[912]. In Paul’s Grundriss der Philologie, II. i., 512 ff. See also Ten Brink’s Beowulf, pp. 105 f.
[913]. Débute. See Lois de l’Imit., p. 233. He is arguing against Spencer’s doctrine of the development of the arts, and implies the same “high initial source” for music, architecture, and the rest.
[914]. “Enfin ce triple poésie découle de trois grandes sources, la Bible, Homère, Shakspeare.”
[915]. Lois Sociales, p. 49.
[916]. The abstract question is foreign to the present purpose; but it may be urged that one is wise to take neither the extreme position of Buckle, Gumplowicz, and Bourdeau,—who said that if Napoleon had been shot at Toulon, Hoche, or Kleber, or some one, would have done what Napoleon did,—nor yet the equally extreme stand of Tarde and his school. Some sensible remarks on the whole matter may be found in Bernheim’s Lehrbuch d. historischen Methode, pp. 513 ff. of the second edition, Leipzig, 1894.
[917]. See Lloyd Morgan, Habit and Instinct, Chap. II. Solitary chicks hatched in an incubator can be heard chirping, all in the same way, before they break the shell, and with no chance of imitation in the case. Weismann, “Gedanken über Musik,” Rundschau, LXI. (1889), 63, remarks that a young finch brought up alone will sing the song of its kind, “but never so beautifully as when a good singer is put with him as teacher.” The concession is enough.
[918]. Morgan, work quoted, p. 90. Even Mr. Witchell, for whom the song of birds is traditional, grants that call-notes, alarm-notes, and all such utterances are instinctive. See Morgan, p. 178, and Romanes, Mental Evolution in Animals, pp. 222 f.
[919]. Psychology of the Emotions, p. 265. The part assigned to imitation in seemingly spontaneous expression of emotion in a child, Baldwin, Mental Development in Child and Race, pp. 260 ff., does not affect this study of emotion in throngs.
[920]. Die Spiele der Thiere, Jena, 1896, p. 8. See, however, Spiele der Menschen, pp. 4, 365 ff., 431, 446 ff., 511 f.
[921]. So Noiré explained the case in the section on the development of language in his book, Die Welt als Entwicklung des Geistes, Leipzig, 1874. Like Donovan, too, he assumed that the first words were uttered under pressure of communal excitement, elation, joy, social sense. He assumes that social conditions quite overwhelmed the individual, who hardly existed as such. See pp. 266 f.