Greek Lands and Letters

by Francis Greenleaf Allinson; Anne C. E. Allinson

Thinkers as well as Laconomaniacs displayed enthusiasm for Spartan ideas. Aristotle, to be sure, while praising the love of education among the Lacedæmonians, deplored their absorption in one object and also complained that they preferred the good they gained to the virtue by means of which they gained it. But, true as this may be, the nobility of the effort, the flawless harmony of details, the perfect adjustment of the system to the use for which it was intended, resulted in a product as truly Greek as is a Doric temple or an Attic trilogy. It is not strange that its apotheosis is found in the ideal state of the great visionary of Athens. Plato’s “Republic” is Sparta idealized and interpreted by an Athenian.

A state combining the character of the Dorians and the genius of the Ionians history has failed to produce. Isocrates cherished a hope that Athens and Sparta might divide the headship of a gloriously united Greece. After Chæronea he was even far-sighted enough to plead for the willing union of Hellas under Philip of Macedon. Hopes like these proved either futile or too mean. But his pride in the spiritual achievements of his own city has been approved by Time, “the Inspector-General of men’s deeds.” The institutions of Sparta like every other product of the Greek mind went into the crucible of Athens. And this city, triumphing beyond the orator’s boast, “has caused the name of Hellene to seem to be matter no longer of birth but of intellect, and has made them bear it whose claim is that of culture rather than of origins.”

APPENDIX

Usually only the first line of citations is noted.

Chapter I. Page [2] (third paragraph) Cf. Curtius, Greek History, I, p. 23 and passim. Plato, Timæus, 22 B. [3] Quotation from Curtius, Greek History, I, p. 32. [5] Hatzidakis, Neugriechische Grammatik, p. 4. [9] Quotation from Tozer, Geography of Greece, p. 44. Cf. passim. [10-12] Æschylus, Agamemnon, 281. [17-18] Æschylus, Agamemnon, 454. [19] Homer, Odyssey, VI, 130; V, 51; Iliad, VIII, 553. [20] Homer, Odyssey, VI, 162. Pindar, Olymp., II, 70. [21] Pindar, Olymp., VI, 54. [22] Æschylus, Agamemnon, 1390. [23] Æschylus, Agamemnon, 563; Prometheus, I, 88. [24] Sophocles, Philoctetes, 936; Œdipus Tyrannus, 204. [25] Aristophanes, Clouds, 275. [26] Aristophanes, Peace, 571. Æschylus, Agamemnon, 142. Euripides, Hippolytus, 70. [27] Euripides, Trojan Women, 845; Bacchæ, 1084. Plato, Phædrus, 229, 230. [28] Greek Anthology, Pal., VII, 669. Very probably by Plato; App. Plan., 13, attributed to Plato, but probably of later date. Theocritus, Idyl, VII, 134.

Chapter II. Page [37] Thucydides, VI, 30. [38] Æschylus, Agamemnon, 763; 433. [39] Lucian, When My Ship Comes In (Navigium), 5. [43] Æschylus, Suppliants, 715. [44] Isocrates, Areopagiticus, 66. [45] Plato, Symposium, 173 B. Lucian, Navigium, 35. [46] Xenophon, Hellenica, II, 4, 11. [47-48] Lysias, Against Eratosthenes, 4. [49] Menander, Fragments. [50] Plato, Republic, 439, E. 54 Greek Anthology, Pal., VII, 639.

Chapter III. Page [57] Euripides: Suppliants, 403-408. Jebb, Modern Greece, p. 70. [59] Isocrates, Panegyricus, 23, 24. [62] Ælian, apud Stob. Serm., XXIV, 53. For Solon’s apothegm cf. Herodotus, I, 32; Æschylus, Agamemnon, 928. [63] “The Guardian,” cf. Lucian: The Fisher, 21. [64] Plutarch, Life of Solon (end). [66] Euripides, Trojan Women, 801. [67] G. Murray, Rise of the Greek Epic, p. 173. [68] Homer, Iliad, II, 557-558. Lucian, True History, II, 20. [69] Dyer, The Gods in Greece, p. 125. See Gardner and Jevons, Greek Antiquities, p. 296. [72] Æschylus, Persians, 241-242. Herodotus, VII, 105. [73] Lucian, Twice Accused, 11.

