A Flowering branch. B Flower cut lengthwise. C Fruit. D Seed.

COMPOSITAE.

FLOW. PL. AFR.

Pl. 150.

J. Fleischmann del.

Vernonia Baumii O. Hoffm.

A Flowering branch. B Flower. C Flower cut lengthwise and pappus-bristle. D Anther from front and back.

two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, inverted. Style of the fertile hermaphrodite flowers cleft into two branches, which bear stigmatic papillae on the inner face or the margins, and hairs on the outer face, on both sides, or at the top; style of the sterile flowers usually entire. Fruit indehiscent, mostly dry. Seed solitary, with a thin coat usually adnate to the pericarp, exalbuminous. Embryo straight; radicle short, inferior.—Genera 327, species 4200. (Including AMBROSIACEAE.) (Plate 150.)

1. Corolla of all flowers strap-shaped (ligulate). Juice milky. [Tribe
CICHORIEAE.] 2
Corolla of the hermaphrodite and male flowers not strap-shaped. Juice not milky. 31
2. Scales on the receptacle enclosing the fruits. Thistle-like herbs.—Species
3. North Africa and northern East Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. [Subtribe SCOLYMINAE.] Scolymus L.
Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits or wanting. Not thistle-like plants. 3
3. Pappus of all or of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles which are sometimes broadened at the base or surrounded by simple bristles or by a small crown. [Subtribe LEONTODONTINAE.] 4
Pappus consisting of simple, smooth or rough, in some cases shortly ciliate bristles, or of such bristles and scales, or only of scales sometimes ending in a not feathery, in some cases shortly ciliate awn, or of scales united into a small crown, or wanting altogether. 10
4. Pappus-bristles, at least on the inner fruits, with interwoven pinnae.
Receptacle without scales. 5
Pappus-bristles with not interwoven pinnae, in 1 or 2 rows. Flowers yellow. 7
5. Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in one row. Flower-heads terminal, solitary, large or rather large. Leaves linear.—Species 3. North
Africa; one of the species also naturalized in St. Helena. Used as vegetables or in medicine. “Salsify.” (Including Geropogon L.) Tragopogon L.
Pappus-bristles and involucral bracts in several rows. 6
6. Fruits obliquely truncate at the top; hence pappus lateral. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. Leaves radical.—Species 1.
North-west Africa (Algeria) Tourneuxia Coss.
Fruits straight at the top.—Species 7. North and Central Africa; one species only cultivated. They yield edible roots, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including Podospermum DC.) Scorzonera L.
7. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Involucral bracts in several rows.—Species 6. North Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa, St. Helena, and the Mascarenes. Used in medicine.
(Including Seriola L.) Hypochoeris L.
Receptacle without scales. 8
8. Involucral bracts in one row. Fruits with a hollow beak. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Urospermum Scop.
Involucral bracts in several rows. 9
9. Leaves all radical. Stem simple or scantily branched. Pappus persistent.—Species
20. North Africa. (Including Asterothrix Coss.,
Fidelia Schultz, Kalbfussia Schultz, Microderis DC., Millina Cass., and
Thrincia Roth). Leontodon L.
Leaves cauline or cauline and radical. Stem branched, hairy.—Species
20. North and Central Africa. Several species are used as vegetables.
(Including Deckera Schultz, Helminthia Juss., Spitzelia Schultz, Viraea
Vahl, and Vigineixia Pomel). Picris L.
10. (3.) Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, consisting of bristles. [Subtribe
CREPIDINAE.] 11
Pappus consisting of scales and bristles, or of scales sometimes prolonged into an awn or united in a small crown, or wanting. [Subtribe
CICHORINAE.] 24
11. Receptacle beset with bristles. Fruits not beaked. 12
Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. 13
12. Receptacle bristly throughout. Fruits linear.—Species 1. North-east
Africa (Egypt). (Lagoseris M. Bieb.) Pterotheca Cass.
Receptacle pitted; only the edges of the pits beset with bristles. Fruits oblong.—Species 10. North Africa. Andryala L.
13. Fruits ending in a beak. 14
Fruits without a beak, but sometimes narrowed at the apex. 18
14. Fruits tubercled at the base of the beak. 15
Fruits not tubercled at the base of the beak. 17
15. Outer fruits not beaked, with a rudimentary pappus or without a pappus.
Flower-heads subequal, in corymbs.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Egypt). Heteroderis Boiss.
