FATIGUE TESTS
It has been known for fifty years that a beam or rod would fail at a relatively low stress if only repeated often enough. It has been found, however, that each material possesses a limiting stress, or endurance limit, within which it is safe, no matter how often the loading occurs. That limiting stress for all steels so far investigated causes fracture below 10 million reversals. In other words, a steel which will not break before 10,000,000 reversals can confidently be expected to endure 100,000,000, and doubtless into the billions.
About the only way to test one piece such a large number of times is to fashion it into a beam, load it, and then turn the beam in its supports. Thus the stress in the outer fibers of the bar varies from a maximum stretch through zero to a maximum compression, and back again. A simple machine of this sort is shown in Fig. 10, where B and E are bearings, A the test piece, turned slightly down in the center, C and D ball bearings supporting a load W. K is a pulley for driving the machine and N is a counter.
FIG. 10.—Sketch of rotating beam machine for measuring endurance of metal.
HARDNESS TESTING
The word "hardness" is used to express various properties of metals, and is measured in as many different ways.
"Scratch hardness" is used by the geologist, who has constructed "Moh's scale" as follows:
| Talc | has a hardness of | 1 |
| Rock Salt | has a hardness of | 2 |
| Calcite | has a hardness of | 3 |
| Fluorite | has a hardness of | 4 |
| Apatite | has a hardness of | 5 |
| Feldspar | has a hardness of | 6 |
| Quartz | has a hardness of | 7 |
| Topaz | has a hardness of | 8 |
| Corundum | has a hardness of | 9 |
| Diamond | has a hardness of | 10 |
A mineral will scratch all those above it in the series, and will be scratched by those below. A weighted diamond cone drawn slowly over a surface will leave a path the width of which (measured by a microscope) varies inversely as the scratch hardness.