The works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 3 (of 4)

by Francis M. Balfour

• Basilar membrane, [524]
• Basilar plate, [565]
• Basipterygium, [612]
• Basisphenoid region of skull, [569]
• Bilateral symmetry, origin of, [373]-[376]
• Bile duct, [770]
• Bladder, Amphibia, [131];
  • of Amniota, [726];
• Blastodermic vesicle, of Rabbit, first development of, [217];
  • of 7th day, [222];
  • Guinea-pig, [263];
  • meaning of, [291];
• Blastoderm of Pyrosoma, [24];
  • Elasmobranchii, [41];
  • Chick, [150];
  • Lacerta 202;
• Blastopore, of Amphioxus, [2];
  • of Ascidia, [11];
  • Elasmobranchii, [42], [54], [62];
  • Petromyzon, [87];
  • Acipenser, [104];
  • Amphibia, [125], [130];
  • Chick, [153];
  • Rabbit, [216];
  • true Mammalian, [226];
  • comparative history of closure of, [284], [288];
  • summary of fate of, [340];
  • relation of to primitive anus, [324];
• Blood-vessels, development of, [633]
• Body cavity, of Ascidia, [21];
  • Molgula, [21];
  • Salpa, [31];
  • Elasmobranchii, [47];
  • of Teleostei, [75];
  • Petromyzon, [94];
  • Chick, [169];
  • development of in Chordata, [325];
  • views on origin of, [356]-[360], [377];
  • of Invertebrata, [623];
  • of Chordata, [624];
  • of head, [676];
• Bombinator, branchial chamber of, [136];
  • vertebral column of, [556];
• Bonellia, excretory organs of, [687]
• Bones, origin of cartilage bones, [542];
  • origin of membrane bones, [543];
  • development of, [543];
  • homologies of membrane bones, [542];
  • homologies of cartilage bones, [545];
• Brachiopoda, excretory organs of, [683];
  • generative ducts of, [749];
• Brain, of Ascidia, [11], [15];
  • Elasmobranchii, [56], [59], [60];
  • Teleostei, [77];
  • Petromyzon, [89], [92];
  • Acipenser, [105];
  • Lepidosteus, [113];
  • early development of in Chick, [170];
  • flexure of in Chick, [175];
  • later development of in Chick, [176];
  • Rabbit, [229];
  • general account of development of, [419];
  • flexure of, [420];
  • histogeny of, [422];
• Branchial arches, præoral, [570];
  • disappearance of posterior, [573];
  • dental plates of in Teleostei, [574];
  • relation of to head cavities, [571];
  • _See_ ‘Visceral arches’
• Branchial chamber of Amphibia, [136]
• Branchial clefts, of Amphioxus, [7];
  • of Ascidia, [18], [20];
  • Molgula, [23];
  • Salpa, [32];
  • of Elasmobranchii, [57], [59]-61;
  • Teleostei, [77];
  • Petromyzon, [91], [96];
  • Acipenser, [105];
  • Lepidosteus, [114], [116];
  • Amphibia, [132], [133];
  • Chick, [178];
  • Rabbit, [231];
  • præoral, [312], [318];
  • of Invertebrata, [326];
  • origin of, [326];
• Branchial rays, [574]
• Branchial skeleton, development of, [572], [592];
  • of Petromyzon, [96], [312], [571];
  • of Ichthyopsida, [572];
  • dental plates of in Teleostei, [574];
  • relation of to head cavities, [572];
• Branchiæ, external of Elasmobranchii, [61], [62];
  • of Teleostei, [77];
  • Acipenser, [107];
  • Amphibia, [127], [133], [135];
• Brood-pouch, of Salpa, [29];
  • Teleostei, [68];
  • Amphibia, [121];
• Brown tubes of Gephyrea, [686]
• Bulbus arteriosus, of Fishes, [638];
  • Amphibia, [639];
• Bursa Fabricii, [167], [779]

