The flowering plants of Africa / An analytical key to the genera of African phanerograms

by Franz Thonner

Ray-flowers fertile. 156
156. Pappus of two or more rows of bristles, the outer of which are shorter. 157
Pappus of subequal bristles sometimes intermingled with a few shorter ones. 159
157. Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Heads without ray-flowers.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Iphiona Cass.
Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. 158
158. Pappus of 5 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads without ray-flowers.
Shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Anisothrix O. Hoffm.
Pappus of 10 inner and 10 outer bristles. Heads with ray-flowers. Undershrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Minurothamnus DC.
159. Heads few-flowered, without ray-flowers, arranged in panicles or corymbs.
Involucre of few bracts.—Species 2. Egypt. (Under Iphiona Cass.) Varthemia DC.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre of many bracts. 160
160. Involucral bracts leathery, the outer sticky at the tip. Heads with ray-flowers, solitary. Pappus-bristles in one row. Glandular-hairy shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa. Homochaete Benth.
Involucral bracts herbaceous or the inner scarious.—Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Bojeria
DC., Pentatrichia Klatt, Schizogyne Cass., and Vicoa Cass.) Inula L.
161. Pappus-scales united below. 162
Pappus-scales free. 163
162. Pappus-bristles about 5. Female marginal flowers wanting. Heads in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 2. Canary Islands. Allagopappus Cass.
Pappus-bristles 7 or more. Female marginal flowers present. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Herbs.—Species 30. Some of them yield vermin-poison or are used in medicine. (Including Francoeuria
Cass.) Pulicaria Gaertn.
163. Pappus-scales rather broad, fringed. Fruits 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers. Herbs. (See 69.) Pegolettia Cass.
Pappus-scales very narrow. 164
164. Fruits constricted into a short neck, 10-ribbed. Heads without ray-flowers.
Shrubs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 3. North
Africa. (Under Grantia Boiss.) Perralderia Coss.
Fruits not constricted above. Heads with ray-flowers. 165
165. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles 5-10. Shrubs.—Species 1. Canary
Islands. Viraea Webb
Fruits many-ribbed. Pappus-bristles numerous. Undershrubs.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Jasonia Cass.
166. (149.) Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 167
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or wanting.
[Tribe INULEAE, subtribes GNAPHALINAE and RELHANINAE.] 176
167. Leaves grooved or rolled inwards on the upper side, small. Heath-like plants. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe RELHANINAE.] 168
Leaves flat or rolled back from the margins. Not heath-like plants. 172
168. Heads one-flowered, some hermaphrodite, the others female, or 2-flowered with a hermaphrodite and a female or neuter flower. Pappus of feathery bristles united at the base. Shrubs.—Species 8. South Africa. Disparago Gaertn.
Heads many-flowered. 169
169. Pappus wanting. Shrubs.—Species 2. South Africa. Anaglypha DC.
Pappus present. 170
170. Pappus of numerous scales sometimes united below.—Species 13. South
Africa. Nestlera Spreng.
Pappus of bristles. 171
171. Pappus-bristles feathery. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa. Amphiglossa DC.
Pappus-bristles simple. Herbs. Flowers red.—Species 1. South
Africa. Bryomorphe Harv.
172. Pappus wanting. Inner fruits compressed. Heads solitary. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Pappus present. [Tribe INULEAE, subtribe ATHRIXINAE.] 173
173. Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of scales, of the inner of bristles or of scales and bristles. Fruits glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs.
(See 101.) Leyssera L.
Pappus consisting of bristles. 174
174. Involucral bracts narrow, acuminate. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
15. Southern and tropical Africa. Athrixia Ker
Involucral bracts blunt, scarious at the apex. Pappus-bristles in two rows. Shrubs. 175
175. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles thick and stiff. Involucre hemispherical.—Species
3. South Africa. Heterolepis Cass.
Fruits glabrous, but with a hairy swelling at the base. Pappus-bristles thin. Involucre narrow-campanulate.—Species 3. Central and
South Africa. Antithrixia DC.
176. (166.) Hermaphrodite flowers fewer than the female. 177
Hermaphrodite flowers as many as or more than the female, or all flowers hermaphrodite. 184
177. Fruits without a pappus. Heads small, in dense cymes. Tall herbs.—Species
1. East Africa. Chiliocephalum Benth.
Fruits, at least the inner, crowned by a pappus. 178
178. Inner fruits with a pappus of feathery bristles, outer without a pappus.
Heads small, in glomerules. Low herbs. (See 132.) Amphidoxa DC.
Inner and outer fruits crowned by a pappus. 179
179. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles and united scales, that of the outer only of scales united below. Heads solitary. Herbs.—Species 1.
East Africa. Artemisiopsis S. Moore
Pappus of all fruits formed of bristles. 180
180. Pappus-bristles feathery. Heads in glomerules. Herbs.—Species
2. South and North Africa. Lasiopogon Cass.
Pappus-bristles not feathery. 181
181. Fruits with a long beak. Herbs. Leaves radical or opposite. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Island of Tristan da Cunha. Chevreulia Cass.
Fruits without a beak. 182
182. Heads 4-8-flowered, cylindrical, in dense cymes arranged in panicles.
Undershrubs. (See 110.) Achyrocline Less.
Heads many-flowered, hemispherical ovoid or campanulate. 183
183. Anthers very shortly tailed. Shrubs or undershrubs. Heads solitary or in long-stalked glomerules.—Species 15. North and Central Africa. Phagnalon Cass.
Anthers distinctly tailed. Herbs.—Species 50. “Cudweed.” Gnaphalium L.
184. (176.) Heads 1-flowered. 185
Heads 2- or more-flowered. 188
185. Flowers partly hermaphrodite, partly female. Pappus of feathery bristles. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs. (See 168.) Disparago Gaertn.
Flowers all hermaphrodite. 186
186. Pappus wanting. Heads in glomerules. Shrubs.—Species 2. South
Africa. Perotriche Cass.
Pappus formed of bristles. 187
187. Pappus-bristles feathery. Inner involucral bracts scarious. Heath-like shrubs.—Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. Stoebe L.
Pappus-bristles feathery only at the apex or not feathery. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Heads in panicled cymes. Herbs.—Species
12. Madagascar, Mauritius, and South Africa to Damaraland.
Some are used medicinally. Stenocline DC.
188. Pappus wanting. Heads 2-3-flowered, in leafy corymbs. 189
Pappus formed of bristles. 190
189. Leaves small. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Syncephalum DC.
Leaves rather large. Shrubs. Involucre woolly at the base.—Species 1.
Madagascar. Astephanocarpa Bak.
190. Pappus-bristles feathery from the base. 191
Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip only or not feathery. 192
191. Heads 2-10-flowered. Heath-like shrubs.—Species 3. South Africa. Pterothrix DC.
Heads many-flowered. Involucral bracts scarious, coloured. Not heath-like plants. (See 84.) Helipterum DC.
192. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. 193
Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 197
193. Pappus-bristles with bladdery inflated cells at the tip. Heads small, in glomerules. Prostrate herbs.—Species 1. South Africa. Eriosphaera Less.
Pappus-bristles without bladdery inflated cells. 194
194. Habit heath-like. Shrubs. Leaves small, grooved or rolled inwards on the upper face. Flowers all hermaphrodite. 195
Habit not heath-like. 196
195. Pappus-bristles feathery at the tip, united at the base and surrounded by
a ring- or cup-shaped rim. Heads few-flowered.—Species 7. South
Africa. Some are used medicinally. Elytropappus Cass.
Pappus-bristles simple or thickened at the tip. Inner involucral bracts coloured above.—Species 25. South Africa. Metalasia R. Br.
196. Fruits large, with 8-10 prominent ribs, glabrous or short-haired. Heads
2-6-flowered, in panicled cymes. Herbs. (See 187.) Stenocline DC.
Fruits small, not prominently 8-10-ribbed. (See 84.) Helichrysum Gaertn.
197. Pappus-bristles in 2 rows. Heath-like shrubs. 198
Pappus-bristles in 3 or more rows. Not heath-like herbs or undershrubs. 199
198. Heads few-flowered. Involucre oblong, of oblong bracts. Receptacle glabrous. Fruits ribbed. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Madagascar. Cullumiopsis Drake
Heads many-flowered. Involucre top-shaped, of linear bracts. Receptacle bristly at the margin. Fruits angular, hairy. Leaves linear.
(See 83.) Lachnospermum Willd.
199. Fruits beaked, hairy. Heads few-flowered. Inner involucral bracts yellow.—Species 1. South Africa. Pachyrhynchus DC.
Fruits not beaked, glabrous. Heads in cymes.—Species 8. South
Africa. Leontonyx Cass.
200. (67.) Hermaphrodite disc-flowers sterile, their style without a stigma and usually entire or shortly toothed. 201
Hermaphrodite flowers, at least some of them, fertile. 238
201. Anthers arrow-shaped, with acuminate halves. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped. Fruits glabrous, usually large. Pappus wanting, rarely cup-shaped. Receptacle glabrous, rarely bristly. [Tribe CALENDULEAE.] 202
Anthers entire or shortly auricled at the base, rarely (Adelostigma) distinctly arrow-shaped, but then corolla of the marginal flowers thread-shaped, fruits hairy, and pappus bristly. 207
202. Outer fruits of several kinds. Heads solitary, yellow-flowered. Herbs or undershrubs. 203
Outer fruits all alike. 204
203. Fruits curved. Heads middle-sized. (See 122.) Calendula L.
Fruits straight. Heads small. (See 122.) Oligocarpus Less.
204. Fruits with 3 wings and a cup-shaped apical appendage. Involucral bracts in one row. (See 123.) Tripteris Less.
Fruits without distinct wings or other appendages. 205
205. Fruits very hard, smooth or indistinctly ribbed. Involucral bracts in two
or more rows. Ray-flowers yellow. (See 124.) Osteospermum L.
Fruits not very hard, 3-angled, usually tubercled. Herbs or undershrubs.
Heads solitary. 206
206. Involucral bracts in one row or in two indistinct rows. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Involucral bracts in several rows. Ray-flowers blue or white. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 6. South Africa. Some are used medicinally. Garuleum Cass.