Outer fruits similar to the inner. 16
16. Heads rather small, 7-15-flowered. Leaves radical and cauline.—Species
1. North Africa. Used as a salad and in medicine. Chondrilla L.
Heads rather large, many-flowered. Leaves all radical.—Species 8.
Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Dandelion.” Taraxacum Hall.
17. Fruits compressed.—Species 40, one of them (L. sativa L.) only cultivated.
They are used as salad and fodder and in medicine; some are poisonous.
“Lettuce.” (Including Cicerbita Wallr.) Lactuca L.
Fruits, at least the inner, terete or angular, many-ribbed.—Species 35.
(Including Anisorhamphus DC. and Barkhousia Moench). Crepis L.
18. Fruits much narrowed at the top. 19
Fruits, at least the inner, not or slightly narrowed and truncate at the top. 20
19. Stem reduced to a rootstock sometimes prolonged into a short scape.
Flowers yellow.—Species 2. East Africa. Dianthoseris Schultz
Stem well developed, not scape-like. (See 17.) Crepis L.
20. Fruits of two kinds, the inner differing from the outer. Involucral bracts in many rows, with scarious margins. 21
Fruits all alike. 22
21. Outer fruits transversely wrinkled or hairy, inner smooth and glabrous.—Species
20. Some of them are used medicinally. (Including Heterachaena
Fres., Microrhynchus Less., Rhabdotheca Cass., and Zollikoferia
DC.) Launaea Cass.
Outer and inner fruits 3-5-furrowed, with crenate ribs, the inner less deeply furrowed. Pappus-bristles falling away together.—Species 5.
North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Picridium
Desf.) Reichardia Roth
22. Fruits obscurely ribbed, not or slightly compressed, angular. Flowers red, violet, or white. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 2.
Canary Islands and Socotra. Prenanthes L.
Fruits distinctly ribbed. Flowers usually yellow. 23
23. Fruits compressed.—Species 40. Some of them are used as vegetables or in medicine. “Sowthistle.” Sonchus L.
Fruits terete or angular.—Species 7. North and South Africa and
Madagascar. Some are used in medicine. “Hawkweed.” Hieracium L.
24. (10.) Pappus present. 25
Pappus absent. Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate. Flowers yellow. 29
25. Receptacle entirely beset with long bristles. Pappus consisting of toothed or awned scales. Involucral bracts with a scarious appendage.—Species
5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Catananche L.
Receptacle glabrous or shortly ciliate, sometimes with some long bristles in the centre. 26
26. Involucral bracts hardened at the time of maturity. Flower-heads terminal, solitary; flowers yellow. 27
Involucral bracts not hardened at maturity. 28
27. Fruits compressed, some of them winged.—Species 3. North Africa. Hyoseris L.
Fruits terete, not winged.—Species 2. North Africa. (Under Leontodon
L.) Hedypnois Schreb.
28. Flowers yellow. Involucral bracts subequal in length. Fruits 6-8-ribbed.
Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles.—Species
12. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Tolpis Bivona
Flowers blue, red, or white. Involucral bracts unequal in length. Fruits
5-angled. Pappus consisting of short scales.—Species 6. North and
Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized elsewhere, two of them only cultivated. The latter yield vegetables, salad, fodder for cattle, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee. “Chicory.” Cichorium L.
29. Involucral bracts hardened later on and enclosing the outer fruits. Fruits linear, the outer spreading.—Species 2. North Africa. Used as salad. Rhagadiolus Juss.
Involucral bracts neither hardened nor enclosing the fruits. 30
30. Fruits linear, incurved at the top, spreading, the ribs beset with short prickles.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Koelpinia Pall.
Fruits oblong-ovate, rounded at the top, compressed, many-streaked, glabrous.—Species 1. North Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Yields salad and is used in medicine. (Lampsana Juss.) Lapsana L.
31. (1.) Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers, at or somewhat below the point of division, thickened or provided with a ring of rather long hairs.
Involucral bracts in several rows. [Tribes CYNAREAE and ARCTOTIDEAE.] 32
Styles of the hermaphrodite flowers neither thickened nor provided with a ring of long hairs at or below the point of division. 67
32. Outer (ray-) flowers strap-shaped. Anthers not tailed. 33
Outer flowers not strap-shaped. Anthers usually more or less distinctly tailed. 41
33. Involucral bracts free, the inner scarious at the apex. Flower-heads solitary. 34
Involucral bracts united below. [Subtribe GORTERINAE.] 35
34. Pappus formed of feathery bristles. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like and usually prickly. Leaves prickly.—Species 12. North Africa. One of the species yields gum and is used in medicine. Atractylis L.