• Canalis auricularis, [639]
• Canalis reuniens, [521]
• Capitellidæ, excretory organs of, [683]
• Carcharias, placenta of, [66]
• Cardinal vein, [652]
• Carnivora, placenta of, [250]
• Carpus, development of, [620]
• Cartilage bones of skull, [595];
  • homologies of, [595];
• Cat, placenta of, [250]
• Caudal swellings of Elasmobranchii, [46], [55];
  • Teleostei, [72];
  • Chick, [162], [170];
• Cephalic plate of Elasmobranchii, [55]
• Cephalochorda, development of, [1]
• Cephalopoda, eyes of, [473]-[477]
• Cerebellum, Petromyzon, [93];
  • Chick, [176];
  • general account of development of, [424], [425];
• Cerebrum of Petromyzon, [93], [97];
  • Chick, [175];
  • general development of, [429], [438];
  • transverse fissure of, [443];
• Cestoda, excretory organs of, [681]
• Cetacea, placenta, [255]
• Chætognatha, nervous system of, [349];
  • eye of, [479];
  • generative organs of, [743];
  • generative ducts of, [749];
• Chætopoda, head of, [313];
  • eyes of, [479];
  • excretory organs of, [683];
  • generative organs of, [743];
  • generative ducts of, [749];
• Charybdæa, eye of, [472]
• Cheiroptera, placenta of, [244]
• Cheiropterygium, [618];
  • relation of to ichthyopterygium, [621];
• Chelonia, development of, [210];
  • pectoral girdle of, [603];
  • arterial system of, [649];
• Chick, development of, [145];
  • general growth of embryo of, [170];
  • rotation of embryo of, [173];
  • foetal membranes of, [185];
  • epiblast of, [150], [166];
  • optic nerve and choroid fissure of, [500];
• Chilognatha, eye of, [481]
• Chilopoda, eye of, [481]
• Chimæra, lateral line of, [539];
  • vertebral column of, [548];
  • nares of, [533];
• Chiromantis, oviposition of, [121]
• Chorda tympani, development of, [460]
• Chordata, ancestor of, [311];
  • branchial system of, [312];
  • evidence from Ammocoetes, [312];
  • head of, [312];
  • mouth of, [318];
  • table of phylogeny of, [327];
• Chorion, [237];
  • villi of, [237], [257];
• Choroid coat, Ammocoetes, [99];
  • general account of, [487];
• Choroid fissure, of Vertebrate eye, [486], [493];
  • of Ammocoetes, [498];
  • comparative development of, [500];
  • of Chick, [501];
  • of Lizards, [501];
  • of Elasmobranchii, [502];
  • of Teleostei, [503];
  • Amphibia, [503];
  • Mammals, [503], [504];
• Choroid gland, [320]
• Choroid pigment, [489]
• Choroid plexus, of fourth ventricle, [425];
  • of third ventricle, [432];
  • of lateral ventricle, [442];
• Ciliated sack of Ascidia, [18];
  • Pyrosoma, [26];
  • Salpa, [31];
• Ciliary ganglion, [461]
• Ciliary muscle, [490]
• Ciliary processes, [488];
  • comparative development of, [506];
• Clavicle, [600]
• Clitoris, development of, [727]
• Clinoid ridge, [569]
• Cloaca, [766]
• Coccygeo-mesenteric vein, [661]
• Cochlear canal, [519]
• Coecilia, development of, [143];
  • pronephros of, [707];
  • mesonephros of, [709];
  • Müllerian duct of, [710];
• Coelenterata, larvæ of, [367];
  • eyes of, [471];
  • auditory organs of, [513];
  • generative organs of, [741];
• Columella auris, [529];
  • of Amphibia, [582];
  • of Sauropsida, [588];
• Commissures, of spinal cord, [417];
  • of brain, [431], [432], [439], [443];
• Coni vasculosi, [724]
• Conus arteriosus, of Fishes, [638];
  • of Amphibia, [638];
• Coracoid bone, [599]
• Cornea, of Ammocoetes, [99];
  • general development of, [495];
  • corpuscles of, [496];
  • comparative development of, [499];
  • of Mammals, [499];
• Coronoid bone, [595]
• Corpora geniculata interna, [428]
• Corpora quadrigemina, [428]
• Corpora striata, development of, [437]
• Corpus callosum, development of, [443]
• Corti, organ of, [522];
  • structure of, [525];
  • fibres of, [525];
  • development of, [526];
• Cranial flexure, of Elasmobranchii, [58], [60];
  • of Teleostei, [77];
  • Petromyzon, [93], [94];
  • of Amphibia, [131], [132];
  • Chick, [174];
  • Rabbit, [231];
  • characters of, [321];
  • significance of, [322];
• Cranial nerves, development of, [455];
  • relation of to head cavities, [461];
  • anterior roots of, [462]-464;
  • view on position of roots of, [466];
• Crocodilia, arterial system of, [649]
• Crura cerebri, [429]
• Crustacea, nervous system of, [411];
  • eye of, [481];
  • auditory organs of, [515];
  • generative cells of, [745];
  • generative ducts of, [751];
• Cupola, [524]
• Cutaneous muscles, [676]
• Cyathozooid, [25]
• Cyclostomata, auditory organs of, [517];
  • olfactory organ of, [532];
  • notochord and vertebral column of, [546], [549];
  • abdominal pores of, [626];
  • segmental duct of, [700];
  • pronephros of, [700];
  • mesonephros of, [700];
  • generative ducts of, [733], [749];
  • venous system of, [651];
  • excretory organs of, [700];
• Cystignathus, oviposition of, [122]