207. (201.) Receptacle covered with chaffy scales. 208
Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. 213
208. Heads with the inner flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the outer female and provided with a more or less strap-shaped, rarely a thread-shaped corolla. 209
Heads unisexual, some with all the flowers male (apparently hermaphrodite), the others with all the flowers female and provided with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 211
209. Involucral bracts in one row, united below when young. Outer fruits hairy, without a pappus, the inner with a pappus of numerous one-ranked bearded bristles. Heads solitary. Shrubs.—Species 1.
South Africa. (Under Eriocephalus L.) Lasiocoma Bolus
Involucral bracts in two or more rows. Pappus of 2-3 bristles or wanting. 210
210. Involucral bracts all alike. Corolla of the female flowers 2-toothed.
Pappus of the outer fruits of 2-3 bristles. Heads in panicles.—Species
1. Naturalized in tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. Parthenium L.
Involucral bracts of two kinds, the inner united below. Corolla of the female flowers entire or 3-toothed. Pappus none. Heads in racemes or umbels, or solitary.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland.
Some are used medicinally. Eriocephalus L.
211. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucral bracts in 3 rows. Corolla
4-toothed, yellow. Anthers cohering, auricled at the base. Style cleft.
Fruits hairy. Pappus of 2-3 bristles. Trees. Leaves opposite.
Heads in leafy panicles.—Species 2. Island of St. Helena. Petrobium R. Br.
Heads monoecious, the male many-flowered with a 5-toothed corolla, the female 1-2-flowered with an involucre of partly united bracts, and without a corolla. Anthers free or slightly cohering, entire at the base.
Style of the male flowers undivided. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs.
[Tribe HELIANTHEAE, subtribe AMBROSINAE.] 212
212. Involucral bracts of the male heads free. Filaments united. Female heads
2-flowered. Heads solitary or in glomerules in the axils of the leaves.—Species
4. North and Central Africa and Mascarene Islands; naturalized in South Africa. They yield dyes and medicaments and are noxious
to pasturing cattle. Xanthium L.
Involucral bracts of the male heads united below. Filaments free or nearly so. Female heads 1-flowered. Male heads in spikes or racemes.—Species
2. Northern and tropical Africa; naturalized in South Africa.
Used medicinally. Ambrosia L.
213. (207.) Pappus of the outer fruits ring-, crown-, or ear-shaped, sometimes produced into two small points, or wanting. 214
Pappus of the outer fruits consisting of bristles. 223
214. Pappus of the inner fruits of bristles, of the outer of 1-2 small points or wanting. Involucral bracts in few rows. Receptacle pitted. Corolla of the female flowers strap-shaped. Style cleft, with lanceolate appendages.
Fruits flattened. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species
8. South Africa. (Heteractis DC.) Gymnostephium Less.
Pappus of all fruits alike or wanting. 215
215. Outer flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 216
Outer flowers with a tubular corolla or without a corolla. 220
216. Corolla of the outer flowers very shortly strap-shaped, of the inner 4-toothed, yellow in all flowers. Involucral bracts in two rows.—Species
40. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Brocchia Vis. and Cenia Juss.) Cotula L.
Corolla of the outer flowers distinctly strap-shaped. Involucral bracts rarely in two rows, and then corolla of the inner flowers 5-toothed. 217
217. Involucral bracts in one row and united at the base. Corolla-limb of the hermaphrodite (male) central flowers bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Style-branches of the same ending in a blunt appendage. Fruits flattened, without ribs. Branching herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.—Species 4. South Africa. Steirodiscus Less.
Involucral bracts in two or more rows. 218
218. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers red, of the central yellow, the latter 5-toothed. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers pointed. Fruits beaked, without ribs. Herbs.
Leaves undivided, radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Island of
Tristan da Cunha. Lagenophora Cass.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or blue, more rarely red, but then style-branches of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers truncate and fruits ribbed. 219
219. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with pointed branches or undivided. Corolla of the marginal flowers blue, rarely white. Fruits wrinkled or smooth. Branching herbs or undershrubs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 206.) Garuleum Cass.
Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers with truncate branches. Corolla of the marginal flowers white, yellow, or red. Fruits 5-10-ribbed.—Species
50. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa.
Some species yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison, or serve
as ornamental plants. (Including Argyranthemum Webb, Ismelia Cass.,
Leucanthemum DC., Monoptera Schultz, Myconia Neck., Pinardia Cass.,
Plagius L’Hér., Preauxia Schultz, Prolongoa Boiss., Pyrethrum Gaertn., and Tanacetum L.) Chrysanthemum L.
220. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 2-4-toothed, of the female
2-3-toothed, entire, or wanting. Involucral bracts in two rows.
Herbs. Flowers yellow. 221
Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 5-toothed, of the female 2-4-toothed. 222
221. Heads sessile between the leaves. Female flowers in several rows, without
a corolla. Outer fruits winged, with a persistent style. Leaves divided.—Species
1. Naturalized in the Island of Madeira. Soliva Ruiz & Pav.
Heads stalked, at the ends of the branches. (See 216.) Cotula L.
222. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits with marginal ribs or wings. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 4. South Africa.
Used medicinally. Hippia L.
Heads not in corymbs. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits without strong ribs.—Species 20. Some of them (especially A. Absinthium
L., wormwood) are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, as pot-herbs, or for preparing liquors and vinegar. Artemisia L.
223. (213.) Pappus of 1 or 2 rows of bristles. 224
Pappus, at least that of the outer fruits, of 3 or more rows of bristles. 233
224. Pappus-bristles feathery. 225
Pappus-bristles not feathery. 226
225. Corolla of all flowers yellow. Small shrubs.—Species 1. South Africa. Homochroma DC.
Corolla of the marginal flowers white or red, of the central ones yellow.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 13. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants. Mairia Nees
226. Involucral bracts in one row, sometimes surrounded by some much shorter ones. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs or panicles. 227
Involucral bracts in two rows and all nearly of the same size, or in 3 or more rows. 228
227. Involucral bracts united at the base. Style of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers undivided. Inner fruits without a pappus.—Species 3. South
Africa. Gymnodiscus Less.
Involucral bracts free. Style cleft.—Species 45. Southern and tropical
Africa. Cineraria L.
228. Corolla of the female marginal flowers thread-shaped. Herbs. Heads solitary on the ends of the branches. Style of the central flowers entire or shortly toothed. 229
Corolla of the female marginal flowers, at least of the outer ones, strap-shaped, rarely (Psiadia) thread-shaped, but then shrubs, heads in
corymbs, and style of the central flowers 2-cleft. 230
229. Involucral bracts in two rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite (male) flowers 4-toothed. Anthers entire at the base. Fruits compressed, glabrous. (See 216.) Cotula L.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Corolla of the hermaphrodite
(male) flowers 5-toothed. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits nearly terete, hairy.—Species 2. Central Africa. Adelostigma Steetz
230. Corolla of the female marginal flowers yellow, thread- or shortly strap-shaped.
Fruits scarcely compressed, 3-6-ribbed. Shrubs. Heads in corymbs.—Species 40. Tropics. Some are used as pot-herbs. Psiadia Jacq.
Corolla of the female marginal flowers white, red or blue, strap-shaped.
Fruits compressed. 231
231. Stem woody, at least at the base. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.—Species 65. South and Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Asterosperma Less.,
Detris Adans., and Diplopappus DC., under Aster L.) Felicia Cass.
Stem herbaceous. 232
232. Involucral bracts in 2 rows, membranous. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, with a linear corolla. Style-branches with a mostly short triangular appendage. Pappus-bristles usually in one row.—Species
13, one of them only naturalized. Several species are used medicinally. Erigeron L.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a usually oblong corolla. Style-branches with a lanceolate appendage.
Pappus-bristles in two rows.—Species 10. South and
North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Linosyris Cass.) Aster L.
233. (223.) Involucral bracts in several rows. (See 232.) Aster L.
Involucral bracts in one row, but sometimes surrounded by some much smaller ones. 234
234. Heads of two kinds, some with most of the flowers hermaphrodite (male), the others with most of them female. Corolla red or white; limb shortly strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.
Heads in racemes or corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. Petasites Gaertn.
Heads all alike. 235
235. Female marginal flowers in several rows. Corolla yellow; limb long strap-shaped in the female flowers. Herbs. Leaves radical, broad.
Heads solitary.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. “Coltsfoot.” Tussilago L.
Female marginal flowers in one row. 236
236. Inner fruits without a pappus, outer with a pappus of interwoven hairs.
Style 2-cleft. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary.—Species
3. South Africa. Ruckeria DC.
Inner and outer fruits with a pappus of bristles. 237
237. Style of the central flowers 2-cleft. Involucral bracts finally free.
Undershrubs.—Species 7. South and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Othonnopsis Jaub. et Spach) Hertia Less.
Style of the central flowers undivided. Involucral bracts more or less united.—Species 110. South Africa and southern Central Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Doria Less.) Othonna L.
238. (200.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, covered with stigmatic papillae on the inner surface, with hairs on the outer; hairs also clothing the upper part of the style below the point of division. Anthers more or less arrow-shaped. 239
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers with marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, hairy only in their upper part, more rarely down to the point of division; no hairs on the upper part of the style below that point. 262
239. Heads with inner hermaphrodite and outer female flowers. 240
Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, rarely (Vernonia) subdioecious by incomplete development of one sex. 242
240. Female marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla. Style-branches blunt. Pappus of bristles. Herbs.—Species 17. Tropical and
South Africa and Egypt. Laggera Schultz.
Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Flowers yellow.
Receptacle pitted. 241
241. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.
(See 37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free. Shrubs. Heads solitary.
(See 138.). Eremothamnus O. Hoffm.
242. Flowers yellow. 243
Flowers white, red, or blue. 244
243. Pappus of scales. Involucral bracts united at the base. Leaves prickly.
(See 37.) Berkheya Ehrh.
Pappus of bristles. Involucral bracts free.—Species 7. Central Africa.
