The Governments of Europe

by Frederic Austin Ogg

Delegations.
See [Austria-Hungary].
Denmark:—
—Administration, [569].
—Christensen,
ministry, [566]-567.
—Christian VIII.,
and reform, [556]-567.
—Christian IX.,
yields to parliamentary principle, [562].
—Conservative Party,
resists parliamentary principle, [560]-562;
dominance, [565]-566.
—Constitution,
of 1848, [557];
of 1849 promulgated, [557];
revised in 1866, [558]-559;
process of amendment, [559].
—Courts,
general principles, [568];
organization, [568]-569;
act of 1908, [569].
—Crown,
development, [554]-555;
opposition to reform, [556];
status, [559];
powers, [560];
relations with ministry, [560]-561.
—Diet,
of provinces, [556].
—Elections,
present system, [563];
projected reform, [564];
of 1906, [567];
of 1910, [567]-568.
—Estrup,
ministry, [561]-562, [565]-566.
—Franchise,
present system, [563];
movement for reform, [564].
—Frederick VI.,
creates diets, [556].
—Folkething,
composition, [563];
elections, [563]-564;
sessions and powers, [564]-565.
—Höjesteret, [568].
—Holstein, [558].
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—Kalmar,
union of, [553].
—Kiel,
treaty of, [554].
—King.
See [Crown].
—Kongelov, [555], [557].
—Landsthing,
composition, [562];
qualifications, [563];
sessions and powers, [564]-565.
—Lauenburg, [558].
—Liberal Party,
pressure for parliamentary system, [560]-562;
advent to power, [566].
—Malmö,
treaty of, [553].
—Ministry,
composition, [560]-561;
responsibility, [561]-562;
of Estrup, [561]-562, [565]-566;
recent instability, [567]-568.
—Norway,
united with, [553];
separated from, [554].
—Parliament.
See [Rigsdag].
—Parliamentarism, [560]-562.
—Parties,
rise, [565];
during Estrup's ministry, [565]-566;
advent of Liberals to power, [566];
since 1903, [566]-568.
—Proportional Representation,
in election of senators, [563].
—Radical Party, [567]-568.
—Revolution of 1660, [554]-555.
—Rigsdag,
composition, [562]-563;
electoral system, [563]-564;
sessions and power, [564]-565.
—Rigsrad, [554].
—Schleswig, [558].
—Social Democratic Party, [567]-568.

Elections,
of British House of Commons, [92]-96;
of Reichstag, [224]-225;
of Prussian Abgeordnetenhaus, [258]-263;
under Revolutionary and Napoleonic constitutions, [293]-294;
present system in France, [318]-322;
in Italy, [376]-378, [400]-402;
in Switzerland, [423], [426]-428, [435]-437;
in Austria, [466]-483;
in Holland, [526]-530;
in Belgium, [539]-547;
in Denmark, [563]-568;
in Norway, [581]-582, [587];
in Sweden, [592]-596, [600];
in Spain, [617]-618, [624]-625;
in Portugal, [633]-642.
England:—
—Act of Settlement (1701), [49].
—Administration.
See [Local Government].
—Admiralty Board, [62].
—Asquith, H.,
resolutions for reform of Lords, [108].
—Attainder, [130].
—Bill of Rights, [32].
—Borough,
in fifteenth century, [23];
franchise before 1832, [79];
franchise extended in 1832 and 1867, [82]-84;
redistribution of parliamentary seats, [85];
organization before 1832, [177]-178;
reform by Municipal Corporations Act, [178];
kinds, [187];
authorities, [188];
council and its functions, [189].
—Budget,
preparation, [136].
—Cabinet,
origins, [37]-38;
relations with Privy Council, [60];
relations with ministry, [61];
composition, [64];
size, [65];
selection of premier, [66];
selection of other members, [67]-68;
political solidarity, [69];
responsibility, [70];
proceedings, [71]-73;
central position, [74].