• Dactylethra, branchial chamber of, [136];
  • branchiæ of, [136];
  • tadpole of, [140];
• Decidua reflexa, of Rat, [242];
  • of Insectivora, [243];
  • of Man, [245];
• Deiter’s cells, [526]
• Dental papilla, [777]
• Dental capsule, [777]
• Dentary bone, [595]
• Dentine, [780]
• Descemet’s membrane, [496]
• Diaphragm, [631];
  • muscle of, [676];
• Dipnoi, nares of, [534];
  • vertebral column of, [548];
  • membrane bones of skull of, [592];
  • heart of, [638];
  • arterial system of, [645];
  • excretory system of, [707];
  • stomodæum of, [777];
• Diptera, eye of, [481]
• Discophora, excretory organs of, [687]
• Dog, placenta of, [248]
• Dohrn, on relations of Cyclostomata, [84];
  • on ancestor of Chordata, [311], [319];
• Doliolum, development of, [28]
• Ductus arteriosus, [649]
• Ductus Botalli, [648]
• Ductus Cuvieri, [654]
• Ductus venosus Arantii, [663]
• Dugong, heart of, [642]
• Dysticus, eye of, [481]

• Ear, _see_ ‘Auditory organ’
• Echinodermata, secondary symmetry of larva of, [380];
  • excretory organs of, [689];
  • generative ducts of, [752];
• Echinorhinus, lateral line of, [539];
  • vertebral column of, [548];
• Echiurus, excretory organs of, [686]
• Ectostosis, [543]
• Edentata, placenta of, [248], [250], [256]
• Eel, generative ducts of, [703]
• Egg-shell of Elasmobranchii, [40];
  • Chick, [146];
• Elasmobranchii, development of, [40];
  • viviparous, [40];
  • general features of development of, [55];
  • gastrula of, [281];
  • development of mesoblast of, [294];
  • notochord of, [294];
  • meaning of formation of mesoblast of, [295];
  • restiform tracts of, [425];
  • optic lobes of, [427];
  • cerebellum of, [425];
  • pineal gland of, [432];
  • pituitary body of, [435];
  • cerebrum of, [438];
  • olfactory lobes of, [444];
  • spinal nerves, [449];
  • cranial nerves of, [457];
  • sympathetic nervous system of, [466];
  • nares of, [533];
  • lateral line of, [539];
  • vertebral column of, [549];
  • ribs of, [560];
  • parachordals of, [567];
  • mandibular and hyoid arches of, [576];
  • pectoral girdle of, [600];
  • pelvic girdle of, [607];
  • limbs of, [609];
  • pericardial cavity of, [627];
  • arterial system of, [644];
  • venous system of, [651];
  • muscle-plates of, [668];
  • excretory organs of, [690];
  • constitution of excretory organs in adult of, [697];
  • spermatozoa of, [747];
  • swimming-bladder of, [763];
  • intestines of, [767];
  • liver of, [769];
  • postanal gut of, [772];
• Elæoblast of Pyrosoma, [28];
  • Salpa, [30];
• Elephant, placenta of, [249]