(Including Autunesia O. Hoffm. and Newtonia O. Hoffm., under Vernonia
Schreb.) Gongrothamnus Steetz
244. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Leaves linear or lanceolate. 245
Receptacle glabrous, rarely ciliate, bristly, or with toothed borders to the pits, without scales between the flowers. Style-branches rather long and pointed. [Tribe VERNONIEAE.] 247
245. Heads solitary. Scales between the flowers membranous. Style-branches rather long and pointed. Pappus of unequally broad scales.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo). Dewildemania O. Hoffm.
Heads in corymbs. Scales between the flowers with a coloured appendage.
Style-branches short, blunt or somewhat pointed. Pappus of scales
united into a toothed cup. 246
246. Outer involucral bracts longer than the inner. Corolla slightly irregular.
Leaves linear, sessile, glabrous.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). Omphalopappus O. Hoffm.
Outer involucral bracts shorter than the inner. Corolla regular. Leaves lanceolate, short-stalked, short-haired.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). Gossweilera S. Moore
247. Heads in dense glomerules or heads, few-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows of two bracts each. Corolla 5-cleft. Fruits 10-ribbed.
Pappus of 1-2 rows of bristles or narrow scales. Herbs.—Species 5.
Tropics. Used medicinally. Elephantopus L.
Heads not in dense glomerules or heads. [Subtribe VERNONINAE.] 248
248. Pappus wanting. 249
Pappus present. 251
249. Heads 1-4-flowered, in corymbs. Involucre oblong. Fruits with an indistinctly cup-shaped border at the top. Shrubs. (See 136.) Apodocephala Bak.
Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical. Herbs. 250
250. Fruits truncate at the top, 4-5-ribbed.—Species 5. Tropical and
South Africa and Egypt. Ethulia L.
Fruits rounded at the top.—Species 10. Central Africa. Gutenbergia Schultz
251. Pappus ear- or cup-shaped, entire or nearly so. Herbs. 252
Pappus formed of scales or bristles. 253
252. Pappus auricle-like. Heads in cymes. Leaves linear.—Species 1.
East Africa. Hoehnelia Schweinf.
Pappus cup-shaped. Heads solitary or in fascicles.—Species 1. Tropics. Sparganophorus Vaill.
253. Pappus of one row of scales and sometimes some bristles within them. 254
Pappus only of bristles or of several rows of bristles with some small scales outside them. 257
254. Pappus-scales 5, long and narrow. Fruits 5-ribbed. Corolla white.
Involucral bracts in two rows. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 1.
West Africa (Congo). Msuata O. Hoffm.
Pappus-scales short. Herbs. 255
255. Pappus-scales 5. Fruits 4-ribbed, glabrous. Corolla violet. Receptacle pitted; pits with toothed borders. Heads many-flowered, in glomerules.—Species
3. Central Africa. Ageratina O. Hoffm.
Pappus-scales more than 5. Receptacle not pitted. 256
256. Heads one-flowered, in corymbs. Involucral bracts in two rows. Fruits cylindrical, hairy. Pappus-scales united below. Leaves linear, with parallel veins.—Species 10. South Africa. Corymbium L.
Heads several-flowered. Involucral bracts in several rows. Fruits
3-5-angled, glandular. Pappus-scales free or nearly so.—Species
4. Central Africa. Herderia Cass.
257. Pappus of caducous, usually one-ranked bristles. 258
Pappus of persistent, several-ranked bristles or of bristles and scales. 260
258. Pappus surrounded by a wavy ring. Fruits 5-ribbed. Heads 4-5-flowered, in corymbs. Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa. Volkensia O. Hoffm.
Pappus not surrounded by a wavy ring. Herbs or undershrubs. 259
259. Outer involucral bracts leaf-like, much larger than the inner. Fruits blunt, 8-10-ribbed.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Centratherum Cass.
Outer involucral bracts, like the inner, scale-like. Fruits 4-5-angled.—Species
30. Central and South Africa. (Including Bothriocline Oliv. and Stephanolepis S. Moore) Erlangea Schultz
260. Leaves unarmed.—Species 330. Tropical and South Africa. Some of the species yield wood or medicaments. (Including Bechium DC.,
Cyanopis Blume, and Decaneurum DC.) (Plate 150.) Vernonia Schreb.
Leaves prickly. 261
261. Heads axillary. Stem branched, woody at the base. Fruits hairy.—Species
2. South Africa. Hoplophyllum DC.
Heads terminal. Stem not branched, herbaceous throughout. Fruits many-ribbed.—Species 2. West Africa. Aedesia O. Hoffm.
262. (238.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather long, semi-cylindrical, usually blunt; the lower part bearing scarcely projecting and not recurved marginal rows of stigmatic papillae, the upper part subequally clothed with hairs on both sides. Flowers all hermaphrodite, red, blue or whitish. [Tribe EUPATORIEAE.] 263
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers rather flat, bearing conspicuous marginal rows of stigmatic papillae sometimes confluent in the middle, and above them either a crown of rather long hairs, with or without shorter ones, or an appendage clothed with dense hairs on the outer face, scantily haired or not hairy on the inner; more rarely style-branches almost uniformly clothed with hairs, but then rows of stigmatic papillae curved outwards or confluent in the middle, or flowers yellow or partly female. 266
263. Anthers without an apical appendage. Fruits angular, glandular, without prominent ribs. Pappus of 3-5 bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite.
Heads in panicles.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally. Adenostemma Forst.
Anthers with an apical appendage. Pappus of numerous bristles or of scales. [Subtribe AGERATINAE.] 264
264. Pappus of 5-10 scales. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads in panicles.—Species
1. Used as an ornamental or medicinal plant. Ageratum L.
Pappus of numerous bristles. 265
265. Involucral bracts 4-5. Heads few-flowered, in panicles. Leaves opposite.—Species
10. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Willugbaeya Neck.) Mikania Willd.
Involucral bracts 6 or more.—Species 6. Four species indigenous to
North and Central Africa, the other two naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Eupatorium L.
266. (262.) Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers bearing in the lower part marginal, finally reflexed rows of stigmatic papillae, in the upper part on the outer, more rarely also the inner surface, short subequal hairs. [Tribe ASTEREAE.] 267
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers stigmatose at the margins or on the inner surface, bearing in the upper part or at the top only a crown of rather long hairs sometimes joined above or below or in both directions by shorter ones. 301
267. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a bell-, tube-, thread-, or very shortly strap-shaped corolla not overtopping the involucre. 268
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla overtopping the involucre, or wanting. 276
268. Pappus of scales or few short bristles, or wanting. Corolla of the marginal flowers bell-, tube-, or thread-shaped. Herbs. [Subtribe GRANGEINAE.] 269
Pappus of long bristles. Corolla of the marginal flowers thread- or strap-shaped. [Subtribe CONYZINAE.] 272
269. Pappus wanting, rarely some minute bristles on the central fruits. Fruits compressed.—Species 6. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments. Dichrocephala DC.
Pappus present. 270
270. Pappus formed of bristles. Fruits subterete.—Species 1. Central
Africa. Microtrichia DC.
Pappus cup-shaped or consisting of scales. 271
271. Receptacle with scales between the flowers.—Species 1. Central Africa and Egypt. Ceruana Forsk.
Receptacle without scales between the flowers.—Species 3. Tropics to
Egypt. Used medicinally. Grangea Adans.
272. Fruits turgid. Involucral bracts in many rows, membranous. Heads in panicles. Shrubs.—Species 13. Tropical and South Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or salad. Microglossa DC.
Fruits compressed. 273
273. Female flowers in one row. Pappus-bristles deciduous. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves linear. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches.—Species
6. South and North Africa. (Leptothamnus DC.) Nolletia Cass.
Female flowers in two or more rows. 274
274. Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, but shorter than the style, or thread-shaped, yellowish or whitish.—Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, or insect-poison. (Marsea Adans., including Webbia Schultz). Conyza Less.
Corolla of the marginal flowers strap-shaped, longer than the style. Involucral bracts in two rows. Herbs or undershrubs. 275
275. Ray-flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs.—Species 35. Southern and tropical Africa. Nidorella Cass.
Ray-flowers red or white. (See 232.) Erigeron L.
276. (267.) Ray-flowers yellow, sometimes reddish when old, or wanting.
Pappus of bristles. [Subtribe SOLIDAGININAE.] 277
Ray-flowers white, blue, or red. 289
277. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite; the inner flowers sometimes sterile. 278
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite and surrounded by one row of female or neuter marginal flowers. 286
278. Involucral bracts in one row or in two very unequal rows (the outer of much smaller bracts). Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Herbs. 279
Involucral bracts in two subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 280
279. Hairy appendages of the style-branches short. Pappus of bristles.
Leaves radical.—Species 1. West Africa. Psednotrichia Hiern
Hairy appendages of the style-branches long. Pappus of hairs. Leaves alternate.—Species 20. Tropical and South-west Africa. (Including
Crassocephalum Moench, under Senecio L.) Gynura Cass.
280. Pappus-bristles in 1 row. Shrubs. Leaves linear. Heads in leafy corymbs. 281
Pappus-bristles in 2 or more rows. 282
281. Fruits turgid, 5-ribbed.—Species 1. South Africa (Orange River Colony). Pentheriella O. Hoffm. & Muschler
Fruits compressed.—Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Chrysocoma L.
282. Pappus-bristles in 2 very unequal rows, the outer of very short, sometimes scale-like bristles. Fruits compressed. 283
Pappus-bristles in 2 subequal rows or in 3 or more rows. 284
283. Outer pappus-bristles scale-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches linear, obtuse. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. Southern
West Africa. (Adenogonum Welw.) Engleria O. Hoffm.
Outer pappus-bristles hair-like. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate. Shrubs.—Species 5. South Africa. Fresenia DC.
284. Stem woody, shrubby.—Species 55. South Africa to Damaraland. Pteronia L.
Stem herbaceous. Fruits compressed. Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. 285
285. Leaves decurrent. Flowers yellow. Heads in corymbs. Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Chrysocoma L.) Heteromma Benth.
Leaves not decurrent. (See 232.) Aster L.
286. (277.) Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae confluent at the rounded apex of the style-branches. Flower-heads large. Involucre broad, of many rows of bracts. Pappus-bristles in 2-3 rows. Herbs.—Species 2. South
Africa. Alciope DC.