—Campbell-Bannerman,
Liberal leader, [154];
premier, [157].
—Chamberlain, Joseph,
and the Liberal Unionists, [151];
tariff reform programme, [155].
—Chancery,
Court of, [17], [174].
—Charles I.,
parliaments of, [28].
—Charles II.,
restoration, [31];
rise of cabinet, [37].
—Chartists, [82]-83.
—Civil List, [51]-52.
—Committees,
kinds, [123];
of whole, [123];
select and sessional, [124];
standing, [124]-125;
procedure on public bills, [133]-134;
on money bills, [135]-136;
on private bills, [137].
—Common Law, [167]-168.
—Common Pleas,
Court of, [17], [174].
—Commonwealth, [29].
—Commune Concilium, [7].
—Conservative Party,
origin of name, [147];
mid-century ministries, [148]-150;
Salisbury ministries, [151]-153;
defeat in 1906, [157];
signification of nomenclature, [162];
present-day issues, [163];
composition, [164].
—Constitution,
Anglo-Saxon foundations, [2]-5;
influenced by Norman Conquest, [6]-8;
in the Tudor period, [18]-26;
in the Stuart period, [26]-33;
elements of stability and change, [34];
development since seventeenth century, [34]-41;
elusiveness, [41];
law and conventions, [42]-43;
flexibility and amendment, [44]-47.
—Conventions,
in English constitution, [43].
—Corn Laws,
repeal, [147].
—Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act, [95]-96.
—County,
franchise before 1832, [79];
franchise broadened in 1832, [82];
franchise liberalized in 1867 and 1884, [84];
court of, [171];
organization before 1832, [176]-177;
reform by Local Government Act of 1888, [180];
present administrative organization, [183];
council and its functions, [183]-184.
—Court of Appeals, [174].
—Courts,
beginnings of great tribunals, [17];
county, [171];
justices of the peace, [171]-172;
High Court, [173];
Court of Appeals, [174];
House of Lords, [130];
Judicial Committee of Privy Council, [175].
—Cromwell, Oliver, [29]-30.
—Crown,
in Anglo-Saxon times, [3];
effects of Norman Conquest on, [6];
independence under the Tudors, [21];
character under early Stuarts, [26];
abolished in 1640, [30];
restoration, [30];
regulated by Bill of Rights, [32]-33;
decreased powers since seventeenth century, [35];
theoretical position, [48];
rules of succession, [49];
regencies, [50];
privileges, [50]-52;
the prerogative, [52];
executive powers, [53]-55;
legislative powers, [55];
veto, [56];
relations with ministry, [56]-57;
actual service, [58];
reasons for survival, [59].
—Disraeli, Benjamin,
prime minister, [150].
—District,
rural, [184];
urban, [186].
—District and Parish Councils Act of 1894, [180].
—Edward I.,
and rise of Parliament, [12]-13.
—Edward II.,
statute concerning Parliament, [15].
—Elections,
writs, [92];
time regulations, [92]-93;
polling, [93];
the campaign, [94];
expenditures, [95]-96.
—Elizabeth,
strong government, [21];
development of Parliament under, [24]-25.
—Equity,
rules of, [169].
—Exchequer,
Court of, [17], [62], [174].
—Franchise,
in fifteenth century, [23];
in early nineteenth century, [79];
extended by Reform Act of 1832, [82];
demands of the Chartists, [82]-83;
modified in 1867, [83]-84;
liberalized in 1884, [84]-85;
the system to-day, [86]-88;
question of the plural vote, [89]-90;
Franchise Bill of 1912, [90];
woman's suffrage, [91].
—Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, [118].
—George III.,
attempted revival of royal power, [35].
—Gladstone, William E.,
leadership of Liberals, [148];
first ministry, [149];
second and third ministries, [151];
fourth ministry, [152].
—Great Council, [7].
—Henry I.,
charter, [7].
—Henry II.,
judicial measures, [8].
—Henry III.,
and beginnings of Parliament, [12].