• Embolic formation of gastrula, [333]
• Enamel organ, [777]
• Endolymph of ear, [522]
• Endostosis, [543]
• Endostyle of Ascidia, [18], [759];
  • Pyrosoma, [25];
  • Salpa, [32];
• Epiblast, of Elasmobranchii, [47];
  • Teleostei, [71], [75];
  • Petromyzon, [86];
  • Lepidosteus, [112];
  • Amphibia, [122], [125];
  • Chick, [149], [166];
  • Lacerta, [203];
  • Rabbit, [216], [219];
  • origin of in Rabbit, [221];
  • comparative account of development of, [300];
• Epibolic formation of gastrula, [334]
• Epichordal formation of vertebral column, [556]
• Epicrium glutinosum, [143]
• Epidermis, in Coelenterata, [393];
  • protective structures of, [394];
• Epididymis, [724]
• Epigastric vein, [653]
• Episkeletal muscles, [676]
• Episternum, [602]
• Epoophoron, [725]
• Ethmoid bone, [597]
• Ethmoid region of skull, [570]
• ethmo-palatine ligament of Elasmobranchs, [576]
• Euphausia, eye of, [483]
• Eustachian tube, of Amphibia, [135];
  • Chick, [180];
  • Rabbit, [232];
  • general development of, [528];
• Excretory organs, general constitution of, [680];
  • of Platyelminthes, [680];
  • of Mollusca, [681];
  • of Polyzoa, [682];
  • of Brachiopoda, [683];
  • of Chætopoda, [683];
  • of Gephyrea, [686];
  • of Discophora, [687];
  • of Arthropoda, [688];
  • of Nematoda, [689];
  • of Echinodermata, [689];
  • constitution of in Craniata, [689];
  • of Elasmobranchii, [690];
  • constitution of in adult Elasmobranch, [697];
  • of Petromyzon, [700];
  • of Myxine, [701];
  • of Teleostei,701;
  • of Ganoidei, [704];
  • of Dipnoi, [707];
  • of Amphibia, [707];
  • of Amniota, [713];
  • comparison of Vertebrate and Invertebrate, [737];
• Excretory system, of Elasmobranchii, [49];
  • Teleostei, [78];
  • Petromyzon, [95], [98];
  • Acipenser, [99];
  • Amphibia, [133];
• Exoccipital bone, [595]
• Exoskeleton, dermal, [393]-395;
  • epidermal, [393]-396;
• External generative organs, [726]
• Extra-branchial skeleton, [572]
• Eye, of Ascidia, [16];
  • Salpa, [31];
  • Elasmobranchii, [56], [57], [58];
  • Teleostei, [73];
  • Petromyzon, [92], [98];
  • Aves, [170];
  • Rabbit, [229];
  • general development of, [470];
  • evolution of, [470], [471];
  • simple, [480];
  • compound, [481];
  • aconous, [482];
  • pseudoconous, [482];
  • of Invertebrata, [471];
  • of Vertebrata, [483];
  • comparative development of Vertebrate, [497];
  • of Ammocoetes, [497];
  • of Tunicata, [507];
  • of Chordata, general views on, [508];
  • accessory eyes of Fishes, [509];
  • muscles of, [677];
• Eyelids, development of, [506]