Pappus formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown, or wanting.—Species
85. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Arctotheca Wendl., Cryptostemma R. Br.,
Damatris Cass., Haplocarpha Less., Landtia Less., Microstephium Less., and Venidium Less.) Arctotis L.
35. Involucral bracts united at the base only. Receptacle with deep pits enclosing the fruits. 36
Involucral bracts united to the middle or beyond. Receptacle with more or less shallow pits not enclosing the fruits. 38
36. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer leaf-like and longer than the inner.
Pappus of feathery-fringed scales. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves entire or prickly-toothed, often ciliate.—Species 5. South Africa. Didelta L’Hér.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. 37
37. Pappus formed of scales.—Species 80. South and Central Africa. Some are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds. (Crocodiloides Adans.,
including Stephanocoma Less. and Stobaea Thunb.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Pappus wanting. Flower-heads solitary. Leaves undivided.—Species
15. South Africa. Cullumia R. Br.
38. Involucral bracts united at the base or up to halfway. Fruits clothed with long hairs. 39
Involucral bracts united high up. Receptacle with shallow pits. Herbs. 40
39. Receptacle with deep pits. Pappus of two unequally long rows of scales.
Herbs.—Species 7. South and Central Africa. Berkheyopsis O. Hoffm.
Receptacle with shallow pits. Pappus a small crown of bristles or wanting.
Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa. Hirpicium Cass.
40. Involucral bracts hardened and prickly at the time of maturity. Pappus formed of one-ranked scales or wanting. Fruits nearly glabrous.—Species
4. South Africa. Gorteria L.
Involucral bracts unchanged at maturity. Pappus formed of usually two-ranked scales. Fruits clothed with long hairs.—Species 35.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Meridiana Hill). Gazania Gaertn.
41. (32.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flower-heads collected in clusters. Flowers red or violet. Corolla-tube short. Leaves pinnately divided. [Subtribe GUNDELINAE.] 42
Receptacle rarely with scales between the flowers, and then flower-heads not in clusters. 43
42. Involucral bracts united below. Pappus crown-shaped. Leaves cauline, prickly.—Species 1. North Africa. Gundelia L.
Involucral bracts free. Pappus of unequal scales. Leaves radical.—Species
3. South and Central Africa. Platycarpha Less.
43. Heads 1-flowered, collected in globose secondary heads. Partial involucres of many bracts and bristles. Flowers blue or white. Anthers tailed. Pappus present. Leaves toothed or divided.—Species 20.
Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Globe-thistle.”
(Sphaerocephalus L.) Echinops L.
Heads several-flowered, rarely 1-flowered but not arranged in heads. 44
44. Fruits with a lateral or at least distinctly oblique point of attachment.
[Subtribe CENTAUREINAE.] 45
Fruits with a basal, straight or nearly straight point of attachment. 51
45. Heads surrounded outside the calyx-like involucre by an involucre of leaves. Leaves prickly. 46
Heads without an outer involucre of leaves, rarely (Centaurea) surrounded by some unarmed leaves. 48
46. Pappus double, of two unequally long rows of bristles. Fruits ribbed.
Heads containing hermaphrodite and male flowers. Flowers yellow.—Species
1. North Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Used medicinally. (Carbenia Adans.) Cnicus Gaertn.
Pappus simple or wanting. 47
47. Pappus of feathery bristles. Flowers blue, all hermaphrodite.—Species
13. North Africa and northern East Africa. Carduncellus Juss.
Pappus of not feathery bristles or scales, or wanting.—Species 15. North
Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some species (chiefly the safflower, C. tinctorius L.) yield dyes, oil, and medicaments. (Including Kentrophyllum Neck.) Carthamus L.
48. Fruits with a threefold border towards the top. Pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers white or yellow. Involucral bracts appendaged. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Egypt). Zoegea L.
Fruits with a simple border at the top. 49
49. Fruits with a crenate ring within the pappus, hairy; pappus of scales and bristles. Heads containing hermaphrodite and neuter flowers. Flowers red. Involucral bracts unappendaged. Leaves pinnately divided into narrow segments.—Species 1. North Africa. Crupina Cass.