—Henry VIII.,
strong government, [19].
—High Court of Justice, [173]-174.
—House of Commons,
origins, [13];
composition in 1485, [23];
changes in Tudor period, [24];
Apology of 1604, [27];
ascendancy over House of Lords, [36];
present composition, [77];
undemocratic character at opening of nineteenth century, [77]-79;
electoral corruption, [80];
early demands for reform, [80];
Reform Act of 1832, [81]-82;
Chartist agitation, [82]-83;
Representation of the People Act of 1867, [83]-84;
Representation of the People Act of 1884, [84]-85;
Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, [85];
franchise and franchise questions to-day, [86]-92;
electoral procedure and regulations, [92]-96;
sessions, [117];
opening ceremonies, [117]-118;
meeting place described, [118]-120;
hours of sittings, [120];
officers, [121];
Speaker, [121]-123;
quorum, [123];
committees, [123]-125;
privileges, [126];
payment of members, [127];
procedure on public bills, [133]-134;
on money bills, [135]-136;
on private bills, [137]-138;
provisional orders, [138];
rules, [139]-141;
closure, [139];
the guillotine, [140];
votes and divisions, [140]-141.
—House of Lords,
origins, [13], [47];
composition in 1485, [22]-23;
changes in Tudor period, [24];
abolished in 1640, [29];
restored in 1660, [31];
loss of priority to House of Commons, [36], [102];
composition, [97]-101;
qualifications of members, [101];
number of members, [101];
question of reform, [102]-103;
early reform proposals, [103]-104;
conflicts with the Liberals, [104];
powers relating to money bills, [106];
rejection of Finance Bill of 1909, [107];
Liberal project of reform, [108];
Unionist proposals, [109];
adoption of Parliament Act of 1911, [110]-111;
effects of the Act, [112]-114;
sessions, [117];
opening ceremonies, [117]-118;
sittings and attendance, [125];
officers, [125]-126;
privileges, [127];
judicial functions, [130]-132;
procedure, [141]-142.
—Humble Petition and Advice, [30].
—Hundred, [4].
—Impeachment, [130].
—Independent Labor Party, [165].
—Instrument of Government, [29].
—Ireland,
union of 1801, [40]-41;
allotment of parliamentary seats, [85];
over-representation, [89];
representative peers, [98]-99;
question of Home Rule, [150]-152.
—James I.,
conception of monarchy, [26];
parliaments of, [28].
—James II.,
overthrown, [32].
—John,
signs Magna Carta, [9];
holds council at Oxford, [12].
—Jury,
use of, [171], [172].
—Justice of the Peace,
functions, [171]-172.
—King.
See [Crown].
—King's Bench,
Court of, [17], [174].
—Labor Party, [165]-167.
—Lansdowne Reconstruction Bill, [100].
—Law,
origins, [167];
form, [168]-169.
—Legislation,
powers acquired by Parliament, [14]-15.
—Liberal Party,
conflict with House of Lords, [104];
and reform, [147];
regeneration under Gladstone, [148]-149;
and Home Rule, [150];
secession of Unionists, [151];
rehabilitation, [156];
electoral triumph in 1906, [157];
mandate and performance, [158]-159;
conflict with House of Lords, [159];
triumph in elections of 1910, [160];
carry Parliament Act of 1911, [110], [160];
signification of nomenclature, [162];
present-day issues, [163];
composition, [164].
—Liberal Unionists,
origins, [151].
—Local Government Act of 1888, [180].
—Local Government Board, [180], [182].
—Local Government,
periods in history, [176];
before 1835, [176]-178;
mid-century confusion of areas, [179];
relations with central government, [181]-182;
organization of administrative county, [183]-184;
the rural district, [184];
rural and urban parish, [185];
urban district, [186];
boroughs and cities, [187]-189;
London, [190]-191.
—London,
government, [190]-191.
—Lord High Chancellor, [63].
—Lord Lieutenant, [172].