Chapter IV. Page 74 Plato, Republic, 532, C. Howe, Greek Revolution (1828), p. 340. [76] Plato, Phædrus, 279 B. [78] Cf. Gardner, Ancient Athens, p. 256. [80] Bayard Taylor, Travels in Greece and Russia (1859), p. 39. [81] Homer, Iliad, II, 546-551. [82] Homer, Odyssey, VII, 78. Herodotus, VI, 137. [83] Herodotus, VIII, 41; 55. Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 758. [84] Aristophanes, Birds, 828. [85] Demosthenes, 597, 8. Aristophanes, Knights, 1321. [85-86] Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 256, 641. [88] Plutarch, Life of Pericles, 13. Lucian, The Fisher, 39.

Chapter V. Page 91 Thucydides, II, 64. [92] Æschylus, Persians, 347. Euripides, Medea, 826. Demosthenes, Olynthiac, III, 25, 29. [103] Second paragraph, cf. Lucian, Cock, 26. [104] Æschylus, Eumenides, 328. [105] Æschylus, Eumenides, 778; and 1032. [106] Cf. J. I. Manatt, The Pauline Areopagus, Andover Rev., 1892. [107] Plato, Phædo, 114, C. ff. Pindar, Olymp., II. [108] Plato, Apology, 41, C. Aristophanes, Wasps, 31 ff. [109] Plato, Republic, 514. See note on p. 129 of J. Harrison’s Primitive Athens, and cf. J. H. Wright, Harv. Stud. Class. Phil., 1906, pp. 131-142. See also below, chap, vii, p. 164. Barathrum. See Aristophanes, Frogs, 574; Herodotus, VII, 133; Plato, Gorgias, 516, E. [110] Cf. Gardner, Ancient Athens, p. 127; Plato, Apology, 36, D; Plutarch, Aristides, 27. [110-111] Aristophanes, Peace, 1183; Birds, 450. [111] Bacchylides, Fragments. Lysias, Or. XXIV, 20. [112] Aristophanes, passim, and Birds, 1080-1081. Menander, Fragments. [114] Æschylus, Seven Against Thebes, 854. [115] Thucydides, II, 34. [115-116] Thucydides, II, 52, 54; Sophocles, Œdipus Tyrannus, 171. [117] Aristophanes, Clouds, 17, 18 & 56; Wasps, 246. [118] Demosthenes, Against Conon, 9. [120] Lucian, Icaromenippus, 16. Aristophanes, Birds, 1421; Wasps, 835. [123] Homeric Hymn to Dionysus, 51. Bacchylides, XIX, 5. [123-124] Pindar, Fragments. Aristophanes, Acharnians, 636. Euripides, Medea, 824. [125] Plato, Phædrus, 247, A; Republic, 592, A, B.

Chapter VI. Page [127] Pindar, Olymp., VI, 1. Aristophanes, Wasps, 600. Homer, Odyssey, XV, 459. [128] Aristophanes, Frogs, 171. [129] Homer, Iliad, XI, 558. [130] Euripides, Alcestis, 252, 433, 575. Homer, Odyssey, XIII, 221. [131] Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. Euripides (?), Rhesus, 546. Homer, Iliad, III, 10; VIII, 555; III, 198. Homer, Odyssey, XI, 444. Aristophanes, Wasps, 179. [133] Homer, Iliad, XVIII, 414. Plato, Republic, III, 404. [134] Homer, Odyssey, XVII, 205. Homer, Iliad, XXII, 147. Homer, Odyssey, VI, 70; VII, 19. Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 105. [135] Euripides, Electra, 54. [136] Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusæ, I. [139] Plato, Laws, 653. [140] Sophocles, Œdipus Tyrannus, 1489. Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusæ. Menander, Epitrepontes. Plato, Lysis.