Fruits without a crenate ring within the pappus, or without any pappus. 50
50. Involucral bracts with a scarious or prickly appendage, rarely without an appendage, and then pappus consisting of unequally long scales or double.—Species 90. North and Central Africa; two of the species naturalized in South Africa. Several species yield edible roots or medicaments or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Aegialophila Boiss. &
Heldr., Amberboa DC., Leuzea DC., Melanoloma Cass., Microlonchus
Cass., Phaeopappus Boiss., Rhaponticum Lam., and Volutarella Cass.) Centaurea L.
Involucral bracts without a scarious or prickly appendage, but sometimes with a small point. Pappus of unequally long bristles.—Species 4.
North Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments. “Sawwort.” Serratula L.
51. (44.) Fruits, at least the central ones, clothed with silky hairs, not margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARLININAE.] 52
Fruits glabrous, usually margined at the apex. [Subtribe CARDUINAE.] 56
52. Pappus formed of feathery scales or bristles. Outer bracts of the involucre leaf-like, usually prickly, inner scarious at the apex. Leaves prickly. 53
Pappus formed of not feathery scales. 54
53. Inner involucral bracts spreading horizontally, petal-like. Flower-heads large.—Species 7. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. Carlina L.
Inner involucral bracts not spreading horizontally. Herbs. (See 34.) Atractylis L.
54. Heads solitary, containing fertile hermaphrodite disc-flowers with a regular corolla and sterile female ray-flowers with a two-lipped corolla. Inner involucral bracts long, usually petal-like. Leaves entire, not prickly.—Species
2. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Xeranthemum L.
Heads containing only fertile hermaphrodite flowers. Involucral bracts prickly. Leaves toothed or divided, prickly. 55
55. Receptacle deeply pitted. Anthers not tailed. (See 37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Receptacle not pitted. Anthers tailed. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally. (Broteroa Willd.) Cardopatium Juss.
56. (51.) Filaments united. Flowers red. Leaves white-stained, prickly. 57
Filaments free. 58
57. Heads panicled; the central flowers hermaphrodite, the outer neuter.
Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 3. North Africa. (Lupsia Neck.) Galactites Neck.
Heads solitary; all flowers hermaphrodite. Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species
2. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in
South Africa. Used as vegetables and in medicine. Silybum Gaertn.
58. Filaments warty or hairy. Leaves usually prickly. 59
Filaments glabrous. 62
59. Receptacle deeply pitted, without bristles.—Species 9. North Africa. Onopordon L.
Receptacle slightly or not pitted, bristly. 60
60. Receptacle fleshy. Flower-heads large, solitary. Leaves divided.—Species
6. North Africa; one species (C. Scolymus L., artichoke) only cultivated. They are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Including
Cynaropsis O. Ktze.) Cynara L.
Receptacle not fleshy. 61
61. Pappus-bristles feathery.—Species 17. North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables and in medicine. (Cnicus L., including Chamaepeuce
DC., Notobasis Cass., and Picnomon DC.) Cirsium Scop.
Pappus-bristles not feathery.—Species 20. North and East Africa. Carduus L.
62. Receptacle deeply pitted, ciliate only at the edges of the pits. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Flowers yellow. Anthers not tailed. 63
Receptacle not or slightly pitted, bristly. Pappus of bristles. 64
63. Involucral bracts in two rows, the outer the longer. (See 36.) Didelta L’Hér.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, prickly. Leaves prickly. (See
37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
64. Involucral bracts ending in hooked awns. Heads in racemes. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Herbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Yields oil and medicaments. “Burdock.” (Lappa Juss.) Arctium L.
Involucral bracts without hooked awns. 65
65. Pappus-bristles in one row, not feathery, united below. Flowers red.
Heads narrow, in corymbs. Leaves undivided, unarmed. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Used medicinally. Staehelina L.
Pappus-bristles in several rows, rough or feathery. 66
66. Pappus-bristles rough. Leaves unarmed. Flowers red.—Species 1.
North Africa. Jurinea Cass.
Pappus-bristles feathery. Leaves prickly. (See 61.) Cirsium Scop.
67. (31.) Anthers tailed, i.e., produced at the base into two acuminate, awned, or ciliate appendages. 68
Anthers not tailed: entire, auricled, or sagittate, rarely shortly mucronate at the base. 200
68. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers irregular, more or less 2-lipped. 69
Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers, at least of the inner ones, regular. 71
69. Style-branches hairy at the top only. Pappus of scales and bristles.
Heads containing only hermaphrodite flowers. Herbs.—Species 3.
