The Great Pestilence (A.D. 1348-9), Now Commonly Known as the Black Death

by Francis Aidan Gasquet

[392] Archbishop Islip founded Canterbury College at Oxford to supply the failing ranks of the clergy and to increase the facilities of learning (Wilkins, iii., p. 52), and William of Wykeham likewise established his schools and colleges with the same object.

[393] In the diocese of London, in the twelve years, from 1362 to 1374, Bishop Sudbury ordained 1,046 seculars and 456 regulars, the proportion consequently being about 2·3 to 1. In the last twenty years of the century, namely, from 1381 to 1401, Bishop Braybroke ordained to the priesthood only 584 seculars, whilst the regulars were 425 during the same period. In other words, during the first period, the average annual number of ordinations to the ranks of the secular clergy in the diocese of London was over 87; during the last twenty years of the century it was only 29·2. The averages of the regulars in the corresponding periods were 35 and 21·2. Similar results appear from the York registers.

[394] Archbp. Islip at this time (1350) says: "Dum ad memoriam reducimus admirandam pestilentiam que nuper partes istas subito sic invasit, ut nobis multo meliores et digniores subtraxerat."

[395] Annales Minorum, viii, p. 22.

[396] Growth of English Industry and Commerce, p. 275.

[397] The Annali della fabbrica, published by the Cathedral administration, show in the minutest detail the organisation by which the necessary funds were raised, and enable us to see how it was popular enterprise by which so noble an undertaking was achieved. We can now realise the weekly collections made by willing citizens from door to door, the collections in the churches, the monthly sales of offerings in kind of the most varied nature, jewels, dresses, linen, pots and pans, divers articles of dress and domestic use. Every one, rich and poor alike, felt impelled to join in some way in the work which, as the words of the originators express it, "was begun by Divine inspiration to the honour of Jesus Christ and His most Spotless Mother." Cf. an article by Mr. Edmund Bishop on the subject in the Downside Review, July, 1893.

THE END.

INDEX.

• Abergavenny priory, [118].
• Abbotsbury abbey, [78], [163].
• Abstinence days, dispensation from, [197].
• Aden, trade route to, [3].
• Adriatic, coast towns of, [60].
• Agatha, St., relics at Catania, [13].
• Ages of Faith, meaning of, [218].
• Agrarian difficulties, [56], [148], [164], seqq.
• Albans, St., see St. Albans.
• Alcester, Inq. p.m. at, [190].
• Aldgate, Holy Trinity, cemetery at, [93].
• Aleppo, [2].
• Alexandria and trade with Europe, [3].
• Allott, Thomas, [155].
• Almeira, [58].
• Almsford, [84].
• Alnwick abbey, [160].
• Alphonsus XI, death of, [59].
• Alverdiscott, [88].
• Amiens, [49].
• Amounderness, deanery of, [156].
• Andronicus (son of the Emperor Cantacuzene), death of, [12].
• Anglada, on nature of the plague, [8].
• Anglia, East, plague in, [129];
  • effect on religious houses of, [129].
• Anglesey priory, Cambridge, [177].
• Animals attacked, [11], [38], [139].
• Antioch, patriarch of, archbishop of Catania, [13].
• Aragon, Queen of, dies, [59].
• Architecture, influence of pestilence on, [202].
• Arles, [37].
• Armenia, [2].
• Arras, decay of, [57].
• Arundel college, [212].
• Asia, epidemic in, [2];
  • trade route to Europe from, [2];
  • hordes of Tartars in, [3].
• Athelney abbey, [85].
• Atte Welle, John, [136].
• Augustinians of Winchester diocese, [183].
• Austria, [61].
• Avesbury, Robert of, his account of the pestilence, [74].
• Avignon, first reports of plague at, [16];
  • account of plague at, [37]-45, [51], [119];
  • date of epidemic at, [43];
  • extent of mortality in, [42];
  • decrease of population in, [41];
  • new cemeteries at, [38].
• Azarius, Peter, notary of Novara, [62].
• Azor, otherwise Tana, [5].
• Babington, translator of Hecker's Epidemics, [2].
• Babington, Somerset, [85].
• Babylon, mediæval name for Cairo, [4].
• Bagdad, the centre of Eastern commerce, [3].
• Baker, Galfrid le, [72], [116].
• Balearic islands, the, [58].
• Barcelona, [58].
• Barlings abbey, [192].
• Barlborough, [147].
• Barnstaple, [89].
• Barnwell, John, prior of, [132].
• Basingstoke, deanery of, [113].
• Basle, [64], [66].
• Bateman, bishop of Norwich, [205].
• Bath, [85].
• Bath priory, decrease in numbers at, [85].
• Bathampton, [85].
• Bath and Wells, diocese of, prayers ordered in, [71];
  • date of pestilence in, [80], [83];
  • letter of bishop of, [81];
  • straits for priests in, [207];
  • ordinations in, [212].
• Baths, public, common in the 14th century, [56].
• Battle abbey, [115].
• Bavaria, [61].
• Beauchief abbey, [147].
• Beche, Margaret de la, Inq. p.m. on, [191].
• Bedfordshire, state of manors in, [101];
  • institutions in, [178];
  • petition of sheriff as to state of, [178].
• Beds in French peasant houses, [56].
• Belgium, [49].
• Bellinzona, [62].
• Beneficed and non-beneficed clergy, proportion of, [134], [155], [175], note, [204], note.
• Bergen, [67].
• Berkshire, state of manors in, [101];
  • institutions of clergy in, [178].
• Berne, [63].
• Bincombe, [78], [79].
• Bircheston, abbot of Westminster, [97].
• Biknor, Alexander de, archbishop of Dublin, [119].
• Blackburn, deanery of, [155].