—Lords of Appeal, [99].
—Magna Carta,
character and importance, [9].
—Ministry,
appointment, [57], [66]-69;
relation with Privy Council and Cabinet, [60]-61;
Treasury, [62];
Admiralty Board, [62];
Lord High Chancellorship, [63];
the secretaries of state, [63]-64;
the administrative boards, [64];
responsibility, [70], [128]-130;
proceedings, [71]-73.
—Money Bills,
the Lords and, [106];
Liberal proposals concerning, [108];
disposition under Parliament Act of 1911, [112];
procedure upon, [135]-136.
—Montfort, Simon de,
parliaments of 1264 and 1265, [12].
—Municipal Corporation Act, [178].
—Newcastle Programme, [152].
—Parish, rural and urban, [185].
—Parliament,
origins, [11];
Simon de Montfort's leadership, [12];
Model Parliament, [12]-13;
bicameral principle established, [13];
fiscal and legislative powers, [14];
development of legislative process, [15];
composition in 1485, [23];
growth under Tudors, [24];
in Stuart period, [28]-29;
experiments during Commonwealth and Protectorate, [29]-30;
restoration in 1660, [31];
constituent powers, [45];
relations with crown, [55];
undemocratic character in early nineteenth century, [77]-80;
Reform Act of 1832, [81]-82;
Representation of the People Act of 1867, [83]-84;
Representation of the People Act of 1884, [84]-85;
Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, [85];
franchise and franchise questions to-day, [86]-92;
electoral procedure and regulations, [92]-96;
composition of Lords, [97]-101;
question of Lords reform, [102]-109;
the Parliament Act of 1911, [110]-114;
sessions, [117];
how opened, [117]-118;
meeting place and sittings, [118]-120;
officers and committees of Commons, [121]-125;
organization of Lords, [125]-126;
privileges of members, [126]-127;
function of criticism, [128]-130;
judicial functions, [130]-132;
procedure on public bills, [133]-134;
on money bills, [135]-136;
on private bills, [137]-138;
rules of Commons, [139]-141;
procedure in Lords, [141]-142.
—Parliament Act,
origins, [106]-110;
adoption, [110]-111;
provisions, [112]-113;
significance, [113]-115.
—Parliamentarism,
and parties, [143].
—Parties,
beginnings, [38]-39;
relation to parliamentary government, [143];
Tory ascendancy from 1783 to 1830, [145]-146;
Liberals and reform, [147];
mid-century regeneration, [148]-150;
rise of Liberal Unionists, [151];
Conservative ascendancy, [154]-155;
Liberal revival, [156]-157;
present significance of party names, [162];
current issues, [163]-165;
labor and politics, [165]-166.
—Plural Vote, [89]-90.
—Poor Law, [178].
—Premier,
selection, [66];
choice of colleagues, [67];
leadership, [72]-73.
—Prince of Wales, [49].
—Private Legislation, [137]-138.
—Privy Council,
origins, [17];
under the Tudors, [19];
under Charles II., [37];
relations with ministry and cabinet, [60];
Judicial Committee as a court, [175].
—Protectorate, [29]-30.
—Provisional Orders, [138].
—Poyning's Law, [40].
—Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, [85]-86.
—Referendum, Unionist proposal of, [109].
—Reform Act of 1832, [81]-82.
—Regency, [50].
—Representation,
beginnings of, [11].
—Representation of the People Act,
of 1867, [83]-84;
of 1884, [84]-85.
—Rosebery, Lord,
proposals for reform of Lords, [105], [108].
—Salisbury, Marquis of,
first ministry, [157];
second ministry, [152];
third and fourth ministries, [153].
—Scotland,
union of 1707, [39]-40;
allotment of parliamentary seats, [85];
representative peers, [98]-99.
—Shire, [5].
—Shire-moot, [5].
—Society for Constitutional Information, [81].
—Speaker, of House of Commons,
history and functions, [121]-123;
powers, [139].