Central and South Africa. Pegolettia Cass.
Style-branches hairy far down or throughout their whole length. Pappus of bristles. Flower-heads solitary. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe
MUTISINAE.] 70
70. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cloiselia S. Moore
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and the outer female. Herbs.—Species
30. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Perdicium L.) Gerbera Gronov.
71. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply divided. [Tribe MUTISIEAE, subtribe GOCHNATINAE.] 72
Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite flowers toothed or cleft, more rarely flowers unisexual. [Tribes INULEAE and CALENDULEAE.] 78
72. Style hairy in the upper part, unappendaged. Fruits clothed with long silky hairs. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Heads solitary, large; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs. Leaves pinnately cleft.—Species
1. North Africa. Warionia Benth. & Coss.
Style appendaged above the hairy part or without hairs. 73
73. Pappus none. Fruits with 5 ribs thickened above, hairy. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Heads with hermaphrodite and male flowers. Anthers with an appendage at the apex. Herbs.—Species
2. East Africa. Achyrothalamus O. Hoffm.
Pappus consisting of bristles or scales. 74
74. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Flowers all hermaphrodite, but the corollas sometimes of two kinds. Fruits glabrous. Pappus of 4-5 deciduous scales. Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species
10. Central Africa. Erythrocephalum Benth.
Receptacle without scales. 75
75. Receptacle pitted, with toothed edges to the pits. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of scales.
Herbs. Flower-heads solitary.—Species 2. Central Africa. (Phyllactinia
Benth.) Pasaccardoa O. Ktze.
Receptacle without pits toothed at the edges. 76
76. Involucral bracts blunt. Flowers all hermaphrodite. Pappus of several rows of bristles.—Species 13. Central Africa. Pleiotaxis Steetz
Involucral bracts pointed. 77
77. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, but the marginal flowers with
a 2-lipped corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus of feathery bristles. Shrubs with thick branches. Leaves leathery. Heads very large, red-flowered.—Species
3. South Africa. Oldenburgia Less.
Heads either with all the flowers hermaphrodite and equal-shaped, or with neuter marginal flowers. Leaves herbaceous.—Species 35. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally. (Including
Brachyachaenium Bak. and Hochstetteria DC.) Dicoma Cass.
78. (71.) Receptacle bearing chaffy scales between the flowers, at least towards the margin. 79
Receptacle without scales between the flowers, glabrous or hairy. 114
79. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 80
Heads with the central flowers hermaphrodite or male, the marginal female or neuter. 85
80. Pappus of 3-4 minute teeth or ring-shaped or wanting. 81
Pappus of bristles or lacerated scales. 82
81. Fruits slightly flattened. Involucral bracts scarious. Flower-heads collected in compound heads.—Species 3. East Africa. Polycline Oliv.
Fruits 4-angled. Involucral bracts united below, hardening after the time of flowering. Flower-heads solitary, terminal.—Species 3. North
Africa. Anvillea DC.
82. Pappus of 5 lacerated scales. Heads in corymbs. Leaves mostly 3-lobed.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Damaraland). Eenia Hiern & Moore
Pappus of bristles. 83
83. Pappus-bristles in two rows, not feathery. Fruits hairy. Involucral bracts pungent. Heath-like shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Lachnospermum Willd.
Pappus-bristles in one row. Involucral bracts scarious. Not heath-like plants. 84
84. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base.—Species 15. South Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. Helipterum DC.
Pappus-bristles feathery only at the tip or not feathery.—Species 300.
Some of them are used as medicinal or ornamental plants (“everlastings”).
(Elichrysum Gaertn., including Aphelexis Don). Helichrysum Gaertn.
85. (79.) Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. 86
Corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped. 102
86. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt or rounded, with the marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the tip. Disc-flowers hermaphrodite, fertile, yellow; ray-flowers yellow or white. [Tribe
INULEAE, subtribe BUPHTHALMINAE.] 87
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the tip. 97
87. Pappus absent. 88
Pappus present, at least upon the inner fruits. 89
88. Involucral bracts united at the base. Scales on the receptacle broad.
(See 81.) Anvillea DC.
Involucral bracts free. Scales of the receptacle very narrow.—Species 2.
Central Africa. Astephania Oliv.