• Black Death, the, recent origin of name, [6];
  • symptoms of the disease, [7], [10], [119];
  • special nature of, [8], [39], [43], [49];
  • modern outbreak of, [9], note;
  • truce between England and France attributed to, [117];
  • inflicted a deadly blow on social body, iii.;
  • forms end of mediæval period, iii.;
  • catastrophe to church, iii.;
  • starting point of modern history, vi.
• Blackmere, manor of, [143].
• Black Prince, Cornish estates of, [174];
  • remits rents on, ibid.
• Black Sea, port of, the centres of infection, [1].
• Blandford, [78].
• Blessed Sacrament, increase of devotion to, v.;
  • lamp to burn before, [130].
• Blisworth, manor of, [138].
• Blood-spitting, a characteristic symptom, [8], [27], [39], [43].
• Bobbio, [18].
• Boccaccio, his description of the plague, [16], [29], seqq.
• Bodmin, [89];
  • numbers of deaths in, [90].
• Bodmin priory, [90];
  • destitution of, [91].
• Bohemia, [65].
• Bohemian students, account of journey of, [32].
• Bologna, journey from, [32].
• Bolsover, [147].
• Bongar's Gesta Dei per Francos, [3].
• Bordeaux, [45].
• Botereaux, Isabel de, [141].
• Botzen, [61].
• Bourton tything, [167].
• Bowes, Agnes, prioress of Worthorp, [137].
• Boxgrove abbey, [115].
• Brackley, state of country near, [193].
• Braunsford, Wulstan, bishop of Worcester, [120].
• Bread, white, unknown in the 14th century, [55].
• Bredwardine, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, [109].
• Bremen, [66].
• Brenner-pass, the, [61].
• Bridgwater, [84], [168].
• Bridlington priory, Trivet's Chronicle continued at, [72].
• Bridport, [79];
  • evidence of corporation records, [80].
• Bristol, [84], [86], [116], [139];
  • date of plague at, [117];
  • new cemetery at, [87];
  • decay of, [86].
• Bristol channel, contagion carried along the, [84], [89].
• Broughton manor, [164].
• Bruerne abbey, [191].
• Bruton priory, cell of, [190].
• Bubonic plague, the, [43].
• Buckinghamshire, date of plague in, [102];
  • institutions of clergy in, [101]-2, [178];
  • state of manors in, [100];
  • petition of sheriff as to, [178].
• Bucklow manor, [145].
• Burgundy, [46].
• Burials, effected with difficulty, [40];
  • Christian idea of, [111].
• Burton-on-Trent, district of, [148].
• Business, cessation of all, [116].
• Buyers, death of, [92], [146].
• Cæsarea, [2].
• Caffa, Genoese port in Crimea, [4].
• Cairo, [2];
  • called Babylon, [4];
  • trade at, [4].
• Calais, [49], [71], [117];
  • the taking of, i.
• Caleston, manor of, [164].
• Caldecot, manor of, [136].
• Cambeth, now Cambay, India, [3].
• Cambray, death of Bishop of Tournay at, [51].
• Cambridge, date of plague at, [134];
  • parishes depopulated, [134], [135];
  • plague pits at, [134].
• Cambridgeshire, county of, accounts of a manor in, [135];
  • state of, [132].
• Camel, district about the river, [173].
• Cantacuzene, the emperor, description of plague, [10], [11], [16].
• Canterbury, diocese of, [102];
  • institutions of clergy in, [102], [179];
  • benefices in diocese, ibid.;
  • city of, St. Augustine's, [103];
  • Christchurch, [103], [107], [179];
  • death of a St. Alban's monk at, [103];
  • prior of, orders prayers, [74];
  • St. Sepulchre's priory, [103];
  • St. Gregory's priory, [103];
  • St. James's priory, [179];
  • hospital of Eastbridge, [103].
• Canterbury college, Oxford, origin of foundation of, [210].
• Caramania, [2].
• Carinthia, [61], [62].
• Carlisle, [157], [158].
• Carmarthen priory, [118].
• Carmelites of Winchester diocese, the, [183].
• Cartmel priory, [157].
• Cary, Richard de, Mayor of Oxford, [127].
• Caspar Camentz, on the plague at Frankfort, [66].
• Castlecary, [84].
• Catania, [13], [14];
  • flight of people to, [14];
  • death of Gerard Otho, the archbishop, [14].
• Cattle left to wander in fields, [62], [139].
• Cecchetti, signor, on medical faculty of Venice, [31].
• Cemetery, difficulty as to, at Winchester, [110];
  • at Avignon, [40];
  • at Tournay, [53].
• Cérisy, St. Vigor's abbey of, [185].
• Charterhouse, London, old cemetery at, [94].
• Charterhouse of Somerset, [170].
• Chastiloun, John, sheriff of Bedford, etc., [179].
• Chauliac, Gui de, [8], [43].
• Chedworth, Sir Thomas, and Anglesey priory, [177].
• Chedzoy manor rolls, [168].
• Cheshunt, convent at, [177].
• Chester, county of, [145];
  • accounts of County Palatine, [145];
  • archdeanery of, institution in, [145];
  • city, St. John's in, [145];
  • St. Mary's priory, [145].
• China, origin of plague in, [1], [2];
  • trade routes from, [3].
• Christchurch priory, Hants, effect of mortality on, [184].
• Christian charity destroyed by plague, [13], [20], [39], [38], [44], [46], [63], [119].
• Church, effects of plague on the, iv, [205], seqq.;
  • benefits to, from middle classes, v.
• Churches left without services, [205]-6.
• Chus or Koos, trade routes through, [4].
• Cities, depopulation of, [161].
• Clement VI, pope, [44].