—Star Chamber,
Court of, [20].
—Stuarts,
absolutism, [26];
overthrow, [29];
restored, [30];
finally expelled, [32].
—Supreme Court of Judicature, [173]-175.
—Tariff Reform,
rise and effects of issue, [155]-156.
—Taxation,
powers acquired by Parliament, [14], [22].
—Toleration Act, [33].
—Tory Party,
rise, [39];
ascendancy from 1783 to 1830, [145]-146.
—Township, [4].
—Treasury, [62].
—Tudors,
popularity, [18];
relations with Parliament, [21].
—Unionists,
position in Lords, [102]-106.
—Westminster Palace, [116].
—Whig Party,
rise, [39].
—William I.,
governmental policies, [6]-7.
—William III.,
accession, [32].
—Witenagemot, [4].
—Woman's Suffrage, [91]-92.

Folkething.
See [Denmark].
France:—
—Adjoint, [350].
—Administration,
under Old Régime, [341]-342;
overhauled in 1789-1791, [342];
revival of centralization, [343];
under Second Empire, [344];
changes under Third Republic, [345];
the department, [346]-347;
the arrondissement, [347];
the canton, [348];
the commune, [348]-351.
—Amendment,
of constitution, [307], [327]-328.
—Appeal,
courts of, [338].
—Arrondissement,
electoral unit, [318];
created, [343];
organization, [347].
—Assize,
courts of, [338].
—Associations,
law of, [331].
—Ballottage, [319].
—Bloc,
rise, [331];
present condition, [332].
—Bonaparte, Napoleon,
and constitution of the Year VIII., [293]-295;
organization of local administration, [343].
—Bonapartists,
policies in 1871-1875, [303]-304.
—Bordeaux,
National Assembly meets at, [302].
—Briand, A.,
programme of electoral reform, [322];
ministry, [332].
—Bureaus,
in Parliament, [325]-327.
—Canton,
created, [342];
made a judicial unit, [343];
present character, [348].
—Cassation,
Court of, [338]-339.
—Catholic Party,
rise, [338].
—Chamber of Deputies,
composition, [317];
term and qualifications, [318];
electoral process, [319];
proposed electoral reform, [319]-320;
the Briand programme, [322];
reform bill of 1912, [323]-324;
sessions, [325];
officers, [325];
bureaus and committees, [326];
procedure, [326];
powers and functions, [327]-329;
party strength in, [332].
—Church,
legislation concerning, [331].
—Clemenceau,
ministry, [331]-332.
—Code Civil, [335]-336.
—Code Napoléon, [335]-336.
—Code of Civil Procedure, [336].
—Code of Commerce, [336].
—Code of Criminal Instruction, [336].
—Combes,
ministry, [331].
—Commission du Suffrage Universel, [321], [323].
—Committees,
in Parliament, [325]-327.
—Commune,
suppressed, [303];
continuity of, [342];
place in Napoleonic system, [343];
council made elective, [344];
under Second Empire, [344]-345;
legislation concerning in 1884, [345];
present character, [348];
number and size, [348];
council, [348]-349;
mayor and assistants, [349]-350;
importance, [350]-351.
—Concentration,
policy of, [330].
—Concordat,
abrogated, [331].
—Conseil de préfecture, [346].
—Conservative Party,
after 1848, [329];
in control of Senate after 1876, [330];
changed character, [333].
—Constitution,
of 1791, [290]-291;
of the Year I., [291]-292;
of the Year III., [292]-293;
of the Year VIII., [293]-295;
Constitutional Charter of 1814, [295]-297;
of Second Republic, [297]-298;
of Second Empire, [299]-300;
of Third Republic, [304]-306;
process of amendment, [305], [327]-328.
—Constitutional Charter, [295]-297.
—Convention, [292].
—Corps législatif,
under constitution of 1791, [291];
under constitution of the Year VIII., [294].
—Council, of department,
made elective, [344];
present character, [346]-347.