89. Pappus cup-shaped, minutely toothed.—Species 12. Sphacophyllum Boj.
Pappus of scales or bristles. 90
90. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.
Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only.—Species 3. North Africa. Rhanterium Desf.
Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of scales or of scales and bristles. 91
91. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of outer scales and inner bristles.
Receptacle bearing scales at the margin only. Fruits 10-ribbed. Shrubs.—Species
1. South-west Africa (Kalahari). Philyrophyllum O. Hoffm.
Pappus of all fruits consisting of scales, rarely (Anisopappus) of scales intermingled with some bristles. 92
92. Involucral bracts with a large scarious appendage. Heads solitary.—Species
1. German South-west Africa. Ondetia Benth.
Involucral bracts without a scarious appendage. 93
93. Involucral bracts leathery. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers deeply
5-cleft. Heads in cymes.—Species 20. South and Central Africa. Geigeria Griesselich
Involucral bracts herbaceous or membranous. Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed. 94
94. Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers thickened, broader than the limb, corky. Marginal fruits winged. Flower-heads solitary, with an outer involucre of mucronate leaves.—Species 1. North Africa. Pallenis Cass.
Corolla-tube of the hermaphrodite flowers not thickened, narrower than the limb. 95
95. Outer and inner fruits alike, many-ribbed. Pappus-scales unequal.
Heads in leafy corymbs. Herbs.—Species 6. Central Africa. Anisopappus Hook. & Arn.
Outer and inner fruits dissimilar. Heads solitary, terminal. 96
96. Inner fruits conspicuously compressed. Pappus of a few very unequal scales. Herbs.—Species 5. South Africa. Callilepis DC.
Inner fruits scarcely compressed. Pappus of many subequal scales.—Species
13. North and Central Africa. O. pygmaeum O. Hoffm. is one of the hygroscopic plants called “rose of Jericho.” (Asteriscus
Moench) Odontospermum Neck.
97. (86.) Pappus wanting. Shrubs. 98
Pappus present. 99
98. Scales between the flowers bristle-like. Leaves small, pungent, nearly glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa. Arrowsmithia DC.
Scales between the flowers not bristle-like. Leaves glandular-hairy.—Species
2. South Africa. Used medicinally. Osmitopsis Cass.
99. Pappus of the inner fruits formed of scales sometimes united into a small crown. 100
Pappus of the inner fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles. 101
100. Involucral bracts in few rows. Style-branches truncate. Undershrubs.—Species
8. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Osmites L.
Involucral bracts in many rows.—Species 20. South Africa. Relhania L’Hér.
101. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of many scales and two awns. Shrubs.—Species
2. South Africa. Rosenia Thunb.
Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of feathery bristles sometimes intermingled with scales. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. South,
North, and East Africa. Some are used medicinally. Leyssera L.
102. (85.) Heads collected in glomerules, heads, or spikes. Female marginal flowers usually numerous. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe FILAGININAE.] 103
Heads solitary or in cymes, corymbs, or panicles. Female marginal flowers few. Involucral bracts scarious or ending in a coloured appendage.
Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles. 110
103. Marginal or all fruits without a pappus. Herbs. 104
Marginal fruits, at least the inner ones, or all fruits provided with a pappus. 106
104. Scales on the receptacle tightly enclosing the marginal fruits. Corolla of the female flowers inserted laterally upon the ovary. Herbs.—Species
2. North Africa. Micropus L.
Scales on the receptacle not enclosing the fruits. 105
105. Central fruits without a pappus. Heads in compound heads. Herbs.—Species
7. North Africa. (Including Evacidium Pomel) Evax Gaertn.
Central fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules or in spikes. Leaves linear.—Species 10. South and North Africa.
(Including Trichogyne Less.) Ifloga Cass.
106. Pappus of the central fruits consisting of scales, that of the marginal ones of scales and bristles. Heads in glomerules. Glabrous herbs.—Species
1. North Africa. Gymnarrhena Desf.
Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles. 107
107. Stem herbaceous, woolly or cottony. 108
Stem woody, at least at the base. 109
108. Stem winged. Pappus of all fruits formed of one or two rows of bristles.—Species
1. Madagascar and Mauritius. (Monenteles Labill.) Pterocaulon Ell.
Stem not winged.—Species 13. North Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape
Verde Islands. (Including Logfia Boiss. and Xerotium Bluff & Fing.) Filago L.