• Clergy, reason for calculating mortality of, [75];
  • poor pay of, [206];
  • proportion to lay people, [205]-6;
  • ignorance of some at this time, [207];
  • secular and regular, proportion of, [211];
  • mortality amongst, [77], [203]-4;
  • dearth of, [152], [172], [205], [214];
  • regulation of fees of, [105];
  • demand higher stipends, [206].
• Clerics not in sacred orders appointed to benefices, [206].
• Clevedon, [84].
• Clistel, the lord of, [117].
• Cloford, [85].
• Clopton, Thomas de, [118].
• Clyn, friar John, account of plague in Ireland, [119]-120.
• Co, John de, chancellor of Ely diocese, [133].
• Colchester, numbers of wills at, [176];
  • abbot of, dies, [176].
• Colington, Great, [142].
• Colington, Little, [142].
• Collegiate establishment rendered necessary, [212].
• Colmar, [66].
• Cologne, [66].
• Combe Kaynes, [79].
• Commerce, routes of eastern, in 14th century, [2].
• Compostella, account of a pilgrim to, [59].
• Compton, [85].
• Confession to laymen, people exhorted to make, [81].
• Constance, [64].
• Constantinople, position in regard to Crimean trade, [9];
  • plague at, [10].
• Contagion, special nature of, [36], [39], [40], [44].
• Conventional forms of middle ages, [218].
• Conversation with infected fatal, [42], [44].
• Corbet, John, priest of Winchester, [208].
• Corey, John, establishes a cemetery in London, [93].
• Cork, [120].
• Cornard Parva, manor of, [129].
• Cornwall, evidence of Duchy accounts, [173];
  • date of plague in the county of, [80].
• Cornwall, Mr., introduces English in schools, [202].
• Corsica, [58].
• Court rolls, information contained in, [130], [166].
• Country, desolation of, [162], seqq.
• Coventry, [125].
• Covino, Simon de, poem on the plague, [35].
• Crecy, battle of, i.
• Creighton, Dr., his work on epidemics in Britain, ii.
• Crimea, Italian trading cities in, [3], [4].
• Crokham manor, [101].
• Crops, prolific nature of, at time of plague, [140].
• Crosby, [155].
• Croxton abbey, [140].
• Cumberland, [157].
• Cunningham, Dr., on the population of England, [195];
  • on effect of the plague, [216].
• Curates, technical meaning of name, [81], note.
• Cyprus, [2].
• Dale abbey, [147].
• Dalkey, [119].
• Dallyng, Philip, sacrist of Ely, [133].
• Dalmatia, [60].
• Dartmoor, [172].
• Deacons, faculties given to, for administering H. Eucharist, [83].
• Death of those attacked by disease considered certain, [38], [43].
• Decameron, description of the plague in the, [16], [20]-24.
• Dene, William, monk of Rochester, his description of the plague, [104], seqq., [197];
  • account of the labour difficulties by, [199].
• Dene, Roger, priest of Winchester, [207].
• Dene, Sir Thomas, deaths in the family of, [104].
• Delaprey abbey, [137].
• De' Mussi, [4], [16].
• Denis, St., account of plague in chronicle of, [46];
  • mortality at, [47].
• Denmark, [69].
• Denny, east and west, [176].
• Denton, Richard de, [137].
• Derby, death of priests in county, [147];
  • institutions in, [146];
  • Dominicans of, [147].
• Dereford, John de, Mayor of Oxford, [127].
• Derley abbey, notes in the chartulary of, [147].
• Desolation of country after the plague, [48], [50], [56], [68], [69], [106], [115], [123], [145], [155], [157], [161], seqq.
• Devon, date of plague in county, [80];
  • mortality in, [89].
• Devotions, new character of popular, v.
• Dice converted into "beads," [52].
• Dissentis abbey, [63].
• Ditchford friary, [125].
• Doctors, consulted by French king, [49];
  • at Venice, [31];
  • at Avignon, [39];
  • flight of many, [43].
• Dodington manor, [143].
• Dominicans, falling off in numbers of, [183].
• Doncaster, deanery of, institutions in, [152], [154], [155].
• Dorchester, [79].
• Dorsetshire, first appearance of plague in, [72], [78], [79];
  • institutions of clergy in, [79];
  • deaths of clergy, [162].
• Doulton, [85].
• Drakelow, lordship of, [148].
• Drogheda, [119];
  • convent of Minorites at, [120].
• Drontheim, archbishop and canons of, die, [67];
  • bishops of province of, die, [68].
• Dublin, [119];
  • state of city after plague, [121];
  • convent of Minorites in, [120].
• Duchy of Lancaster accounts, [173].
• Dugdale's Warwickshire, institutions from, [125].
• Dunstable, John de, prior of Coventry, [125].
• Dunwich, [131].
• East, the, plague originates in, [1];
  • lines of commerce with, [3], [4].
• Eaststoke, in Hayling Island, [187].
• Eckington, [147].
• Ederos, or Ivychurch, [163].
• Education, seriously affected by plague, ix;
  • condition of university after, [210].
• Edward III, his great renown at the time of plague, iii.
• Edyndon, Bishop of Winchester, [107];
  • his letter on the plague, [107];
  • his letter on cemeteries at Winchester, [111];
  • benefactions to St. Mary's, Winchester, [182];
  • his benefactions to Romsey, [182];
  • his inquiry into the state of St. Swithun's, [184];
  • his inquiry into the state of Christchurch, Hants, [184];
  • his letter about Shereborne priory, [185];
  • his admonition to priests about residence, [185].
• Elsyng, Robert, [94].
• Ely, diocese of, [132];
  • institutions in, [133];
  • arrangement for government of, [132];
  • proportion of beneficed and non-beneficed in, [134];
  • falling off of ordinations, [208];
  • oath demanded from candidates for orders, [207];
  • cathedral priory of, [133];
  • tax on Dunwich granted to the priory, [131].
