Sapsucker, orange, [65]. See, also, Woodpecker, red-bellied.
red-breasted, [122].
red-naped, [121].
Williamson’s, [122].
yellow-bellied, [7], [15]-[17], [33]-[45], [59], [102], [103], [105], [106].
Skull of woodpecker figured, [101].
Sparrow, English or house, [21], [62], [65].
Spears, [12], [13].
Spruce, acorns stored in, [47], [49], [53].
Squirrels, thievishness of, [23], [53].
Subspecies defined, [114].
Swallow, eaves or cliff, [61], [64], [65].
Swallow, tree, [21].
Swift, chimney, [5], [20], [61], [87], [88].
Tail, shape, [89].
number of rectrices, [95].
experimental demonstration of shape a priori, [91].
reason for shape, [98].
Tail-feathers studied, [94]-[97].
Taste in the woodpeckers, [38], [39].
Telegraph poles resorted to by woodpeckers, [7], [18], [48].
Thumb, of birds, [80].
Tin roofs resorted to by woodpeckers, [17], [55].
Titmouse, crested, [21].
Toes, numbering of, [79], [80].
Tongue, appearance of, [99].
figured, [99].
bones of, [13], [100]-[103].
Trogons, yoke-toed, [82].
Vanessa butterfly, [16].
Vegetable food of woodpeckers, [3], [31].
Vireos, [30].
Warblers, [30].
Weevils, not the object in storing nuts, [52].
Woodpecker, Alaskan three-toed, [121].
alpine three-toed, [121].
American three-toed, [121].
ant-eating, [123].
arctic three-toed, [120].
Arizona, [120].
Batchelder’s, [118].
Batchelder’s, [118].
black-breasted, [6]. See, also, Williamson’s sapsucker.
Cabanis’s, [118].
Californian, [46]-[54], [56], [66].
downy, [6], [17], [21], [28]-[33], [59], [63], [70], [74], [83], [86], [88], [95], [107], [114], [118].
Gairdner’s, [118].
Gila, [55], [125].
golden-fronted, [55], [102], [125].
hairy, [6], [9], [28], [32], [59], [63], [74], [83], [86], [88], [89], [95], [97]-[99], [107], [114], [117].
Harris’s, [118].
ivory-billed, [70], [71], [73], [83], [88], [89], [93], [97], [98], [107], [117].
ladder-backed, [119].
Lewis’s, [6], [13], [55], [59], [66], [103], [124].
narrow-fronted, [124].
Nelson’s downy, [119].
northern hairy, [118].
northern pileated, [123].
Nuttall’s, [119].
pileated, [6], [71], [73], [83], [88], [93], [95], [98], [99], [107], [123].
red-bellied, [6], [55], [65], [124].
red-cockaded, [119].
red-headed, [6], [7], [11], [55]-[58], [60]-[64], [105], [123].
Rocky Mountain, [118].
St. Lucas, [119].
southern downy, [118].
southern hairy, [118].
Texan, [119].
three-toed, foot figured, [80].
white-headed, [120].
Woodpeckers, advantages of, as subject for study, [2].
bill as a tool, [69]-[73].
carpenters or miners, [68].
character of, [7], [8].
coloration of, [5].
coloration of sexes, [6].
covered nostrils, [74], [75].
favorite haunts, [3], [7].
foot, structure and uses, [77].
habit of drumming, [17].
how to recognize the woodpeckers, [4].
inferences from study of bills, [75].
hunting borers, [10], [11].
nesting, [21], [22].
preferred foods, [3], [7].
tail, study of, [86]-[99].
winter quarters, [22].
wooing, [15].
Yoke-toed feet, [82].
Zebra bird. See Woodpecker, red-bellied.