—Council,
of arrondissement, [347].
—Council, of commune,
made elective, [344];
organization and functions, [348]-349.
—Council of Elders,
in constitution of the Year III., [292]-293.
—Council of Five Hundred,
in constitution of the Year III., [292]-293.
—Council of State,
composition and functions, [340].
—Courts,
of justice of the peace, [337];
of first instance, [337];
of appeal and of assize, [338];
of Cassation, [338]-339;
appointment and tenure of judges, [339];
administrative, [339]-340;
Council of State, [340];
of Conflicts, [341].
—Department,
created, [342];
organized by Napoleon, [343];
council made elective, [344];
under Second Empire, [344]-345;
the office of prefect, [346];
the council, [346]-347.
—Elections,
under constitution of the Year VIII., [293]-294;
under Constitutional Charter of 1814, [296];
arrondissement as unit, [318];
conduct, [319];
ballottage, [319];
question of reform, [319]-322;
the Briand programme, [322];
of 1906, [331];
of 1910, [332];
reform bill of 1912, [323]-324.
—Electoral Reform.
See [Elections].
—Empire,
Napoleonic, [295];
Second French, [299]-300.
—Extreme Left,
in Chamber of Deputies, [332].
—First Instance,
courts of, [337].
—Franchise,
under Napoleonic system, [294];
under Constitutional Charter of 1814, [296]-297;
present regulations, [317].
—Frankfort,
Peace of, [302].
—Généralité, [342].
—Great Western Line,
purchase of, [332].
—Impeachment, [309].
—Intendant, [342].
—Interpellation, [314].
—Jaurès,
socialist leader, [334].
—Journal Officiel, [326].
—Judges,
appointment and tenure, [339].
—Judiciary. See [Courts].
—Juge de paix, [337].
—Law,
codification, [335]-336;
character, [336]-337;
administrative, [339].
—Left,
in Chamber of Deputies, [332].
—Legislation,
President's part in, [309]-310;
processes, [326]-327;
powers, [328]-329.
—Legitimists,
policies in 1871-1875, [303]-305.
—MacMahon, Marshall,
president, [304].
—Mayor,
functions, [347]-350.
—Millerand, Étienne,
socialist member of ministry, [334].
—Ministry,
place in governmental system, [311];
composition, [312];
responsibility, [312]-313;
frequency of changes, [313];
interpellation, [314].
—Multiple Candidature Act, [318].
—Napoleon III.,
proclaimed emperor, [299].
—National Assembly,
of 1871-1875, [302]-303;
of Third Republic, election of President, [309], [328];
amendment of constitution, [327]-328.
—Orleanists,
policies in 1871-1875, [303]-304.
—Pacification,
policy of, [330].
—Parliament,
establishment of bicameral system, [315];
original form of Senate, [315]-316;
composition and election to-day, [316]-317;
composition of Chamber of Deputies, [317]-318;
question of electoral reform, [319]-324;
sessions, [325];
officers, [325];
committees, [326];
procedure, [326];
powers and functions, [327]-329.
—Parliamentarism, [313].
—Parties,
multiplicity, [312]-313;
development after 1848, [329];
situation after 1876, [330];
rise of Radicals, [330];
the bloc, [331];
rise of Socialists, [330]-331, [333]-334;
elections of 1906, [331];
elections of 1910, [332];
changes since 1871, [333].
—Penal Code, [336].
—Prefect,
creation in 1800, [343];
appointment and functions, [346].
—Premier,
position and powers, [312].
—President,
title created, [303];
occupants of the office, [308];
election, [308], [328];
term, [309];
qualifications, [309];
salary and privileges, [309];
powers, [309]-311;
relation with ministers, [311]-312.
—Procedure,
in Senate and Chamber of Deputies, [326]-327.
—Procureur, [327].
—Progressive Party,
rise, [331].
—Proportional Representation,
movement for establishment of, [320]-324.
—Province,
abolished, [342].
—Prussia,
war with, [301].