• Elyot, William, [186].
• Engelberg, [64];
  • nunnery at, terrible mortality at, [64].
• England, date of arrival of plague in, [71], [73].
• English, introduction of, into schools, [202].
• Episcopal registers, value of, [75];
  • kind of evidence to be found in, [75].
• Escheator's returns as to death of landowners, [100].
• Esse, Richard de, Abbot of Tavistock, [70].
• Essex, benefices in, [175];
  • Inq. p.m. in, [175].
• Etsch, valley of the, [61].
• Eulogium Historiarum, the, [72].
• Europe, lines of Eastern trade with, [4].
• Evercreech, [84].
• Exe, villages on the, [89].
• Exeter, diocese of, date of plague in, [80], [87];
  • episcopal registers, testimony of, [88];
  • institutions of, [87], [172];
  • city of, St. Nicholas, [89].
• Families swept away by plague, [65], [148], [169].
• Farming, change in the system of, [200].
• Farms, small, in use before the plague, [201].
• Feodosia, S., otherwise Caffa, [4].
• Ferriby priory, [152].
• Fifteenth century, the, a period of reconstruction, [219].
• Fish, scarcity of, [197];
  • increased price of, [196];
  • supposed spread of epidemic through, [42].
• Fishing boats convey infection, [89].
• FitzEustace, Thomas, Inq. p.m. on, [177].
• FitzRalph, archbishop of Armagh, on decrease of Oxford students, [126].
• FitzWilliam, John, [154].
• Flanders, [51].
• Fleurchamps abbey, [67].
• Flight of people before plague, [154].
• Florence, [16], [20]-25.
• Food, spread of infection through, [42];
  • dearness of, [140].
• Fordingbridge, [112].
• Foswert, [67].
• Foucarmont abbey, [46].
• Fourteenth century, common view as to, i.
• Fowey, the estuary of, [89].
• France, S. Luce on population of, [54];
  • condition of rural, in 14th century, [55].
• Franciscans, Wadding on effect of plague on, [216].
• Frankfort, [66].
• Freeman, professor, on real greatness of middle ages, [217].
• Fremington, [89].
• Freshford, [85].
• Friars, of Piacenza, deaths amongst, [19];
  • in Provence, mortality amongst, [44];
  • mortality of, [45];
  • of Winchester diocese, falling off in numbers, [183];
  • of Our Lady, Norwich, [129].
• Frodsham manor, [145].
• Frome, [85].
• Funerals, regulations for, [28].
• Furniture of French houses, [55].
• Fyfhide, William de, [112].
• Gall, St., abbey of, [70].
• Gallarete, [62].
• Garstang, [156].
• Garter, foundation of the Order of the, i.
• Gascoigne, Thomas, on decrease of Oxford students, [126].
• Gascony, [46], [48].
• Gayton, near Towcester, [193].
• Gaza, [2].
• Geneva, Lake of, [63].
• Genoa, merchants of, report beginning of plague, [1];
  • ships carry plague to, [12];
  • date of plague at, [18];
  • ships from, carry plague to Marseilles, [34];
  • settlements in Crimea of merchants belonging to, [3]-4.
• Gerard Otho, archbishop of Catania, [14].
• Gerneys, Joan, abbess of Romsey, [188].
• Gesta Abbatum, the, [97].
• Gibraltar, death of Alphonsus XI at, [59].
• Gillingham, Dorset, court rolls of, [167].
• Girgenti, [14].
• Glastonbury, decrease in number of monks, [85], [215].
• Glass, first use of, [55];
  • painted, influence of plague on manufacture of, [203].
• Gloucester, county of, benefices in, [188];
  • city of, stops communication with Bristol, [92].
• Godstowe, prioress of, [125].
• Goods of deceased tenants seized by the lord of the manor, [193].
• Grandisson, bishop, [88], [90], [172].
• Green, J. R., his history, ii;
  • his estimate of church influence, v.
• Gresley, prior of, [147].
• Grinstead, East, near Salisbury, [165].
• Grisant, William, doctor at Marseilles, [35].
• Guernsey, [71].
• Guilds, rise of, v.
• Hagham priory, [158].
• Hallmote courts, [159].
• Haltemprice priory, [152].
• Hame, manor of, [189].
• Hampole, Richard Rolle, of, iv.
• Hampshire, date of plague in, [112];
  • institutions of clergy in, [180];
  • Inq. p.m. in, [188].
• Hampton, John de, [112].
• Hardington, [85].
• Hartland abbey, [90].
• Hartlebury, manor of the Bishop of Worcester, [124].
• Harvests unreaped for lack of labour, [171], [189], [196].
• Hastings, royal presentation to church in, [179].
• Hastings, Laurence de, Earl of Pembroke, [118].
• Hastings, William de, Inq. p.m. on, [188].
• Hayling, Island, [113];
  • impoverishment of, [187];
  • priory, impoverishment of, [187].
• Hecker, his account of commencement of the plague, [2].
• Hedges, origin of, [201].
• Heiligen Kreuz abbey, [65].
• Helston, [173].
• Hereford, disease of, [141];
  • institutions of clergy in, [142];
  • falling off in numbers ordained, [209].
• Hertfordshire, date of plague in, [98];
  • institutions of clergy in, [177];
  • manors of, state of, [99].
• Heriots, increase in number of, [190].
• Herrings, increase in price of, [196].
• Heveringland priory, [129].
• Hexstall, Leticia, abbess of Pollesworth, [125].
• Hickling priory, [129].
• Hinton charterhouse, difficulties on death of tenants at, [170], [171].
• Hinton Bluet, two masses on Sundays allowed at, [207].
• Holcombe, Somerset, [85].
• Holderness, deanery of, [153].
• Holland, [67].
