[653]. Böckel, work quoted, lxiii f., where there are other references of the sort. So in pounding wheat, women in North Africa sang a national song in chorus, always pounding in time with the music, Wallaschek, p. 220.
[654]. Bücher, p. 60, is emphatic on this point, that the refrain is to be regarded as the oldest part of all songs of labour.
[655]. Act V.
[656]. Zell, Ferienschriften, II. 99 ff., “Ueber die Volkslieder der alten Römer,” is still the best piece of information on the subject, although it was published in 1829.
[657]. In carrying loads, in cutting, and the like tasks, the Lhoosai in southeast India “clear the lungs with a continuous hau! hau! uttered in measured time by all; without making this sound they say they would be unable to work.” Lewin quoted by Böckel, p. lx.
[658]. Arbeit u. Rhythmus, pp. 30 ff. This chapter, quoted above, pp. 107 ff., gives ample references for the subject.
[659]. Ehstnische Volkslieder, 1850, p. 1.
[660]. Deutsche Volkskunde, 1898, pp. 331 f.
[661]. Work quoted, p. cxxiii. The spinning-room for winter, and in summer the rundgänge, when youths and maidens arm in arm go by long rows singing songs to their march, are still a refuge for actual poetry of the people. But, as he says, it is dying fast.
[662]. Böckel, work quoted, p. clii, notes that the three classes who spread and sing songs of the folk are women, soldiers, shepherds. Blind minstrels, of course, are to be added for the chanting and reciting guild, and in Russia the tailors. But women, soldiers, and shepherds best keep the old clan instincts.