Osier, The Principles and Practice of Medicine.
Huber, Consumption and Civilization.
To prepare limewater some small lumps of fresh lime (either slacked or unslacked) are added to a large bottle of water and thoroughly shaken. This is put aside until the lime all settles to the bottom and the water above is perfectly clear. This is now ready for use and may be poured off as needed. When the supply is exhausted add more water and shake again.
An element is a single kind of matter. Those substances are classed as elements which cannot be separated into different kinds of matter. Two or more elements combined in definite proportions by weight form a compound. The elements are few in number, only about eighty being known. Compounds, on the other hand, are exceedingly numerous.
The term energy, as used here, has the same general meaning as the word power. See Chapter XII.
The oxygen pressure of the atmosphere is that portion of the total atmospheric pressure which is due to the weight of the oxygen. Since oxygen comprises about one fifth of the atmosphere, the pressure which it exerts is about one fifth of the total atmospheric pressure, or, at the sea level, about three pounds to the square inch (15 x 1/5 = 3). This is the oxygen pressure of the atmosphere. The low oxygen pressure in the tissues is due to its scarcity, and this scarcity is due to its entering into combination at the cells.
See footnote on oxygen pressure, page 109.
The impression prevails to some extent that carbon dioxide, on account of its weight, settles out of the atmosphere, collecting in old wells and at the floor in crowded rooms. Any such settling of the carbon dioxide is prevented by the rapid motion of its molecules. This motion not only prevents a separation of carbon dioxide and air after they are mixed, but causes them to mix rapidly when they are separated, if they still have surface contact. The carbon dioxide found in old wells is formed there by decaying vegetable or animal matter. In rooms it is no more abundant at the floor than in other parts.
On account of the formation of carbon dioxide in places containing decaying material, the descent into an old well or other opening into the earth is often a hazardous undertaking. Before making such a descent the air should always be tested by lowering a lighted lantern or candle. Artificial respiration is the only means of restoring one who has been overcome by this gas (page 97).
While awaiting oxidation at the cells, the carbohydrates and fats are stored up by the body, the carbohydrates as glycogen and the fats as some form of fat. In this sense they are sometimes looked upon as serving to build up certain of the tissues.