109. Leaves hairy. Heads in glomerules. Female flowers in several rows.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius. Cylindrocline Cass.
Leaves glabrous. Heads in compound heads or in spikes. Female flowers few.—Species 7. Central Africa. Blepharispermum Wight
110. (102.) Heads containing 3-6 female and 1-2 fertile hermaphrodite flowers and collected in dense cymes arranged in panicles. Undershrubs.—Species
9. Tropical and South-east Africa. Achyrocline Less.
Heads containing fewer female than hermaphrodite flowers. 111
111. Hermaphrodite flowers sterile, the inner not subtended by scales. Shrubs. 112
Hermaphrodite flowers fertile. 113
112. Female flowers in the axils of the outer involucral bracts and separated from the hermaphrodite flowers by two rows of inner involucral bracts.—Species
1. South Africa. Petalactella N. E. Brown
Female flowers in the axils of the inner involucral bracts. Pappus-bristles thickened or penicillate at the apex.—Species 1. South Africa. Petalacte Don
113. Scales between the flowers long, deciduous. Shrubs.—Species 3. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Rhynea DC.) Cassinia R. Br.
Scales between the flowers short, persistent. (See 84.) Helichrysum Gaertn.
114. (78.) Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe
TARCHONANTHINAE.] 115
Flowers hermaphrodite, polygamous, or monoecious, rarely (Anaphalis) subdioecious, but then herbs. 117
115. Involucral bracts of the male heads in one row, united below, of the female in two rows. Pappus none.—Species 3. South and Central
Africa. They yield timber and medicaments. Tarchonanthus L.
Involucral bracts in several rows. Pappus of bristles. 116
116. Pappus-bristles in one row. Heads in fascicles.—Species 3. Madagascar. Synchodendron Boj.
Pappus-bristles in two rows. Heads in racemes or panicles.—Species 10.
Southern and Tropical Africa. Some species yield timber. Brachylaena R. Br.
117. Inner flowers hermaphrodite but sterile (male). 118
Inner flowers hermaphrodite and fertile. 134
118. Corolla of the outer flowers strap-shaped. 119
Corolla of the outer flowers thread-shaped. 125
119. Pappus consisting of bristles. Shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa. Macowania Oliv.
Pappus wanting. 120
120. Receptacle beset with many long bristles. Outer fruits compressed.
Shrubs. Leaves pungent. (See 98.) Arrowsmithia DC.
Receptacle glabrous, rarely bearing some bristles; in this case fruits turgid. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 121
121. Marginal fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs. 122
Marginal fruits all alike. 123
122. Fruits curved. Heads medium-sized.—Species 15. North and South
Africa and Cape Verde Islands, some also naturalized in St. Helena, and one species naturalized in the extratropical regions. Some are used as ornamental plants (marigold) or yield medicaments and a substitute for saffron. Calendula L.
Fruits straight. Heads small.—Species 3. South Africa. (Including
Xenisma DC.) Oligocarpus Less.
123. Fruits with 3 wings and a cupular apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row.—Species 35. South and Central Africa. Tripteris Less.
Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 124
124. Involucral bracts in one row or nearly so. Fruits 3-angled, usually tubercled.
Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. South
Africa to Angola. Some are used as ornamental plants. Dimorphotheca Moench
Involucral bracts in 2 or more rows. Marginal flowers yellow. Fruits thick and hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed.—Species 60. South and Central Africa. (Including Gibbaria Cass.) Osteospermum L.
125. (118.) Heads of two kinds; one kind with nearly all the flowers male, the other with nearly all female. Pappus of free bristles. Woolly or cottony herbs. Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Anaphalis DC.
Heads all alike. 126
126. Female flowers in one row. Involucral bracts scarious, all or the inner petal-like. Pappus of bristles. Cottony shrubs or undershrubs. 127
Female flowers in several rows. 128
127. Heads large, solitary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. Phaenocoma Don
Heads small, in dense cymes.—Species 7. South Africa. Anaxeton Cass.
128. Pappus consisting of bristles. 129
Pappus wanting, at least in the marginal fruits. 131
129. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Monarrhenus Cass.
Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 130
130. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. Species 15. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield camphor and medicaments. (Placus Lour.) Blumea DC.
Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs.—Species
15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Including Tecmarsis DC.) Pluchea Cass.
131. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus. 132
Inner and outer fruits without a pappus. 133
132. Heads in glomerules. Involucral bracts scarious. Corolla-limb of the female flowers shortly toothed. Pappus-bristles 2-6.—Species 6.