Marginal rows of stigmatic papillae not confluent at the apex of the style-branches. Heads small or middle-sized. Involucre oblong or campanulate. 287
287. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2 rows. Pappus-bristles numerous, unequal. Heads in panicles. Shrubs. Leaves marked with pellucid dots.—Species 1. Madagascar. Glycideras Cass.
Involucral bracts unequal, in 3 or more rows. 288
288. Involucre broad-campanulate. Fruits 4-5-ribbed. Pappus-bristles in one row, intermixed with some shorter ones. Shrubs.—Species 3.
Madagascar. Rochonia DC.
Involucre narrow-campanulate or oblong. Fruits 8-12-ribbed. Herbs.
Species 2. North Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Goldenrod.” Solidago L.
289. (276.) Pappus indistinct or wanting. Herbs. 290
Pappus of the central fruits formed of bristles or of scales and bristles.
[Subtribe ASTERINAE.] 292
290. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. Appendages of the style-branches linear, hairy all round. Involucral bracts membranous.
Leaves dissected.—Species 1. Tropics. Chrysanthellum Rich.
Receptacle glabrous. Appendages of the style-branches triangular or lanceolate, hairy on the outer face only. [Subtribe BELLIDINAE.] 291
291. Involucral bracts scarious at the margin.—Species 2. Central Africa. Brachycome Cass.
Involucral bracts herbaceous throughout. Leaves undivided.—Species
5. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Daisy.” Bellis L.
292. Inner fruits with a pappus of one-ranked feathery bristles, outer without
a pappus. Ray-flowers blue. Herbs.—Species 1. South Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. Charieis Cass.
Inner and outer fruits provided with a pappus. 293
293. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales and bristles, that of the outer of scales only. Receptacle usually scaly. Heads solitary, terminating the branches. Herbs.—Species 12. South Africa. Amellus L.
Pappus of all fruits consisting of bristles or of scales and bristles. 294
294. Pappus of 3-5 bristles intermixed with as many minute scales. Ray-flowers white. Heads solitary on leafless scapes. Herbs.—Species 1.
North Africa. Bellium L.
Pappus of many bristles sometimes surrounded by some minute scales. 295
295. Pappus-bristles feathery. Herbs or undershrubs. (See 225.) Mairia Nees
Pappus-bristles not feathery. 296
296. Fruits compressed. 297
Fruits not compressed. Heads in corymbs. 300
297. Fruits with 3-4 nerves on each side. Gummiferous shrubs or trees.—Species
4. Island of St. Helena. Commidendron DC.
Fruits with 1-2 nerves on each side or without nerves. Herbs, undershrubs, or non-gummiferous shrubs. 298
298. Stem woody, at least at the base, rarely herbaceous throughout and then much branched at the base. Involucral bracts scarious at the edge, usually in several rows. Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.
Pappus-bristles in one row, rarely surrounded by a second of much shorter bristles. (See 231.) Felicia Cass.
Stem herbaceous, not much branched at the base. 299
299. Involucral bracts membranous, in 2 rows. Marginal flowers usually in several rows, the outer with a narrow-linear corolla, the inner sometimes with a tubular one. Hairy appendages of the style-branches usually short, triangular. Pappus-bristles in 1 row, rarely in 2 rows. (See
232.) Erigeron L.
Involucral bracts herbaceous or scarious at the edges, in 3 or more rows.
Marginal flowers in 1-2 rows, with a more or less strap-shaped, usually oblong corolla. Hairy appendages of the style-branches lanceolate.
Pappus-bristles in 2 or 3 rows. (See 232.) Aster L.
300. Involucral bracts in 2 rows. Receptacle convex. Marginal flowers in 1 row, with a white, 3-toothed corolla. Fruits hairy. Pappus-bristles in one row. Downy undershrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar. Henricia Cass.
Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Receptacle flat. Marginal flowers in 2 rows, with an entire corolla. Fruits glabrous. Pappus-bristles in
2 rows. Trees with blackish hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena. Melanodendron DC.
301. (266.) Pappus consisting of thin, hair-like, simple or toothed, but not feathery bristles, rarely outer fruits without a pappus. Receptacle without scales between the flowers. [Tribe SENECIONEAE.] 302
Pappus consisting of strong, awn-like or feathery bristles, or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 316
302. Involucral bracts united below, one-ranked. [Subtribe OTHONNINAE.] 303
Involucral bracts free, at least at and after the time of flowering. [Subtribe
SENECIONINAE.] 306
303. Involucral bracts slightly united at the base. Inner disc-flowers sterile.
Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits hairy. Inner disc-fruits without a pappus, the other fruits with a pappus of numerous interwoven hairs. Perennial, nearly stem-less herbs. Leaves pinnately dissected. Heads solitary on a long scape. (See 236.) Ruckeria DC.
Involucral bracts obviously united below. Disc-flowers all fertile.
Pappus on all fruits. Heads on a short scape or a branched stem. 304
304. Stem woody, at least at the base. Heads stalked. Marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. Fruits 10-ribbed. Pappus of several rows of caducous bristles.—Species 40. South and Central Africa.
Some species yield a resin. Euryops Cass.
Stem herbaceous throughout. 305
305. Stem annual, branched. Heads small. Corolla-lobes with a strong midnerve. Fruit 5-ribbed. Pappus of few caducous bristles.—Species
3. Central and South Africa. Oligothrix DC.
Stem perennial, short and scape-like or branched; in the latter case pappus-bristles persistent. Heads medium-sized, solitary. Corolla-lobes without a strong midnerve.—Species 2. East Africa. Werneria H. B. & Kunth
306. Female marginal flowers with a tubular or filiform corolla. 307
Female marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. 311
307. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows, imbricate, with scarious borders.
Female marginal flowers in several rows. Fruits without ribs. Heads solitary or in glomerules, yellow-flowered. (See 183.) Phagnalon Cass.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows.

308
308. Female marginal flowers in 2 or more rows. Fruits 5-angled or 10-ribbed.
Herbs. Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs, narrow.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Erechthites Raf.
Female marginal flowers in 1 row. 309
309. Stem herbaceous. Leaves nearly all radical, orbicular-cordate. Outer fruits without a pappus.—Species 1. South Africa. Stilpnogyne DC.
Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves mostly cauline. 310
310. Leaves densely crowded, small. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.
Involucral bracts leaf-like.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. Eriothrix Cass.
Leaves scattered. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Madagascar and
Mascarenes. Faujasia Cass.
311. Receptacle hemispherical. Involucral bracts in 2-3 rows, subequal.
Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits 10-ribbed. Herbs. Heads solitary or several together, on long stalks.—Species 7. North Africa. Doronicum L.
Receptacle flat or slightly convex. 312
312. Involucral bracts with a leaf-like appendage along the median nerve,
1-nerved. Receptacle pitted. Ray-flowers none. Style-branches with
a crown of longer hairs in the middle of the hairy part. Fruits many-nerved.
Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire.—Species 8. South
Africa. Lopholaena DC.
Involucral bracts without an appendage. 313
313. Involucral bracts in 3 or more rows. Ray-flowers present. Style-branches rounded, almost uniformly clothed with hairs. Herbs. (See
286.) Alciope DC.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, rarely (Senecio) indistinctly arranged in
3 or more rows, but then style-branches with a crown of longer hairs. 314
314. Style-branches with an awl-shaped hairy appendage, without a distinct crown of longer hairs. Ray-flowers wanting. Herbs. (See 279.) Gynura Cass.
Style-branches truncate with a terminal tuft of hairs or with a hairy appendage overtopping a crown of longer hairs. 315
315. Fruits, at least the outer, distinctly compressed. Style-branches truncate, ending in a tuft of hairs. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads in corymbs.
(See 227.) Cineraria L.
Fruits not distinctly compressed, 5-10-ribbed.—Species 500. Some of them are used as vegetables, as food for birds, or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Brachyrhynchos Less., Cacalia L. partly,
Emilia Cass., Kleinia DC., Lachanodes DC., Mesogramma DC., Notonia
DC., and Pladaroxylon Hook. fil.) Senecio L.
316. (301.) Involucral bracts, at least the inner, scarious at the tip and the edges. Pappus of minute scales, crown- or ear-shaped or wanting.
Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs. 317
Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges, and then pappus of rather large scales or bristles, or style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers ending in a hairy appendage. 356
317. Anthers arrow-shaped; halves pointed at the base. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. Receptacle glabrous. Female marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped corolla. Inner fruits flattened, outer 3-edged.
Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Heads long-stalked. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Anthers not arrow-shaped; halves blunt or rounded at the base. [Tribe
ANTHEMIDEAE.] 318
318. Receptacle with scales between the flowers. [Subtribe ANTHEMIDINAE.] 319
Receptacle glabrous or hairy, without scales between the flowers. [Subtribe
CHRYSANTHEMINAE.] 331
319. Receptacle-scales hairy in the middle, glabrous at the base and apex.
Ray-flowers yellow. Fruits cylindrical, without a pappus. Herbs.
Leaves pinnately divided. Heads seated between 2-6 (usually 5) branches of the much-branched cyme.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used as an ornamental plant. Cladanthus Cass.
Receptacle-scales hairy throughout their whole length or at the top only, or glabrous. Heads solitary or in glomerules, corymbs, or panicles. 320
320. Corolla-tube with a basal appendage adnate to the ovary. Corolla persistent.
Ray-flowers none. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves entire.
Heads in corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Diotis Desf.
Corolla-tube with appendages which are free from the ovary, or without any appendages. 321
321. Fruits clothed with long wool, 8-10-ribbed. Ray-flowers white or violet. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. Heads solitary, terminating the branches.—Species 3. South Africa. Lasiospermum Lag.
Fruits not woolly. 322
322. Fruits much compressed. Herbs or undershrubs. 323
Fruits not or scarcely compressed. 325
323. Fruits, at least the outer, broadly winged. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally. Anacyclus L.
Fruits not or indistinctly winged, without a pappus. 324
324. Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnately divided.—Species 7. North
Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Achillea L.
Leaves opposite, at least the lower, entire. Ray-flowers neuter, white.—Species
2. North-west Africa. (Fradinia Pomel, under Cladanthus
Cass.) Mecomischus Benth. & Hook.
325. Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Shrubs. Ray-flowers present. 326
Leaves alternate. 327
326. Heads collected in compound heads. Pappus of the inner fruits consisting of scales sometimes united into a small crown.—Species 4. South
Africa. Oedera L.
Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. Pappus wanting.—Species
4. South Africa. Eumorphia DC.
327. Stem herbaceous. Leaves toothed or pinnately divided. 328
Stem woody, at least at the base. 329
328. Heads without ray-flowers. Corolla-tube regular. Pappus crown-shaped.
Leaves toothed. Heads in dense corymbs.—Species 1. North Africa.
Lonas Adans.
Heads with ray-flowers, more rarely without, but then pappus auricle-shaped or wanting. Corolla-tube compressed, often with appendages.
Heads stalked, terminating the branches.—Species 30. North and
Central Africa; one species naturalized in South Africa. Some are used as medicinal plants (camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Cass.,
Ormenis Cass., Perideraea Webb, and Rhetinolepis Cass.) Anthemis L.
329. Ribs of the fruits produced into unequal scales or strong awns. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnatifid. Heads in corymbs.—Species 4. Canary Islands.
(Including Hymenolepis Schultz and Lugoa DC.) Gonospermum Less.
Ribs of the fruits not produced into scales or awns. Heads without ray-flowers. 330
330. Corolla-tube with a more or less distinct appendage at the base, usually
compressed. Pappus wanting. Heads long-stalked. Under-shrubs.
Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species 6. Central and North-west Africa.
Some of the species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. Santolina L.
Corolla-tube without an appendage, not compressed. Fruits 5-angled.
Heads in usually dense corymbs.—Species 55. Southern and tropical
Africa. (Including Bembycodium Kunze and Oligodora DC.) Athanasia L.
331. (318.) Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite. 332
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. 343
332. Flowers 4-merous. 333
Flowers 5-merous. 336
333. Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer shorter. Fruits 4-angled, glabrous. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves dissected. Heads rather small.—Species 6. South and East Africa. (Under Tanacetum L.) Schistostephium Less.
Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. 334
334. Pappus ring- or crown-shaped. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species
20. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants
(camomile). (Including Chamaemelum Vis., Chlamydophora Ehrenb.,
Courrantia Schultz, and Otospermum Willk.) Matricaria L.
Pappus wanting. 335
335. Stem herbaceous. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches. (See
216.) Cotula L.
Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves entire. Heads in corymbs. Fruits compressed, glabrous.—Species 1. South Africa. Peyrousea DC.
336. Heads in leafy racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Pappus wanting. (See 222.) Artemisia L.
Heads solitary or in corymbs. 337
337. Involucral bracts in 1-3 rows, nearly equal. Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 334.) Matricaria L.
Involucral bracts in several rows, the outer ones shorter. 338
338. Stem herbaceous. Leaves alternate. (See 219.) Chrysanthemum L.
Stem woody, shrubby. 339
339. Leaves opposite. Pappus wanting. 340
Leaves alternate. 341
340. Heads in corymbs. Involucral bracts in few rows. Fruits with 12-15 ribs. Leaves usually forked.—Species 2. South Africa. Gymnopentzia Benth.
Heads solitary, seated between lateral tufts of leaves. Involucral bracts in many rows. Fruits 3-4-ribbed. Leaves entire, connate in pairs at the base.—Species 1. South Africa. Asaemia Harv.
341. Leaves toothed, lobed, or divided. Fruits 5-ribbed.—Species 20.
South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally. Pentzia Thunb.
Leaves entire. 342
342. Heads in corymbs. Central flowers sterile. Pappus none.—Species
3. South Africa. Stilpnophytum Less.
Heads few together at the ends of the branches. Flowers all fertile.—Species
3. South Africa. (Including Adenosolen DC. and Brachymeris
DC.) Marasmodes DC.
343. (331.) Female or neutral marginal flowers with a thread-shaped corolla or without a corolla. 344
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla. 350
344. Hermaphrodite flowers 4-merous. Herbs or undershrubs. 345
Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Marginal flowers with a corolla. 349
345. Involucral bracts of two kinds, the outer four broad and membranous, the inner numerous, longer and narrower, scarious. Marginal flowers in one row, without a corolla. Corolla of the central flowers with a large appendage enclosing the fruit. Pappus none. Leaves opposite.
Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches.—Species 2. South
Africa. Otochlamys DC.
Involucral bracts equal or nearly so. 346
346. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows, the outer shorter. Marginal flowers with
a corolla. Outer fruits compressed and hairy, the inner 4-angled, glabrous. Leaves fan-shaped or pinnately divided. (See 333.) Schistostephium Less.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, about equal. 347
347. Heads stalked, solitary, terminating the branches. (See 216.) Cotula L.
Heads sessile or arranged in racemes or corymbs. Marginal flowers with
a corolla. Leaves undivided. 348
348. Female flowers in one row.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues. Abrotanella Cass.
Female flowers in several rows. Pappus wanting.—Species 1. Tropics.
(Myriogyne Less.) Centipeda Lour.
349. Heads in racemes or spikes sometimes arranged in elongated (not corymb-like) panicles. Involucral bracts in few rows. Marginal flowers in one row. Fruits without ribs and without a pappus. (See 222.) Artemisia L.
Heads solitary or in corymbs. (See 219.) Chrysanthemum L.
350. (343.) Involucral bracts in many rows, imbricate, the outer much shorter. 351
Involucral bracts in few rows, about equal in length. 352
351. Leaves decurrent, undivided. Herbs. Heads in corymbs. Hermaphrodite flowers 5-merous. Fruits glandular-hairy. Pappus of scales.—Species
1. South Africa. Lepidostephium Oliv.
Leaves not decurrent. (See 219.) Chrysanthemum L.
352. Involucral bracts broad. Herbs. Leaves dissected. 353
Involucral bracts narrow. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves entire, toothed, lobed, or cleft. Corolla-limb of the ray-flowers elongate,
entire. 354
353. Corolla of the ray-flowers yellow, very shortly strap-shaped. Fruits compressed, 1-2-ribbed, without a pappus. Heads solitary on long stalks thickened above. (See 216.). Cotula L.
Corolla of the ray-flowers white, usually long strap-shaped. Fruits usually several-ribbed and provided with a pappus. (See 334.) Matricaria L.
354. Ray-flowers fertile. Disc-flowers 5-merous. Fruits 8-10-ribbed, glandular-warted.
Leaves linear or divided into 3 linear segments.—Species
7. South Africa. (Including Adenachaena DC. and Iocaste E. Mey.) Phymaspermum Less.
Ray-flowers sterile. Disc-flowers 4-merous. 355
355. Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers acuminate. Involucre campanulate.
Heads short-stalked. Leaves linear, entire. Shrubs.—Species 2.
South Africa. Thaminophyllum Harv.
Corolla-lobes of the disc-flowers not acuminate. Involucre hemispherical.
Heads long-stalked. Leaves lobed or cleft. Undershrubs.—Species 3.
South Africa. Lidbeckia Berg
356. (316.) Receptacle with scales between the flowers. 357
Receptacle glabrous, rarely hairy, without scales between the flowers. 383
357. Pappus of 5-6 large scales sometimes intermixed with bristles. Fruits
10-ribbed, not compressed. Involucral bracts in several rows, scarious at the edges. Ray-flowers in one row, neuter, with a yellow, strap-shaped corolla. Style-branches truncate, with a terminal crown of hairs.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, usually toothed or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or in lax panicles.—Species 65. South Africa and Abyssinia. (Including Sphenogyne R. Br.) Ursinia Gaertn.
Pappus wanting or crown-shaped or consisting of bristles or minute scales, rarely of 1-2 or 8-16 larger scales. Involucral bracts rarely scarious at the edges. Leaves usually opposite. [Tribe HELIANTHEAE.] 358
358. Pappus of feathery bristles. Fruits hairy, angular. Involucral bracts subequal, in 2-3 rows. Ray-flowers yellow, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Prostrate herbs. Leaves opposite, broad, toothed. Heads on long stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in South Africa, Madagascar, and the neighbouring islands. Tridax L.
Pappus of simple (not feathery) bristles or of scales sometimes united into a crown, or wanting. 359
359. Pappus, at least on the inner fruits, formed of 8-16 rather large, fringed scales. Fruits angular. Receptacle conical. Marginal flowers in one row, white, fertile, rarely wanting. Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows, embracing the outer fruits. Heads small, hemispherical.—Species 1.
Naturalized in East Africa. Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav.
Pappus formed of minute scales or of 1-2 larger scales or of bristles, or
crown-shaped, or wanting. 360
360. Female or neuter marginal flowers persisting in the fruit, with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle conical. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Heads on long stalks.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. Ornamental plants. Zinnia L.
Female or neuter marginal flowers falling off before maturity or wanting. 361
361. Inner fruits compressed from front to back. Scales on the receptacle between the flowers flat or convex, not keeled. Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting. [Subtribe
COREOPSIDINAE.] 362
Inner fruits not or laterally compressed. [Subtribe VERBESININAE.] 368
362. Pappus formed of 2-6 barbed bristles (which are armed with minute reflexed prickles). Herbs. Leaves opposite, toothed or divided. 363
Pappus formed of bristles which are not barbed, at least on the inner fruits, or ring-shaped, or wanting. 364
363. Fruits beaked. Ray-flowers red.—Species 1. Naturalized in Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands. Cosmos Cav.
Fruits not beaked. Ray-flowers, if present, yellow or white.—Species
20. Some of them are used medicinally, others are noxious weeds.
(Including Kerneria Moench) Bidens L.
364. Involucral bracts 3-6. Marginal flowers female. Corolla glabrous at the base. Pappus of the inner fruits of 2-3 awns. Herbs. Leaves opposite. 365
Involucral bracts numerous, in two rows. 366
365. Involucral bracts partly herbaceous, partly membranous. Outer fruits winged. Heads several together in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. Synedrella Gaertn.
Involucral bracts herbaceous. Fruits all similar, not winged. Heads solitary.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo). Calyptrocarpus Less.