• Holland, town of, [49].
• Holland, Sir Thomas, [137].
• Holy Cross, Bristol, [87].
• Holy Name, rise of devotion to the, v.
• Horsleigh priory, [190].
• Horsley, [147].
• Houghton, [159].
• House, style of French country, [55].
• Hull, [155].
• Hume, on the plague, iv.
• Husee, Sir Henry, Inq. p.m. on, [164].
• Hyde abbey, [181].
• Iceland, the bishops of, all die, [68].
• Incumbents, ordination of, after appointment, [206].
• Indulgences granted at time of plague, [110].
• Infection, terrible nature of, [18], [27], [49], [62], [92].
• Institutions of clergy, valuable evidence of, [76].
• Inquisitions post-mortem, value of, [99].
• Ireland, [119], seqq.
• Iron, increased price of, [196].
• Islep, Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury, his enthronisation, [107];
  • letter on stipends of clergy, [213].
• Istria, [61].
• Ivychurch priory, [113], [163].
• Jessop, Dr., his account of the plague in East Anglia, ii, [128], [129].
• Jersey, [71].
• Jervaux abbey, [152].
• Jews, mortality amongst, [38].
• Joan, Queen of Navarre, dies, [47].
• Joan of Burgundy dies, [47].
• Joan, daughter of Edward III, dies, [45].
• John XXI, report as to Eastern commerce to, [2].
• Kent, Margaret, Countess of, [136].
• Keynsham abbey, [85].
• Kidwelly priory, [118].
• Kilkenny, [120].
• Kilkhampton, John de, prior of Bodwin, [90].
• Kilmersdon, [85].
• King Edward, his compassion seldom manifested, [186];
  • on clerical education, [210].
• Kingsmead, prioress of, [147].
• Knighton, chronicle by, [73];
  • his account of plague at Bristol, [86];
  • ditto in Leicestershire, [139];
  • his description of labour difficulties, [198];
  • on the scarcity of priests, [205].
• Knightsbridge, slaughter place for London at, [95].
• Koos, or Chus, a trade station on the Nile, [4].
• Kurds, the, attacked by the plague, [2].
• Labour, increased cost of, [189], [196].
• Labourers, difficulty of obtaining, [50], [92], [106], [140], [170]-1, [179], [189];
  • trouble with, [56];
  • feel their power, iii, [197];
  • get higher wages in spite of legislation, [198]-9.
• Lagerbring, on plague in Norway, [67].
• Lamech, earthquake at, [2].
• Lancashire, [155].
• Land, depreciation of, [137], [153], [188], [189], [192], [196];
  • rents of, reduced, [106], [143]-4, [145], [164], seqq.;
  • cessation of services on, [148];
  • a third part of, uncultivated, [199];
  • change of, to large tenures, [201].
• Landowners, difficulties of, [196];
  • mediæval meaning of, [202].
• Langton, [79].
• Language, effect of plague on, [202].
• Languedoc, [37].
• Langwith, [147].
• Lanthony priory, [189].
• Laon, abbey of St. John at, [56].
• Launceston, appointment of a religious of, as prior of Bodmin, [91].
• Laura de Noves, death of, [37];
  • announcement of death of, to Petrarch, [29].
• Law Courts suspended, [149].
• Law suits settled by deaths of parties, [116], [169].
• Lay people and clergy, proportion of, [205].
• Ledbury, large ordination at, [209].
• Leicester, county of, institutions of clergy in, [140].
• Leicester, city of, [139].
• Lesnes monastery, poverty of, [106].
• Lestraunge, John, [144], [164].
• Lewes priory, deaths at, [115].
• Liège, labour difficulties at, [56].
• Lincoln, diocese of, indulgences for, [139], [149];
  • institutions of clergy in, [177].
• Lincoln, county of, Escheator's accounts for, [150].
• Lincoln, Richard de, [149].
• Lipton, Nicholas de, abbot, [192].
• Lisle, Thomas de, Bishop of Ely, [132].
• Livings left vacant, [172].
• Lollards, supposed religious revival, due to, iv.
• London, date of plague in, [93], [96], [117];
  • new churchyards in, [23]-94;
  • number of dead in, [94]-95, [175];
  • insanitary condition of, [95];
  • proportion of secular to regular clergy ordained in, [213], note.
• Longford, [147], [176].
• Louth Park, [149].
• Luce, M. Simeon, on condition of French rural life, [56].
• Lucerne, [63].
• Lucaris, Dominic de, Archbishop of Spalatro, [60].
• Luda, Walter de, abbot of Louth Park, [149].
• Luffield priory, [137].
• Lulworth, East, [79].
• Lycia, trade route with, [3].
• Lycotin, Matilda, [114].
• Lydford manor, [172].
• Lyle, Henry de, prior of Horsleigh, [190].
• Lynot, John, [135].
• Lynsted, Adam de, sacrist of Ely, [133].
• Magnus II, King of Sweden, [69].
• Mahabar, probably Mahe, on Malabar coast, [3].
• Majorca, [58].
• Maldon manor, [175].
• Male population, demands upon the, [210].
• Malling abbey, [104], [106].
• Malvern, Great, [122].
• Manny, Sir Walter, [94], [116].
• Manors, example of deaths of tenants on, [129], [135], [138], [139], [141], [167], [168], [169].
• Marino, Sanudo, his account of ancient trade routes, [2].
• Marseilles, [34];
  • remains a city of the dead, [40].
• Marton priory, [152].
• Mautravers, John, governor of Channel Islands, [71].
• Meals, account of, in France, [56].
• Meath, bishop of, [119], note.
• Meaux abbey, [78], [152];
  • decay of, [154].
• Medical science powerless to deal with epidemic, [10], [36], [44], [63].
• Mediterranean ports, infection brought from, [1].