• Falciform ligament, [757]
• Falx cerebri, [439]
• Fasciculi teretes, of Elasmobranchii, [426]
• Feathers, development of, [396]
• Fenestra rotunda and ovalis, [529]
• Fertilization, of Amphioxus, [2];
  • of Urochorda, [9];
  • Salpa, [29];
  • Elasmobranchii, [46];
  • of Teleostei, [68];
  • Petromyzon, [84];
  • Amphibia, [120];
  • Chick, [145];
  • Reptilia, [202];
  • meaning of, [331];
• Fifth nerve, development of, [460]
• Fifth ventricle, [443]
• Fins, of Elasmobranchii, [62];
  • Teleostei, [78];
  • Petromyzon, [94], [95];
  • Acipenser, [109];
  • Lepidosteus, [118];
  • relation of paired to unpaired, [611], [612];
  • development of pelvic, [614];
  • development of pectoral, [615];
  • views on nature of paired fins, [616];
• Fissures of spinal cord, [417]
• Foetal development, [360];
  • secondary variations in, [361];
• Foot, [618]
• Foramen of Munro, [430], [438]
• Foramen ovale, [642]
• Fore-brain, of Elasmobranchii, [55], [59], [60];
  • Petromyzon, [93];
  • general development of, [428];
• Formative cells, of Chick, [154]
• Fornix, development of, [443]
• Fornix of Gottsche, [428]
• Fourth nerve, [464]
• Frontals, [592]
• Frontonasal process of Chick, [179]

• Gaertner’s canals, [724]
• Gall-bladder, [770]
• Ganoidei, development of, [102];
  • relations of, [118];
  • nares of, [534];
  • notochord of, [546];
  • vertebral column of, [546], [553];
  • ribs of, [561];
  • pelvic girdle of, [606];
  • arterial$ system of, [645];
  • excretory organs of, [704];
  • generative ducts of, [734];
• Gastropoda, eye of, [472]
• Gastrula, of Amphioxus, [2];
  • of Ascidia, [10];
  • Elasmobranchii, [43], [44];
  • Petromyzon, [86];
  • Acipenser, [103];
  • Amphibia, [123];
  • comparative development of, in Invertebrata, [275];
  • comparison of Mammalian, [291];
  • phylogenetic meaning of, [333];
  • ontogeny of (general), [333];
  • phylogeny of, [338]-343;
  • secondary types of, [341];
• Geckos, vertebral column of, [557]
• Generative cells, development of, [741];
  • origin of in Coelenterata, [741];
  • of Invertebrata, [743];
  • of Vertebrata, [746];
• Generative ducts, of Teleostei, [704], [735];
  • of Ganoids, [704];
  • of Cyclostomata, [733];
  • origin of, [733];
  • of Lepidosteus, [735], [750];
  • development and evolution of, [748];
  • of Coelenterata, [748];
  • of Sagitta, [749];
  • of Tunicata, [749];
  • Chætopoda, Gephyrea, etc., [749];
  • of Mollusca, [751];
  • of Discophora, [751];
  • of Echinodermata, [752];
• Generative system of Elasmobranchii, [51]
• Gephyrea, nervous system of, [412];
  • excretory organs of, [686];
  • generative cells of, [743];
  • generative ducts of, [749];
• Germinal disc, of Elasmobranchii, [40];
  • Teleostei, [68];
  • Chick, [147];
• Germinal epithelium, [746]
• Germinal layers, summary of organs derived from, in Vertebrata, [304];
  • historical account of views of, [332];
  • homologies of in the Metazoa, [345];
• Germinal wall of Chick, [152], [159];
  • structure and changes of, [160];
• Geryonia, auditory organ of, [515]
• Gill of Salpa, [31]
• Giraldes, organ of, [725]
• Glands, epidermic, development of, [397]
• Glomerulus, external, of Chick, [716]
• Glossopharyngeal nerve, development of, [456], [457]
• Grey matter of spinal cord, [417];
  • of brain, [423];
• Growth in length of Vertebrate embryo, [306]
• Guinea-pig, primitive streak of, [223];
  • notochord of, [226];
  • placenta of, [242];
  • development of, [262];
• Gymnophiona, _see_ ‘Coecilia’