Tropical and South Africa. (Including Demidium DC.) Amphidoxa DC.
Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts scarious only at the edges, subequal.
Corolla-limb of the female flowers two-cleft. Pappus-bristles 1-2.—Species
2. South and Central Africa. Denekia Thunb.
133. Heads arranged in cymes.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.
(Including Litogyne Harv.) Epaltes Cass.
Heads collected in compound heads.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. Some species are used medicinally. Sphaeranthus L.
134. (117.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose within, hairy outside from the tips downwards to below the point of division. 135
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the edges, hairy only in their upper part. 149
135. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 136
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite or male, the outer female. 138
136. Pappus wanting; fruits with an indistinctly cupular margin at the apex.
Heads small, 1-4-flowered, arranged in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar. Apodocephala Bak.
Pappus present. Heads medium-sized. 137
137. Fruits hairy. Pappus of scales. Receptacle bristly. Heads sessile.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola). (Under
Geigeria Griesselich). Thysanurus O. Hoffm.
Fruits glabrous. Pappus of bristles. Receptacle glabrous. Heads stalked. Shrubs.—Species 5. Madagascar. Centauropsis Boj.
138. Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers strap-shaped. Receptacle pitted. Outer involucral bracts mucronate. Fruits hairy. Pappus of several rows of bristles. Shrubs. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered.—Species
1. South-west Africa (Namaland). Eremothamnus O. Hoffm.
Corolla of the female (marginal) flowers thread-shaped. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe PLUCHEINAE.] 139
139. Pappus wanting. 140
Pappus present, at least in the hermaphrodite (central) flowers. 141
140. Heads arranged in cymes. (See 133.) Epaltes Cass.
Heads collected in compound heads. (See 133.) Sphaeranthus L.
141. Inner fruits with a pappus of 1-5 bristles, outer without a pappus. 142
Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 143
142. Pappus of 1-2 bristles feathery at the tip. Corolla-limb of the female flowers 2-cleft. Heads in corymbs. (See 132.) Denekia Thunb.
Pappus of 3-5 simple bristles. Corolla-limb of the female flowers
4-5-cleft. Heads solitary.—Species 1. East Africa. Delamerea S. Moore
143. Pappus of scales united into a small crown. Heads in compound heads collected in heads of the third order.—Species 1. East Africa. Triplocephalum O. Hoffm.
Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 144
144. Pappus of scales and bristles. Fruits hairy. Heads in leafy panicles, red-flowered.—Species 2. Central Africa. Porphyrostemma Grant
Pappus of bristles. 145
145. Female flowers in one row. Inner involucral bracts membranous. Heads in leafy panicles. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland). (Under Pluchea Cass.) Pechuel-Loeschea O. Hoffm.
Female flowers in several rows. 146
146. Fruits compressed. Pappus of 3 bristles. Heads solitary or few together.
Undershrubs.—Species 4. Central Africa. Nicolasia S. Moore
Fruits terete or angular. 147
147. Heads in glomerules arranged in corymbs. Shrubs. (See 129.) Monarrhenus Cass.
Heads solitary or in panicles or corymbs. 148
148. Involucral bracts narrow. Herbs. (See 130.) Blumea DC.
Involucral bracts broad. Shrubs or undershrubs, rarely herbs. (See
130.) Pluchea Cass.
149. (134.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers blunt, or rounded; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the apex. Female
(marginal) flowers with a strap-shaped corolla, rarely with a tubular one or wanting. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe INULINAE.] 150
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers usually truncate; marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex. 166
150. Pappus ring-shaped. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 3. West
Africa. Mollera O. Hoffm.
Pappus of scales or bristles or of both. 151
151. Pappus of scales. 152
Pappus of bristles or of scales and bristles. 153
152. Pappus-scales 3-5. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in panicles. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Anisochaeta DC.
Pappus-scales 10. Heads in leafy panicles. Herbs.—Species 4. Central and South-west Africa. Calostephane Benth.
153. Pappus of sometimes feathery bristles. 154
Pappus of scales and bristles. 161
154. Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. Pappus-bristles in several rows. Shrubs.—Species
7. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Printzia Cass.
Ray-flowers yellow or wanting. 155
155. Ray-flowers sterile. Receptacle pitted. Pappus-bristles in several rows.
Undershrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Cypselodontia DC.