• Melcombe Regis, plague in England first starts from, [72].
• Mengham, Hayling Island, [187].
• Mentmore, Michael, abbot of St. Alban's, [97].
• Merdenchor, quarter of Tournay, [51].
• Messina, [12].
• Mesopotamia, [2];
  • trade route through, [3].
• Middle ages, material difficulties in, [217].
• Middle classes, profusion of, v.
• Milan, building of the cathedral of, [219].
• Minster priory, Cornwall, [89].
• Momo, [62].
• Monasteries, special mortality in, [67], [180];
  • impoverishment of, [177];
  • depopulation of, [215].
• Monkbretton priory, [152].
• Monrieux, [29].
• Montgomery, Sir John, [116].
• Montpellier, [35].
• Morals, effect of scourge on, iv, [25], [32], [48];
  • attempt to enforce better, [52].
• Mortality, extent of, in Europe, [50];
  • probable estimate of, in England, [194], seqq.;
  • of English clergy, as evidenced by patent rolls, [76];
  • greater in confined places, [53].
• Morton, [193].
• Muchelney abbey, [85].
• Muggington, [147].
• Muhldorf, [61].
• Muisis, Gilles Le, abbot of Tournay, [50], [59].
• Mussi, De', his account of the plague in Italy, [16], [17].
• Mustard, nearly the only mediæval condiment, [55].
• Mürz, the valley of the, [61].
• Nangis, William of, his account of the plague, [47].
• Narbonne, [37].
• Navarre, Queen of, dies, [47].
• Netherton, [145].
• Neuberg, [61], [65].
• Newcastle, [159].
• Newenham abbey, [90].
• Norfolk and Suffolk, institution of clergy in, [128];
  • manors of, deaths in, [129].
• Normandy, [46], [49].
• Northam, [88].
• Northamptonshire, institutions of clergy in, [137];
  • manors of, [138].
• North Sea, ships drifting on the, [2].
• Northumberland, [159].
• Northwich, [146].
• Northwood, Hayling Island, [187].
• Norway, [67].
• Norwich, diocese of, deaths of religious superiors in, [128];
  • institutions of clergy in, [128];
  • ordinations of youths in, [205].
• Norwich, city of, St. Martin's in the Fields, [129];
  • the friars of Our Lady in, ibid.;
  • deaths in, [130];
  • supposed population of, ibid.
• Nottinghamshire, deaths of beneficed clergy in, [148].
• Noves, Laura de, death of, [37].
• Nurses, impossibility of finding, [40], [44], [46], [63];
  • almost certain death of, [49].
• Oath, a kind of missionary, imposed at Ely, [207].
• Observance of monasteries, plague fatal to, [216].
• Orders, dearth of candidates for, [152];
  • the usual intervals between, dispensed with, [205];
  • conferred on a married man, [207];
  • conferred on youths, [205].
• Ordinations, effect of plague upon the, [181], [183], [208].
• Ordinations, faculty to archbishop of York for extra, [152].
• Orvieto, [27].
• Ospring manor, [104].
• Otho, Gerard, archbishop of Catania, [14].
• Oxfordshire, date of pestilence in, [125].
• Oxford City, [126];
  • mayors die, [126];
  • plague pits in, [127].
• Oxford University, students decrease through plague, [126], [210].
• Oxford, St. Frideswide, [125], [192].
• Padova, Andrea di, a doctor at Venice, [31].
• Padua, [26], [61].
• Painted glass, influence of plague on manufacture, [203].
• Paris, [46], [47].
• Parishes, depopulation of, [105], [142];
  • impoverishment of, [136].
• Parliament, prorogation of, [93].
• Parma, [28]-30.
• Pastoral clergy, necessity for providing, [214].
• Patent rolls, evidence of the mortality upon the, [76].
• Pater noster, meaning of instructions upon the, [208], note.
• Pembroke, county of, [118].
• Pentrich, [147].
• People, sympathy of clergy with, [214];
  • become masters of the situation, [200].
• Pepys, Samuel, his description of Bristol, [86].
• Pestilence, the great, date of commencement, [1];
  • its arrival in England, [73];
  • character of, [7], [10], [11], [35], [49], [60], [62];
  • special type of, [7], [36], [43], [117], [119];
  • rapidity of infection of, [60], [74], [119];
  • not affected by climate, [36].
• Petrarch, his account of the plague at Parma, [28]-30.
• Pessimism of present day, [217].
• Pfäfers, [63].
• Philip of Valois, Queen of, dies, [47].
• Philip VI consults doctors upon the epidemic, [49].
• Piacenza, [4], [18]-19.
• Pilton priory, [89].
• Pinchbeck, Emma de, prioress of Worthorp, [137].
• Pisa, [26];
  • effect of plague on morals at, [32].
• Platiensis, Michael, his account of the plague in Sicily, [12].
• Poisoners suspected at Avignon, [41].
• Poitou, [46].
• Pola, [61].
• Pollesworth abbey, [125].
• Poole, [80].
• Poor, unhealthy condition of living, [126];
  • very great mortality amongst, [36], [41].
• Population in 14th century, [54];
  • statistics of, [75];
  • estimate of, in England, [194], seqq.;
  • effect on the, [73], [143];
  • proportion carried off, [194];
  • detached from the soil by the plague, [201].
• Portesham, [79].
• Portishead, [84].
• Portland, [73].
• Portsmouth, [113], [186].
• Poverty of priests because of the deaths of their people, [135].
• Powick, [122].
• Pratis, John de, bishop of Tournay, [51].
• Preston, [156].
• Priests' deaths imply deaths of many people, [166].
• Priests, poverty of, through the plague, [105], [135]-172.