—Radical Party,
rise, [330];
ascendancy, [331].
—Ralliés, [330].
—Republic,
Second, [297]-298;
Third established, [302]-304.
—Republican Party,
in 1848, [329];
control of Chamber of Deputies after 1876, [330].
—Right,
in Chamber of Deputies, [332];
present character, [333].
—Rivet Law, [302].
—Rouvier,
ministry, [331].
—Sarrien,
ministry, [331]
—Scrutin d'arrondissement,
established in 1820, [296];
re-established in 1889, [318];
proposed change from, [319]-320.
—Scrutin de liste,
established in 1817, [296];
election of senators by, [316];
advantages of, [319]-320;
proposals to re-establish, [320]-324.
—Senate,
original form, [315]-316;
composition and election to-day, [316]-317;
sessions, [325];
officers, [325];
bureaus and committees, [325]-326;
procedure, [326];
powers and functions, [327]-329.
—Sieyès,
electoral project, [294].
—Socialist Party,
rise, [330];
gains, [331];
in Chamber of Deputies, [332];
growth and present character, [333]-334.
—Thiers, Louis Adolph,
made Chief of the Executive Power, [302];
made President of the French Republic, [303];
retirement, [303].
—Trade-unions,
and socialism, [333]-334.
—Tribunal des Conflits, [341].
—Veto, [310].
—Waldeck-Rousseau,
ministry, [331];
Franchise, in Great Britain, in early nineteenth century, [79]-81;
extension, [81]-85;
present system, [85]-88;
questions concerning, [88]-91;
in German Empire, [224]-225;
in Prussia, [258]-260;
development in France, [294]-297;
in France to-day, [317];
in Italy, [376]-378;
in Switzerland, [426];
in Austria, [467]-472;
in Holland, [526]-528;
in Belgium, [539]-548;
in Denmark, [563]-564;
in Norway, [581]-582;
in Sweden, [592]-597;
in Spain, [617]-618;
in Portugal, [637], [641].

Germany
(see also [Prussia] and [Austria]):
—Abgeordnetenhaus,
of Württemberg, [278].
—Abtheilungen,
in German Reichstag, [226];
in Prussian Landtag, [264].
—Agrarian Party, [234].
—Alsace-Lorraine,
original organization, [282];
the Landesausschuss, [283];
movement for autonomy, [284];
bill of 1910, [285];
present governmental system, [286]-287.
—Amendment,
of Imperial constitution, [209].
—Amtsgericht, [243].
—Antisemitic Party, [232].
—Army, [208].
—Austria,
war with Prussia, [200].
—Baden,
granted a constitution, [197];
special privileges, [208];
governmental system, [279].
—Bavaria,
made a kingdom, [194];
granted a constitution, [197];
special privileges, [208];
governmental system, [275]-276.
—Bebel, August,
president of German Social Democratic party, [240].
—Bernstein, Edward,
and the "revisionist" socialists, [239].
—Bismarck, Otto von,
minister-president of Prussia, [199];
plan for reorganization of German Confederation, [200];
establishment of North German Bund, [200];
creation of the German Empire, [201];
and socialism, [231];
dismissed, [233];
and Prussian local government, [266]-267.
—Bloc, [234].
—Bremen,
governmental system, [281].
—Bülow, Count von,
chancellor, [234];
and political parties, [236];
on electoral reform in Prussia, [261].
—Bund.
See [Confederation of 1815] and [North German Confederation].
—Bundeskanzleramt, [216].
—Bundesrath,
composition, [217];
legal character, [218];
sessions and procedure, [219];
committees, [220];
powers and functions, [221]-222.
—Caprivi, General von,
chancellor, [233].
—Carlsbad Decrees, [248].
—Centre Party,
rise, [230];
pivotal position, [235];
present position, [236]-240.
—Chancellor,
appointment, [213];
legal position, [214];
functions and powers, [215]-217.
—Civil List,
of king of Prussia, [253].
