GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS

By A. E. Shipley, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge

POLYZOA

By S. F. Harmer, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge

London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1901

All rights reserved

'Nous allons faire des vers ensemble'
André de Chénier

First Edition 1896. Reprinted 1901

CONTENTS

PAGE
Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Book [ix]
PLATYHELMINTHES AND MESOZOA
CHAPTER I
TURBELLARIA
Introduction—description of the Polyclad Leptoplana tremellaris—Appearance—Habits—Structure: Polycladida—Classification—Habits—Anatomy—Development: Tricladida—Occurrence—Structure—Classification: Rhabdocoelida—Occurrence—Habits—Reproduction—Classification [3]
CHAPTER II
TREMATODA
Characters of Trematodes—Habits and Structure of Trematoda Ectoparasitica (Monogenea)—Life-Histories of Polystomum integerrimum, Diplozoon paradoxum, and Gyrodactylus elegans—Trematoda Endoparasitica (Digenea)—Occurrence and Habits of Digenea—Life-History of Distomum macrostomumDistomum hepaticum and its Effects—Bilharzia haematobia—Bisexual Trematodes—Table of Hosts—Classification [51]
CHAPTER III
CESTODA
Introduction—Nature of Cestodes—Occurrence of Cestodes—The Tape-Worms of Man and Domestic Animals—Table of Life-Histories of Principal Cestodes of Man and Domestic Animals—Structure and Development of Cestodes—Table for the Discrimination of the More Usual Cestodes of Man and Domestic Animals—Classification [74]

CHAPTER IV

MESOZOA
Dicyemidae—Structure—Reproduction—Occurrence: Orthonectidae—Occurrence—Structure: Trichoplax: Salinella [92]
NEMERTINEA
CHAPTER V
NEMERTINEA
Introductory—External Characters—Anatomy—Classification—Development—Habits—Regeneration—Breeding—Geographical Distribution—Land, Fresh-Water, and Parasitic Forms—Affinities [99]
NEMATHELMINTHES AND CHAETOGNATHA
CHAPTER VI
NEMATHELMINTHES
Introduction—Nematoda—Anatomy—Embryology—Classification—Ascaridae—Strongylidae—Trichotrachelidae—Filariidae—Mermithidae—Anguillulidae—Enoplidae—Parasitism: Nematomorpha—Anatomy—Classification—Life-History: Acanthocephala—Anatomy—Embryology—Classification [123]
CHAPTER VII
CHAETOGNATHA
Structure—Reproduction—Habits—Food—Classification—Table of Identification [see also p. [534]] [186]
ROTIFERA, GASTROTRICHA, AND KINORHYNCHA
CHAPTER VIII
ROTIFERA, GASTROTRICHA, AND KINORHYNCHA
Rotifera—History—External Features—Movements—Anatomy—Reproduction—Embryology—Classification—Distribution—Affinities: Gastrotricha: Kinorhyncha [197]

ARCHIANNELIDA, POLYCHAETA, AND MYZOSTOMARIA

CHAPTER IX
The Chaetopodous Worms—The Archiannelida—Anatomy of Nereis, as Typical of the Polychaeta [241]
CHAPTER X
Classification of the Polychaeta—Shape—Head—Parapodia—Chaetae—Gills—Internal Organs—Jaws—Sense Organs—Reproduction—Larval Forms—Budding—Fission—Branching—Regeneration [257]
CHAPTER XI
Natural History of Polychaetes—General Habits—Character of Tube and its Formation—Colouring—Protective and Mimetic Devices—Phosphorescence—Food—Uses—Associated Worms—Worms as Hosts—Distribution—Fossil Remains [284]
CHAPTER XII
Characters of the Sub-Orders of Polychaetes—Characters of the Families—Description of British Genera and Species: the Myzostomaria [303]
OLIGOCHAETA (EARTHWORMS, ETC.), AND HIRUDINEA (LEECHES)
CHAPTER XIII
OLIGOCHAETA (EARTHWORMS AND THEIR ALLIES)
Introduction—Anatomy—Reproduction—Bionomics—Distribution—Classification—Microdrili and Megadrili [347]
CHAPTER XIV
HIRUDINEA (LEECHES)
Introduction—Anatomy—Reproduction—Classification—Rhynchobdellae and Gnathobdellae [392]

GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS

CHAPTER XV
GEPHYREA
Introduction—Anatomy—Development—Sipunculoidea—Priapuloidea—Echiuroidea—Epithetosomatoidea—Affinities of the Group [411]
CHAPTER XVI
PHORONIS
History—Habits—Structure—Reproduction—Larva—Metamorphosis—List of Species and Localities—Systematic Position [450]
POLYZOA
CHAPTER XVII
POLYZOA
Introduction—General Characters and Terminology—Brown Bodies—History—Outlines of Classification—Marine Polyzoa—Occurrence—Forms of Colony and of Zooecia—Ovicells—Avicularia—Vibracula—Entoprocta [465]
CHAPTER XVIII
POLYZOA—continued
Fresh-water Polyzoa—Phylactolaemata—Occurrence—Structure of Cristatella—Division of Colony—Movements of Colony—Retraction And Protrusion of Polypides in Polyzoa—Statoblasts—Table for Determination of Genera of Fresh-water Polyzoa—Reproductive Processes of Polyzoa—Development—Affinities—Metamorphosis—Budding [492]
CHAPTER XIX
POLYZOA—continued
Classification—Geographical Distribution—Palaeontology—Methods for the Examination of Specific Characters—Terminology—Key for the Determination of the Genera of British Marine Polyzoa [515]
Addendum to Chaetognatha [534]
Index [535]