• Priests afraid of infection, [105], [109];
  • specially liable to infect, [18], [33], [36], [53], [68], [81], [119];
  • dearth of, [81], [105], [172], [205];
  • devotion of, [53], [88].
• Processions, orders for, [71]-158.
• Provisions, cheap, during the pestilence, [92].
• Provence, [40], [44].
• Ragusa, [60].
• Raleghe, Roger de, Abbot of Hartland, [90].
• Ramsey abbey, [156].
• Realism, need of corrective for, [218].
• Reggio, [28].
• Registers, Episcopal, importance of the, [75].
• Regular clergy, numbers of the, [211];
  • position in the Church of, [211];
  • ordinations of, [211].
• Religion, paralysis of, after the epidemic, iv;
  • history of, in later times, to be understood in light of this plague, vi.
• Religious foundations, change in type of, [212].
• Religious houses, special mortality in, [67], [141], [153], [163];
  • effect of plague on numbers of, [180];
  • impoverishment of, [117], [181], seqq.
• Religious, falling of in ordinations of, [183].
• Religious feeling and practice, important change in, iv.
• Rent, instance of remission of, [146].
• Rhine valley, [63], [66].
• Rhone valley, [37].
• Rich, the, victims of the plague at Tournay, [53];
  • in Hungary, [64].
• Rievaulx abbey, [152].
• Rimini, [27].
• Rivarolo, [18].
• Roche abbey, [152].
• Rochester, diocese of, [104], seqq.;
  • deaths in episcopal palace of, [104];
  • the bishop's mandate for prayers, [105];
  • state of episcopal manors, [106].
• Rochester, cathedral priory of, [106].
• Rogers, Professor Thorold, on population, [195].
• Romsey abbey, [183];
  • election of abbess to, [183];
  • benefactions of Bishop Edyndon, [182].
• Roskild, the bishopric of, state of the manors of, [69].
• Round numbers, misleading nature of, [54], [156].
• Ruswyl, [63].
• Rutland, [138].
• Rye, [115].
• Sacraments, difficulty in obtaining the, [33].
• Sacrament, the blessed, increase of devotion to, v.
• Sadington, [141].
• St. Alban's, decrease in number of monks at, [215];
  • date of plague at, [97];
  • death of a monk of, at Canterbury, [103];
  • peculiars of, [177].
• St. Brice, parish of, [51].
• St. Gall, abbey of, [62].
• St. Gothard, pass of, [62].
• St. Ives, John of, camerarius of Ely, [133].
• St. Piat, parish of, Tournay, [51].
• St. Trond, difficulties with tenants at, [56].
• St. Valery, abbey of, Picardy, [176].
• Salisbury, diocese of, institutions of clergy in, [78];
  • deaths in, [162].
• Salt, increased price of, [196].
• Salvatierra, [59].
• Sandown, hospital of, [93], [185].
• Sandwich, cemetery at, [103].
• Santiago, [51], [59].
• Sanudo, Marino, his report on lines of commerce, [2].
• Saragossa, [59].
• Sardinia, [58].
• Sciacca, [14].
• Scotch invaders attacked, [160].
• Sebenico, [61].
• Secular and regular clergy, proportion of, [211];
  • ordination of, in London, [213], note.
• Selkirk forest, [160].
• Selwood forest, [170].
• Selwood, Richard de, [126].
• Seyer, his history of Bristol, [86].
• Shaftesbury, [79].
• Shelford priory, [152].
• Shereborne abbey, [118].
• Shepey, Jordan, Mayor of Coventry, [125].
• Ships without crews on the high seas, [2], [67].
• Shireborne priory, [185].
• Shrewsbury, institutions of clergy in, [143].
• Shrewsbury, Ralph of, and bishop of Bath and Wells, [71];
  • letter of, on the plague, [81]-3.
• Shropshire, [143].
• Sicily, [12].
• Sick left without attendants, [39]-40, [44].
• Siena, [26];
  • population of, [27], note;
  • building of cathedral of, suspended, [27], [218].
• Skelton, William, prior of Luffield, [137].
• Sladen, manor of, [100].
• Smithfield, East, cemetery at, [93].
• Snetterton, manor of, [130].
• Social results of plague, [195], [217].
• Somerset, date of plague in the county of, [80], [81], [83];
  • institutions of clergy in, [84], [165];
  • dearth of clergy in, [84].
• Southampton, [113], [139].
• Southwood, [187].
• Spain, [48], [58], seqq.
• Spalatro, [60].
• Spettisbury, [78].
• Spiritual writers, rise of an English school of, iv.
• Spoils of France, English people rich with, i.
• Sprouston, Robert de, [134].
• Staffordshire, [141].
• Stamford, St. Michael's, united to Worthorp, [138].
• Stipends of clergy, [213].
• Stockton, near Warminster, [167].
• Stoke-Clare, college of, [212].
• Stoke, Hayling Island, [187].
• Stowe's account of London cemeteries, [94].
• Strange, John le, [143], [144];
  • Fulk, ibid.;
  • Humphrey, ibid.
• Strikes against old rents, [199].
• Students, decrease in numbers of, [126].
• Styria, [61], [65].
• Suffolk, institutions of clergy in, [128].
• Surrey, date of plague in, [113];
  • institutions in, [180];
  • depreciation of land in, [188].
• Sussex, [114];
  • benefices in, [179];
  • royal presentations to livings in, [179].
• Sweden, letter of the king of, on the plague, [69];
  • the pestilence in, [69].
• Switzerland, [63].
• Syria, [2];
  • trade routes through, [3].
• Talkeley priory, Essex, [176].
• Tallagh abbey, [118].
• Tamworth, land near, [141].
• Tana, now Azor, [5].
• Tartary, [2].
• Tavistock abbey, [90].
• Taxes, difficulty in raising, [197].