• Habenula perforata, [525]
• Hairs, development of, [396]
• Halichærus, placenta of, [250]
• Hand, [619]
• Head, comparative account of, [313];
  • segmentation of, [314];
• Head cavities, of Elasmobranchii, [50];
  • Petromyzon, [90], [96];
  • Amphibia, [127];
  • general development of, [676];
• Head-fold of Chick, [157], [167]
• Head kidney, _see_ ‘Pronephros’
• Heart, of Pyrosoma, [25];
  • Elasmobranchii, [50], [58];
  • Petromyzon, [94], [97];
  • Acipenser, [106];
  • Chick, [170];
  • first appearance of in Rabbit, [230];
  • general development of, [633];
  • of Fishes, [635], [637];
  • of Mammalia, [638];
  • of Birds, [637], [639];
  • meaning of development of, [637];
  • of Amphibia, [638];
  • of Amniota, [639];
  • change of position of, [643];
• Hind-brain, Elasmobranchii, [55], [59], [60];
  • Petromyzon, [93];
  • general account of, [424];
• Hippocampus major, development of, [442]
• Hirudo, development of blood-vessels of, [633];
  • excretory organs of, [688];
• Horse, placenta of, [253]
• Hyaloid membrane, [492]
• Hylodes, oviposition of, [121];
  • metamorphosis of, [137];
• Hyobranchial cleft, [572]
• Hyoid arch, of Chick, [179];
  • general account of, [572], [575];
  • modifications of, [573], [577];
  • of Elasmobranchii, [576];
  • of Teleostei, [577];
  • of Amphibia, [582];
  • of Sauropsida, [588];
  • of Mammalia, [589];
• Hyomandibular bar of Elasmobranchii, [576], [577];786.png
  • of Teleostei, [579];
  • of Amphibia, [582];
• Hyomandibular cleft, of Petromyzon, [91];
  • Chick, [179];
  • general account of, [572];
• Hyostylic skulls, [582]
• Hypoblast of Elasmobranchii, [51];
  • Teleostei, [71], [75];
  • Petromyzon, [86];
  • Acipenser, [104];
  • Lepidosteus, [113];
  • Amphibia, [122], [129];
  • Chick, [151], [167];
  • Lacerta, [203];
  • Rabbit, [215], [216], [219];
  • origin of in Rabbit, [220];
• Hyposkeletal muscles, [675]
• Hyrax, placenta of, [249]

• Incus, [529], [590]
• Infraclavicle, [600]
• Infundibulum of Petromyzon, [92];
  • Chick, [175];
  • general development of, [430];
• Insectivora, placenta of, [243]
• Insects, nervous system of, [410];
  • eye of, [481];
  • generative organs of, [745];
  • generative ducts of, [751];
• Intercalated pieces of vertebral column, [551]
• Interclavicle, homologies of, [602]
• Intermediate cell-mass of Chick, [183]
• Intermuscular septa, [672]
• Interorbital septum, [570]
• Interrenal bodies, [665]
• Iris, [489];
  • comparative development of, [506];
• Iris of Ammocoetes, [98]
• Island of Reil, [444]

• Jacobson’s organ, [537]
• Jugal bone, [594]

• Kidney, _see_ ‘Metanephros’