366. Involucral bracts free, the outer herbaceous, the inner membranous.
Ray-flowers female. Corolla hairy at the base. Pappus none. Herbs.
Leaves, at least the lower, opposite. Heads solitary or in cymes, stalked.—Species 8. Central Africa. One of the species yields oil from the seeds (ramtil-oil). Guizotia Cass.
Involucral bracts more or less united. Corolla glabrous at the base. 367
367. Ray-flowers female. Fruits oblong, many-ribbed, hairy. Pappus a minutely toothed crown. Herbs. Leaves opposite, divided. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Microlecane Schultz
Ray-flowers neuter or wanting. Pappus of two teeth or awns, or ring-shaped, or wanting.—Species 50. Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Coreopsis L.
368. (361.) Inner fruits much compressed laterally. Pappus of two awns or wanting. Receptacle convex, conical, or cylindrical. Herbs. 369
Inner fruits slightly or not compressed. 370
369. Fruits winged. Receptacle convex. Involucre as long as the disc.
Heads in lax corymbs. Leaves alternate, at least the upper ones.—Species
1. Naturalized in the tropics and in Egypt. Used medicinally.
(Ximenesia Cass.) Verbesina L.
Fruits not winged. Receptacle elongated. Involucre much shorter than the disc. Heads solitary. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east Africa. Yields condiments and medicaments. Spilanthes L.
370. Inner involucral bracts embracing the outer fruits. Pappus wanting.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. 371
Inner involucral bracts not embracing the outer fruits. 372
371. Female marginal flowers in one row. Heads in panicles.—Species 5.
Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used medicinally. Siegesbeckia L.
Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a strap-shaped corolla.
Heads solitary, sessile. Marsh plants.—Species 1. Central Africa. Enydra Lour.
372. Receptacle-scales wholly enclosing the fruits. Pappus ring-shaped or wanting. Flowers all hermaphrodite with a tubular corolla or the marginal neuter with a strap-shaped corolla. Receptacle convex or conical. Herbs.—Species 2. Central Africa. Sclerocarpus Jacq.
Receptacle-scales partly or not enclosing the fruits. 373
373. Receptacle-scales very narrow, nearly bristle-like. Pappus wanting.
Marginal flowers in two rows, with a strap-shaped corolla. Herbs.
Leaves opposite. Heads solitary or in pairs.—Species 2. They yield dye-stuffs, salad, and medicaments. Eclipta L.
Receptacle-scales broad or rather broad, convex or keeled. 374
374. Pappus wanting. Heads containing hermaphrodite and female flowers.
Herbs. Leaves opposite. 375
Pappus present. 376
375. Inner flowers 4-merous, outer with a very shortly strap-shaped corolla-limb.
Fruits 4-angled. Leaves oblong. Heads in groups of three.—Species
1. Madagascar. Micractis DC.
Inner flowers 5-merous, outer with a rather long strap-shaped corolla-limb.
Fruits 2-3-angled. Leaves ovate.—Species 15. Tropical and
South Africa. Wedelia Jacq.
376. Pappus ring-shaped. Fruits 4-angled. Receptacle flat. Receptacle-scales slit. Heads in corymbs; all flowers hermaphrodite. Shrubs.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar. Temnolepis Bak.
Pappus cup-shaped or formed of scales and bristles. Herbs or undershrubs 377
377. Pappus of free, caducous bristles or scales. 378
Pappus of bristles united at the base, or cup-shaped with or without free
bristles. 379
378. Pappus-bristles 1-4, more or less broadened below. Heads large.
Ray-flowers neuter.—Species 3. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized.
Used as ornamental plants (sunflower) and yielding edible tubers, dye-stuffs, and oily seeds from which bread may be prepared. Helianthus L.
Pappus-bristles thin, usually numerous. Heads middle-sized. Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales acuminate. Leaves opposite.—Species 17.
Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Lipotriche R. Br.) Melanthera Rohr
379. Heads with all the flowers hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbs. Receptacle convex. Receptacle-scales with a coloured appendage. Anthers arrow-shaped. Fruits 5-ribbed. Pappus a toothed cup. Leaves alternate, linear. (See 246.) Omphalopappus O. Hoffm.
Heads with the inner flowers hermaphrodite, the outer female or neuter. 380
380. Marginal flowers neuter, with a strap-shaped corolla. Leaves opposite.—Species
40. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. Aspilia Thouars
Marginal flowers female. 381
381. Marginal flowers with a tubular or shortly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus of 2-5 unequal bristles united at the base. Leaves, at least the lower, opposite.—Species 4. Central Africa. Blainvillea Cass.
Marginal flowers with a distinctly strap-shaped corolla. Pappus cup-shaped, with or without awns. Heads stalked. 382
382. Leaves alternate. Fruits 4-5-angled, many-ribbed.—Species 6.
Madagascar. Epallage DC.
Leaves opposite. Fruits 2-3-angled, with indistinct angles. (See 375.) Wedelia Jacq.
383. (356.) Female marginal flowers in several rows, with a yellow, thread-shaped,
2-3-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in several rows, imbricate, with scarious edges. Fruits without ribs. Pappus of one row of bristles. Leaves alternate, undivided. Heads solitary or in glomerules.
(See 183.) Phagnalon Cass.
Female or neuter marginal flowers in one row, with a strap-shaped, rarely
a tubular but 4-toothed corolla, or wanting. [Tribe HELENIEAE.] 384
384. Female marginal flowers with a tubular, 4-toothed corolla. Involucral bracts in 4-5 rows. Receptacle pitted. Pappus of scales. Herbs.
Leaves alternate. Heads in panicles.—Species 1. Southern West
Africa (Angola). Welwitschiella O. Hoffm.
Female or neuter marginal flowers with a strap-shaped corolla or wanting.
Heads solitary or in glomerules. 385
385. Receptacle bristly. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus of scales. Herbs.
Leaves alternate or radical. Heads solitary.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. Gaillardia Foug.
Receptacle glabrous, rarely (Tagetes) ciliate at the edges of the pits. 386
386. Involucral bracts in 3-4 rows. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Heads solitary.—Species 9. Central Africa. (Including
Hypericophyllum Steetz). Jaumea Pers.
Involucral bracts in 1-2 rows. 387
387. Involucral bracts free. 388
Involucral bracts united below. Heads solitary. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves. 390
388. Involucral bracts numerous. Heads many-flowered. Female marginal flowers numerous. Anthers arrow-shaped, the halves pointed at the base. Pappus none. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or all radical. Heads solitary. (See 124.) Dimorphotheca Moench
Involucral bracts 2-6. Heads few-flowered. Female marginal flowers solitary or wanting. Anthers entire at the base or with blunt halves.
Heads in glomerules. 389
389. Pappus wanting. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. Naturalized in Egypt and Eritrea. They yield dyes and medicaments. Flaveria Juss.
Pappus of slit scales. Small shrubs. Leaves alternate.—Species 1.
South Africa. Phaeocephalus S. Moore
390. Pappus wanting. Fruits 5-10-ribbed. Leaves alternate.—Species 15.
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. Gamolepis Less.
Pappus of scales or bristles. Herbs. 391
391. Pappus of 3-6 scales. Fruits scarcely ribbed. Leaves opposite, pinnately divided.—Species 3. Naturalized. Ornamental plants, also yielding dyes and medicaments. Tagetes L.
Pappus of numerous bristles or slit scales. Fruit 10-12-ribbed. Leaves alternate, undivided.—Species 1. South Africa. Cadiseus E. Mey.

STATISTICAL TABLE

showing the number of Genera and Species and the Geographical Distribution of each Family.