• Tenants, deaths of manorial, [146], [148], [150], [154], [157], [188];
  • dearth of, [192];
  • refusal to pay old rents by, [199];
  • small holdings of, before epidemic, [201].
• That-Molyngis, Ireland, pilgrimage to, [119].
• Thurgarton priory, [152].
• Tideswell, Church of, [203].
• Tigris, trade route along, [3].
• Tintagel, [173].
• Tortona, [63].
• Toulouse, [40], [45].
• Tournay, [67], [50] seqq.;
  • bishop of, [51];
  • abbey of St. Martin's at, [50].
• Towcester, [193].
• Towns, decay of, [155], [197].
• Trade routes, the chief eastern, [3].
• Trades unions, rise of, [200].
• Trapani, [14].
• Trebizond, trade with, [3].
• Trent, [61].
• Trevisa, his account of introduction of English into schools, [202].
• Trigg, deanery of, [173].
• Trileck, Bishop of Hereford, [142];
  • ordinations by, [209].
• Trivet, his chronicle continued, [72].
• Tumby, Stephen de, and Mary, his wife, [165].
• Tura, Agniolo de, his account of the plague, [26].
• Twerton, [85].
• Tynemouth, account by a monk of, [160].
• Tynham, [79].
• Tyrolese Alps, [61].
• Valencia, [58].
• Valery, St., abbey of, [176].
• Varese, [62].
• Venice, ships from Crimea, trade with, [12];
  • plague at, [18], [28];
  • deaths at, [43];
  • doctors at, [31], [32].
• Verona, [65].
• Vienna, [65].
• Villainage, extinction of, [200].
• Villani, Giovanni, dies of the plague, [25].
• Villani Matteo, on origin of the plague, [1];
  • on nature of the plague, [8];
  • his account of it, [25].
• Vocations to priesthood fall off, [210].
• Wadding on the effects of the plague, [216].
• Wages, attempt to regulate, [197];
  • real reason for the measure, [198];
  • are doubled, [197].
• Wakebridge, Sir William, [148].
• Wales, [117];
  • small number of religious in monasteries of, [118].
• Walter, abbot of Newenham, [90].
• Wordsworth, [114].
• Wappenbury, lands in, [190].
• Wareham, [79], [80];
  • alien priory at, [80].
• Waring, John de, [115].
• Warminster, [167].
• Warmwell, [79].
• Warwickshire, institutions of clergy in, [125], [190];
  • Inq. p.m. in, [190];
  • date of plague in, [125].
• Weedon, [193].
• Welbeck abbey, [152].
• Wells, [85].
• West Chickerell, [79].
• West Gotland, [68].
• Westerham, impropriation of, to Canterbury, [179].
• Westminster, [93];
  • hospital of St. James's at, [97].
• Westminster abbey, [96], [97].
• Westmoreland, [157].
• Weston-super-Mare, [84], [193].
• Weston, Hayling Island, [187].
• Weston, William, [97].
• Weymouth, [72], [77].
• Whaddon, [115].
• Whitchurch manor, [144], [164], [191].
• Whitland abbey, [118].
• Wight, Isle of, [114];
  • institutions of clergy in, [186].
• William of Worcester, note as to Yarmouth, [130];
  • note as to Bodmin, [90].
• Willington, [147].
• Willington, Henry de, [164].
• Wilmacott, Inq. p.m. as to, [191].
• Wills in court of Hustings, London, [96].
• Wiltshire, institutions of clergy in, [163];
  • Inq. p.m. in, [164];
  • manors of, [167].
• Winchcombe abbey, [189].
• Winchelsea, [114].
• Winchester, diocese of, [107], seqq.;
  • institutions of clergy in, [112];
  • deaths of religious superiors of, [114];
  • falling off in numbers ordained, [183], [208];
  • decay of churches in, [185];
  • proportion of beneficed to non-beneficed clergy ordained in, [204];
  • clerics not in sacred orders ordained to benefices, [206].
• Winchester, St. Swithun's, [112];
  • death of prior, [180];
  • effect of deaths in, [180];
  • impoverishment of, [180], [184].
• Winchester, St. Mary's nunnery, [182].
• Winchester city, difficulties in collecting taxes, [187];
  • processions through, [108];
  • riot in, about burial places, [110].
• Winnow, St., [89].
• Winterbourne, St. Nicholas, [80].
• Winterbournes, the, [78].
• Witham charterhouse, difficulties of, [170].
• Wisby, the cathedral of, slabs in, [69].
• Wisby, Franciscan convent in, [68].
• Wiveliscombe, the bishop of Bath and Wells at, [84].
• Wool, making of cloth from, at Hinton charterhouse, [171].
• Woods not to be sold, [164].
• Worcester, letter of bishop of, [122];
  • state of his manors after, [123];
  • cemetery in, [122];
  • St. Oswald's in, [123];
  • state of the county of, [123];
  • date of plague in, [121];
  • institutions of clergy in, [121].
• Workmen, combinations of, [199].
• Worthorp priory, [137].
• Wycliff, failure of social theories of, [217].
• Wycliffite authors, tracts wrongly attributed to, [5].
• Wykeham, William of, his exhortations to St. Swithin's, Winchester, [181];
  • his schools, [210];
  • his entry into ecclesiastical state caused by plague, [214].
• Wyncote, John, deaths in family of, [191].
• Yarmouth, population of, [131], note;
  • mortality in, [130];
  • petition to Henry VII from, [131];
  • church building stopped, [131];
  • St. Nicholas' church, [203].
• York, institutions of clergy in the diocese, [151];
  • provision against deaths of canons, [152];
  • depreciation of land in the county of, [154];
  • letter of Archbishop Zouche, [150];
  • indulgences from the Pope for, [151].
• Zouche, archbishop of York, [150].
• Zurich, [64].