[902]. Lois Sociales, pp. 40 f. This passage will repay close attention.
[903]. Critique Scientifique, pp. 191 ff. Carstanjen made a fierce attack on the milieu in art, and, by implication, in literature: Vierteljahrsschrift f. wissenschaftl. Philosophie, XX. (1896), 1 ff., 143 ff. He explains the art of the renaissance by the artists of that time, and not by their environment. For a fine defence of the milieu, however, see the late M. Texte’s book on Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les Origines du Cosmopolitisme Littéraire, pp. xvii. ff.
[904]. Outlines of Sociology, trans. F. W. Moore for the Amer. Acad. Pol. and Soc. Sci., June, 1899, pp. 45, 88. See the translator’s abstract, p. 7.
[905]. Die Philosophie der Geschichte als Sociologie, Leipzig, 1897, I. 183, 213 f.
[906]. Principles of Sociology, New York, 1896.
[907]. “Ueber Ziele und Wege der Völkerpsychologie,” in Philosophische Studien, 1888, IV. 1 ff., particularly pp. 11 ff. and 17.
[908]. In his Völkerpsychologie (Vol. I., Leipzig, 1900, has appeared), he undertakes to study the making of these three products, which he calls a gemeinsames Erzeugniss. See pp. 4, 6, 24 f. A sensible plea for the volksseele, “which need not have any mystical connotation,” was made by Gustav Freytag in the introduction to his Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, I. 13 ff.
[909]. Psychologie des Foules; and in English translation, The Crowd.
[910]. “Das Wesen des Gesammtgeistes,” Studien und Aufsätze, pp. 504 ff.
[911]. Significant is the change from Völkerpsychologie to Volkskunde. The new journal is edited by Professor Weinhold, and began in 1891.