====================++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============++=============
|| Whole || Africa || Africa || North || Central || Malagasy || South
|| Earth || (in all) ||(indigenous) || Africa || Africa || Islands || Africa
====================++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======++======+======
Cycadaceae || 9 | 85 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 15
Ginkgoaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Taxaceae || 11 | 100 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3
Pinaceae || 26 | 260 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 25 || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3
Gnetaceae || 3 | 45 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || |
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Gymnospermae || 50 | 500 || 14 | 65 || 13 | 65 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 3 | 3 || 4 | 20
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Typhaceae || 1 | 9 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2
Pandanaceae || 3 | 240 || 1 | 65 || 1 | 65 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 50 || |
Sparganiaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || |
Potamogetonaceae || 9 | 100 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 35 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 20 || 6 | 20 || 4 | 5
Naiadaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1
Aponogetonaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 20 || | || 1 | 8 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 9
Scheuchzeriaceae || 5 | 15 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 3
Alismataceae || 12 | 75 || 9 | 15 || 9 | 15 || 4 | 5 || 8 | 10 || 4 | 4 || |
Butomaceae || 4 | 7 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || |
Hydrocharitaceae || 15 | 65 || 10 | 40 || 10 | 40 || 4 | 4 || 9 | 35 || 8 | 10 || 1 | 1
Triuridaceae || 2 | 25 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || |
Gramineae || 373 | 3700 || 205 | 1600 || 199 | 1600 || 108 | 380 || 130 | 850 || 66 | 200 || 80 | 460
Cyperaceae || 77 | 3000 || 40 | 880 || 40 | 880 || 9 | 90 || 25 | 490 || 26 | 270 || 28 | 350
Palmae || 169 | 1200 || 36 | 100 || 33 | 100 || 3 | 4 || 13 | 40 || 24 | 60 || 2 | 2
Cyclanthaceae || 6 | 45 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Araceae || 115 | 1100 || 33 | 150 || 28 | 140 || 6 | 10 || 21 | 120 || 6 | 6 || 3 | 10
Lemnaceae || 3 | 25 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 10 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5
Flagellariaceae || 3 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1
Restionaceae || 23 | 250 || 12 | 230 || 12 | 230 || | || 1 | 1 || | || 12 | 230
Centrolepidaceae || 7 | 40 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Mayacaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1|| | || |
Xyridaceae || 2 | 55 || 1 | 40 || 1 | 40 || | || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 8
Eriocaulaceae || 9 | 570 || 4 | 80 || 4 | 80 || | || 4 | 60 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 10
Thurniaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Rapateaceae || 7 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || |
Bromeliaceae || 57 | 920 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || |
Commelinaceae || 29 | 320 || 12 | 160 || 12 | 160 || 1 | 5 || 12 | 140 || 6 | 25 || 5 | 20
Pontederiaceae || 6 | 20 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 5 || | || 3 | 5 || 1 | 1 || |
Cyanastraceae || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || | || 1 | 5 || | || |
Philydraceae || 3 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Juncaceae || 8 | 280 || 3 | 55 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 30 || 2 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 30
Stemonaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Liliaceae || 228 | 2600 || 79 | 1450 || 75 | 1450 || 27 | 130 || 37 | 600 || 22 | 65 || 52 | 880
Haemodoraceae || 9 | 30 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || | || | || 4 | 6
Amaryllidaceae || 83 | 950 || 33 | 310 || 29 | 300 || 6 | 20 || 16 | 110 || 5 | 15 || 19 | 190
Velloziaceae || 2 | 70 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 9
Taccaceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2 || |
Dioscoreaceae || 10 | 240 || 2 | 45 || 2 | 45 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 15
Iridaceae || 60 | 1100 || 39 | 600 || 37 | 600 || 5 | 30 || 13 | 120 || 6 | 10 || 32 | 500
Musaceae || 6 | 85 || 4 | 25 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 4
Zingiberaceae || 41 | 900 || 11 | 120 || 7 | 110 || | || 4 | 110 || 4 | 6 || 1 | 3
Cannaceae || 1 | 40 || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || |
Marantaceae || 27 | 290 || 12 | 60 || 11 | 55 || | || 11 | 55 || 2 | 2 || |
Burmanniaceae || 18 | 60 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 4 | 10 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1
Orchidaceae || 500 | 7400 || 97 | 1600 || 97 | 1600 || 14 | 50 || 55 | 900 || 56 | 370 || 37 | 430
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Monocotyledonae || 1944 |26000 || 681 | 7800 || 650 | 7750 || 206 | 800 || 381 | 3850 || 261 | 1200 || 298 | 3200
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Casuarinaceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || |
Saururaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Piperaceae || 9 | 1100 || 3 | 80 || 3 | 80 || | || 3 | 40 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 7
Chloranthaceae || 4 | 35 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Lacistemaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Salicaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 20 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 3
Garryaceae || 1 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Myricaceae || 1 | 55 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 13
Balanopsidaceae || 2 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Leitneriaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Juglandaceae || 6 | 40 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || |
Batidaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Julianiaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Betulaceae || 6 | 90 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || |
Fagaceae || 5 | 370 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || 2 | 9 || | || | || |
Ulmaceae || 15 | 120 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 10 || 3 | 7
Moraceae || 70 | 1000 || 26 | 260 || 19 | 250 || 1 | 5 || 15 | 200 || 9 | 65 || 1 | 12
Urticaceae || 43 | 580 || 20 | 150 || 19 | 150 || 4 | 13 || 17 | 75 || 11 | 55 || 9 | 20
Proteaceae || 55 | 1000 || 13 | 400 || 13 | 400 || | || 3 | 50 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 360
Myzodendraceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Santalaceae || 26 | 250 || 6 | 140 || 6 | 140 || 2 | 5 || 3 | 55 || 2 | 3 || 5 | 90
Opiliaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 1
Grubbiaceae || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || 1 | 4
Olacaceae || 27 | 160 || 11 | 70 || 11 | 70 || | || 9 | 55 || 4 | 13 || 1 | 1
Octoknemataceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 3 || | || |
Loranthaceae || 26 | 900 || 4 | 300 || 4 | 300 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 240 || 3 | 45 || 2 | 40
Balanophoraceae || 14 | 50 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 2 | 3 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 3
Aristolochiaceae || 6 | 200 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1
Rafflesiaceae || 7 | 25 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1
Hydnoraceae || 2 | 10 || 1 | 8 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 2
Polygonaceae || 34 | 800 || 9 | 120 || 8 | 120 || 5 | 50 || 5 | 45 || 2 | 20 || 4 | 45
Chenopodiaceae || 76 | 450 || 26 | 120 || 25 | 120 || 24 | 75 || 12 | 40 || 3 | 6 || 9 | 40
Amarantaceae || 56 | 500 || 32 | 200 || 32 | 200 || 8 | 17 || 28 | 140 || 12 | 35 || 18 | 50
Nyctaginaceae || 20 | 170 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 1 | 6 || 3 | 12 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 6
Cynocrambaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || |
Phytolaccaceae || 22 | 120 || 5 | 15 || 4 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 4 | 8 || 3 | 4 || 2 | 8
Aizoaceae || 24 | 600 || 20 | 480 || 20 | 480 || 6 | 10 || 14 | 45 || 6 | 12 || 20 | 440
Portulacaceae || 18 | 210 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 2 | 13 || 2 | 5 || 5 | 20
Basellaceae || 5 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || |
Caryophyllaceae || 79 | 1500 || 45 | 280 || 45 | 280 || 37 | 200 || 22 | 60 || 7 | 8 || 15 | 40
Nymphaeaceae || 8 | 60 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1
Ceratophyllaceae || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 3 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1
Trochodendraceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Cercidiphyllaceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Ranunculaceae || 32 | 1200 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 140 || 11 | 70 || 5 | 30 || 2 | 13 || 4 | 23
Lardizabalaceae || 7 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Berberidaceae || 9 | 150 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 4 || 1 | 2 || | || |
Menispermaceae || 63 | 360 || 27 | 100 || 27 | 100 || 1 | 1 || 20 | 75 || 10 | 25 || 6 | 15
Magnoliaceae || 13 | 110 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Calycanthaceae || 1 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Lactoridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Anonaceae || 76 | 900 || 27 | 240 || 26 | 230 || | || 25 | 200 || 11 | 30 || 5 | 8
Myristicaceae || 16 | 250 || 9 | 25 || 7 | 20 || | || 5 | 15 || 2 | 5 || |
Gomortegaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Monimiaceae || 30 | 250 || 6 | 30 || 6 | 30 || | || 3 | 6 || 4 | 25 || 1 | 1
Lauraceae || 48 | 1100 || 15 | 75 || 12 | 70 || 4 | 5 || 6 | 30 || 7 | 35 || 3 | 10
Hernandiaceae || 4 | 25 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 7 || | || 3 | 4 || 2 | 4 || |
Papaveraceae || 31 | 400 || 11 | 50 || 9 | 50 || 7 | 40 || 4 | 7 || | || 4 | 10
Capparidaceae || 43 | 450 || 20 | 260 || 20 | 260 || 7 | 15 || 19 | 200 || 7 | 35 || 8 | 40
Cruciferae || 232 | 1900 || 88 | 420 || 87 | 410 || 75 | 270 || 28 | 85 || 4 | 8 || 21 | 110
Tovariaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Resedaceae || 6 | 55 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 45 || 6 | 30 || 5 | 10 || | || 1 | 5
Moringaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || |
Sarraceniaceae || 3 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Nepenthaceae || 1 | 60 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || 1 | 2 || |
Droseraceae || 4 | 85 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 10
Podostemonaceae || 30 | 130 || 9 | 25 || 9 | 25 || | || 8 | 20 || 3 | 6 || 2 | 2
Hydrostachyaceae || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 4 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1
Crassulaceae || 18 | 550 || 10 | 400 || 10 | 400 || 5 | 110 || 6 | 60 || 5 | 50 || 6 | 200
Cephalotaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Saxifragaceae || 78 | 650 || 11 | 25 || 10 | 25 || 3 | 10 || 4 | 7 || 6 | 7 || 3 | 4
Pittosporaceae || 9 | 110 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 2
Brunelliaceae || 1 | 10 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Cunoniaceae || 21 | 130 || 3 | 17 || 3 | 17 || | || | || 1 | 15 || 2 | 2
Myrothamnaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1
Bruniaceae || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || 12 | 55 || | || | || | || 12 | 55
Hamamelidaceae || 20 | 50 || 3 | 20 || 3 | 20 || | || 1 | 2 || 2 | 15 || 1 | 2
Eucommiaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Platanaceae || 1 | 6 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || |
Crossosomataceae || 1 | 3 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Rosaceae || 102 | 1700 || 32 | 230 || 30 | 220 || 18 | 65 || 13 | 85 || 5 | 20 || 12 | 65
Connaraceae || 20 | 180 || 12 | 140 || 12 | 140 || | || 12 | 130 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1
Leguminosae || 522 |11500 || 261 | 3300 || 253 | 3300 || 54 | 550 || 182 | 1650 || 82 | 440 || 88 | 1000
Pandaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || |
Geraniaceae || 11 | 500 || 6 | 350 || 6 | 350 || 3 | 50 || 6 | 25 || 2 | 2 || 5 | 280
Oxalidaceae || 7 | 300 || 3 | 160 || 2 | 160 || 1 | 4 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 25 || 1 | 120
Tropaeolaceae || 1 | 50 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || |
Linaceae || 13 | 130 || 7 | 60 || 6 | 60 || 2 | 20 || 6 | 30 || 2 | 8 || 1 | 5
Humiriaceae || 3 | 20 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || |
Erythroxylaceae || 2 | 200 || 2 | 40 || 2 | 40 || | || 2 | 5 || 1 | 35 || 1 | 4
Zygophyllaceae || 28 | 170 || 12 | 90 || 12 | 90 || 9 | 35 || 6 | 18 || 2 | 3 || 7 | 50
Cneoraceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || |
Rutaceae || 125 | 950 || 33 | 320 || 30 | 310 || 1 | 8 || 17 | 80 || 7 | 35 || 17 | 210
Simarubaceae || 32 | 150 || 16 | 40 || 16 | 40 || | || 13 | 35 || 4 | 5 || 1 | 1
Burseraceae || 18 | 350 || 7 | 160 || 7 | 160 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 20
Meliaceae || 49 | 800 || 23 | 150 || 23 | 150 || | || 18 | 100 || 8 | 45 || 5 | 15
Malpighiaceae || 65 | 700 || 16 | 80 || 16 | 80 || | || 10 | 45 || 10 | 30 || 4 | 13
Trigoniceae || 3 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Vochysiaceae || 5 | 100 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Tremandraceae || 3 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Polygalaceae || 11 | 700 || 6 | 240 || 6 | 240 || 1 | 10 || 5 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 4 | 140
Dichapetalaceae || 3 | 100 || 2 | 75 || 2 | 75 || | || 2 | 65 || 1 | 12 || 1 | 1
Euphorbiaceae || 278 | 4500 || 122 | 1200 || 117 | 1150 || 5 | 70 || 95 | 600 || 47 | 360 || 31 | 220
Callitrichaceae || 1 | 25 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 6 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1
Buxaceae || 7 | 30 || 3 | 8 || 3 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2
Empetraceae || 3 | 4 || 2 | 2 || 2 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || | || 1 | 1
Coriariaceae || 1 | 8 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || |
Limnanthaceae || 2 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Anacardiaceae || 69 | 480 || 29 | 250 || 26 | 240 || 2 | 6 || 16 | 130 || 12 | 30 || 9 | 95
Cyrillaceae || 3 | 6 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Pentaphylacaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Corynocarpaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Aquifoliaceae || 4 | 280 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 5 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1
Celastraceae || 51 | 500 || 15 | 160 || 15 | 160 || 2 | 4 || 5 | 50 || 9 | 35 || 11 | 90
Hippocrateaceae || 3 | 200 || 3 | 110 || 3 | 110 || | || 3 | 100 || 2 | 12 || 2 | 5
Salvadoraceae || 3 | 9 || 3 | 6 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 6 || 1 | 1 || 2 | 2
Stackhousiaceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Staphyleaceae || 6 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Icacinaceae || 48 | 200 || 19 | 90 || 19 | 90 || | || 15 | 65 || 10 | 20 || 3 | 5
Aceraceae || 2 | 110 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 4 || | || | || |
Hippocastanaceae || 3 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Sapindaceae || 128 | 1100 || 51 | 200 || 47 | 200 || | || 29 | 120 || 23 | 60 || 8 | 15
Sabiaceae || 3 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Melianthaceae || 3 | 30 || 3 | 30 || 30 | || | 1 || 18 | || | 3 || 10 |
Balsaminaceae || 2 | 350 || 1 | 100 || 1 | 100 || | || 1 | 85 || 1 | 25 || 1 | 2
Rhamnaceae || 52 | 500 || 18 | 140 || 18 | 140 || 3 | 15 || 14 | 25 || 9 | 20 || 8 | 90
Vitaceae || 12 | 500 || 5 | 200 || 5 | 200 || 2 | 2 || 4 | 160 || 3 | 30 || 2 | 18
Elaeocarpaceae || 8 | 130 || 1 | 15 || 1 | 15 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 15 || |
Chlaenaceae || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || 7 | 25 || | || | || 7 | 25 || |
Gonystilaceae || 1 | 7 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Tiliaceae || 45 | 350 || 18 | 260 || 18 | 260 || 2 | 4 || 17 | 180 || 8 | 70 || 4 | 20
Malvaceae || 50 | 900 || 21 | 300 || 21 | 300 || 7 | 40 || 16 | 140 || 13 | 85 || 13 | 85
Bombacaceae || 22 | 140 || 3 | 13 || 3 | 13 || | || 3 | 9 || 1 | 4 || |
Sterculiaceae || 57 | 820 || 28 | 470 || 26 | 470 || 1 | 1 || 19 | 190 || 14 | 120 || 6 | 190
Scytopetalaceae || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || 5 | 40 || | || 5 | 40 || | || |
Dilleniaceae || 14 | 320 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || | || 1 | 18 || 3 | 8 || |
Eucryphiaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Ochnaceae || 22 | 250 || 7 | 150 || 7 | 150 || | || 6 | 120 || 3 | 35 || 3 | 8
Caryocaraceae || 2 | 15 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Marcgraviaceae || 5 | 50 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Quiinaceae || 2 | 20 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Theaceae || 20 | 200 || 6 | 12 || 5 | 10 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 8 || |
Guttiferae || 50 | 850 || 16 | 180 || 16 | 180 || 1 | 25 || 12 | 85 || 11 | 80 || 2 | 6
Dipterocarpaceae || 19 | 340 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || | || 1 | 15 || 1 | 1 || |
Elatinaceae || 2 | 35 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 15 || 2 | 6 || 1 | 8 || | || 1 | 5
Frankeniaceae || 5 | 60 || 2 | 10 || 2 | 10 || 1 | 9 || 2 | 3 || | || 1 | 3
Tamaricaceae || 4 | 90 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 25 || 3 | 20 || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 2
Fouquieriaceae || 1 | 4 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Cistaceae || 7 | 140 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 5 | 75 || 1 | 1 || | || |
Bixaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || |
Cochlospermaceae || 3 | 20 || 2 | 7 || 2 | 7 || | || 1 | 5 || 1 | 2 || |
Koeberliniaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Winteranaceae || 4 | 8 || 2 | 4 || 2 | 4 || | || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || |
Violaceae || 17 | 450 || 4 | 100 || 4 | 100 || 1 | 15 || 4 | 55 || 3 | 30 || 3 | 8
Flacourtiaceae || 84 | 650 || 46 | 250 || 46 | 250 || | || 39 | 150 || 18 | 95 || 11 | 25
Stachyuraceae || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Turneraceae || 7 | 100 || 7 | 20 || 7 | 20 || | || 3 | 12 || 5 | 6 || 2 | 2
Malesherbiaceae || 1 | 25 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Passifloraceae || 13 | 380 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 70 || | || 6 | 45 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 12
Achariaceae || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || 3 | 3 || | || | || | || 3 | 3
Caricaceae || 3 | 30 || 2 | 3 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || |
Loasaceae || 13 | 230 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || 1 | 1
Datiscaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Begoniaceae || 5 | 450 || 1 | 110 || 1 | 110 || | || 1 | 90 || 1 | 20 || 1 | 7
Ancistrocladaceae || 1 | 10 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || |
Cactaceae || 23 | 1500 || 5 | 13 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || 1 | 4 || 1 | 1
Geissolomataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || 1 | 2
Penaeaceae || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || 5 | 35 || | || | || | || 5 | 35
Oliniaceae || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || 1 | 7 || | || 1 | 3 || | || 1 | 4
Thymelaeaceae || 41 | 450 || 17 | 250 || 16 | 250 || 2 | 15 || 8 | 95 || 4 | 17 || 10 | 130
Elaeagnaceae || 3 | 30 || 1 | 2 || | || | || | || | || |
Lythraceae || 25 | 500 || 12 | 90 || 11 | 90 || 4 | 15 || 7 | 65 || 7 | 17 || 6 | 25
Sonneratiaceae || 4 | 15 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || |
Punicaceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || |
Lecythidaceae || 19 | 250 || 4 | 15 || 4 | 15 || | || 3 | 8 || 2 | 9 || 1 | 1
Rhizophoraceae || 18 | 60 || 10 | 45 || 10 | 45 || | || 8 | 30 || 8 | 20 || 4 | 5
Nyssaceae || 3 | 8 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Alangiaceae || 1 | 20 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || |
Combretaceae || 17 | 450 || 12 | 330 || 12 | 330 || | || 10 | 280 || 6 | 40 || 4 | 25
Myrtaceae || 76 | 2900 || 10 | 85 || 7 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35 || 4 | 10
Melastomataceae || 169 | 2800 || 33 | 280 || 33 | 280 || | || 24 | 160 || 14 | 110 || 3 | 9
Oenotheraceae || 39 | 500 || 10 | 40 || 6 | 35 || 6 | 12 || 4 | 20 || 3 | 12 || 4 | 12
Halorrhagaceae || 7 | 150 || 3 | 15 || 3 | 15 || 2 | 4 || 3 | 5 || 3 | 7 || 3 | 3
Hippuridaceae || 1 | 1 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Cynomoriaceae || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || |
Araliaceae || 55 | 660 || 8 | 75 || 8 | 75 || 1 | 1 || 3 | 25 || 7 | 45 || 1 | 10
Umbelliferae || 270 | 2500 || 92 | 410 || 92 | 410 || 71 | 210 || 29 | 80 || 8 | 20 || 30 | 120
Cornaceae || 10 | 100 || 4 | 6 || 4 | 6 || | || 1 | 1 || 2 | 4 || 1 | 1
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Archichlamydeae || 4512 |67500 || 1703 |16700 || 1632 |16600 || 454 | 2300 || 1054 | 7800 || 577 | 2950 || 573 | 5000
--------------------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------++------+------
Clethraceae || 1 | 30 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || | || |
Pirolaceae || 10 | 30 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Lennoaceae || 3 | 5 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Ericaceae || 77 | 1550 || 17 | 720 || 17 | 720 || 5 | 12 || 7 | 40 || 6 | 45 || 12 | 630
Epacridaceae || 23 | 340 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Diapensiaceae || 6 | 9 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Theophrastaceae || 4 | 70 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Myrsinaceae || 32 | 1000 || 10 | 130 || 10 | 130 || 3 | 3 || 5 | 35 || 7 | 95 || 4 | 8
Primulaceae || 22 | 560 || 11 | 45 || 10 | 45 || 9 | 20 || 7 | 20 || 2 | 6 || 3 | 8
Plumbaginaceae || 10 | 280 || 7 | 90 || 7 | 90 || 5 | 60 || 4 | 18 || 1 | 3 || 3 | 15
Sapotaceae || 51 | 650 || 19 | 150 || 16 | 140 || 2 | 2 || 12 | 110 || 5 | 30 || 3 | 15
Hoplestigmataceae || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || 1 | 2 || | || 1 | 2 || | || |
Ebenaceae || 7 | 350 || 6 | 150 || 6 | 150 || | || 5 | 80 || 3 | 35 || 4 | 35
Symplocaceae || 1 | 300 || | || | || | || | || | || |
Styracaceae || 7 | 110 || 1 | 1 || 1 | 1 || | || 1 | 1 || | || |

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

Abortive (abortivus). Imperfectly developed.

Accrescent (accrescens). Increasing in size with age.

Accumbent (accumbens). Placed along the edge, especially of the cotyledons.