—Confederation of 1815,
formation, [195];
character, [195]-197;
terminated, [200].
—Committees,
in German Bundesrath, [220];
in Reichstag, [226];
in Prussian Landtag, [264].
—Conservative Party,
rise, [229];
varying fortunes, [233]-234;
present position, [236]-240.
—Constitution,
of Confederation of 1815, [194]-196;
grants in various states, [197];
grant in Prussia, [199];
of the Empire, [202]-204;
process of amendment, [209];
of Prussia, [250]-252.
—Courts, regulated by Law of Judicial.
Organization, [243];
inferior tribunals, [243];
Reichsgericht, [244].
—Crown.
See [Emperor].
—Elections,
of members of Reichstag, [224]-225.
—Emperor,
title, [210];
legal position and privileges, [211];
powers, [211]-213;
relations with Chancellor, [214].
—Empire,
established, [201];
constitution, [202]-203;
nature, [203]-207.
—Erfurt Programme, [239].
—Frankfort,
seat of Diet, [195];
parliament of 1848, [198];
the Fürstentag, [199].
—Gneist, Rudolph von,
writings on government, [266].
—Gotha,
congress at, [231].
—Guelf Party, [232].
—Hamburg,
governmental system, [280]-281.
—Hanoverian Party, [232].
—Hardenberg, Count von,
establishes a ministry of state, [255].
—Holy Roman Empire,
terminated, [193].
—Kulturkampf, [230].
—Landgericht, [243].
—Landtag,
of Bavaria, [275]-276.
—Law,
character, [241]-242.
—Legislation,
powers, [221], [227]-228;
methods, [219]-220, [226]-227.
—Lübeck,
governmental system, [281].
—Metternich, Count,
at Congress of Vienna, [195].
—Ministry,
organization, [213]-215.
—Napoleon I.,
changes wrought in Germany, [193]-194.
—National Liberal Party,
rise, [229];
preponderance, [230];
break-up, [233].
—North German Confederation,
formation, [200];
converted into Empire, [201].
—Oberlandesgericht, [243].
—Parliamentarism,
absence in German Empire, [213];
absence in Prussia, [254].
—Parties,
rise, [229];
older alignments, [229]-230;
more recent alignments, [230]-232;
minor parties, [232]-233;
rise of the bloc, [234];
recent developments, [236]-240.
—Polish Party, [232].
—Privileges,
of members of Reichstag, [225].
—Proportional Representation,
in Württemberg, [278].
—Prussia,
in Confederation of 1815, [194]-195;
voting power in the Diet, [195]-196;
Bismarck's ministry, [199];
war with Austria, [200];
leadership of North German Bund, [200];
creation of German Empire, [201];
pre-eminence and special privileges, [207]-217;
position in Bundesrath, [218]-219;
regeneration in Napoleonic period, [246]-248;
repression of liberalism, [248];
diet of 1847, [249];
revolution of 1848, [249]-250;
formation of constitution, [250].
—Reichsgericht, [244].
—Reichsgesetzblatt, [215].
—Reichsland.
See [Alsace-Lorraine].
—Reichstag,
composition, [223];
electoral system, [224];
franchise, [225];
privileges of members, [225];
sessions and officers, [226];
committees, [226];
conduct of business, [227];
powers and franchise, [227]-228.
—Revolution of 1848,
in Germany, [198]-199;
in Prussia, [249]-250.
—Saxony,
made a kingdom, [194];
granted a constitution, [197];
governmental system, [276]-278.
—Social Democratic Party,
rise, [231];
growth, [232];
triumph in 1912, [236]-238;
present programme and character, [239]-240;
strength in Prussia, [260]-261.
—Sonderrechte, [208].
—Standeversammlung,
of Saxony, [277].
—Statthalter,
of Alsace-Lorraine, [286].
—Versailles,
William I. proclaimed emperor at, [193].
—Vienna, Congress of,
arrangements in Germany, [194].
—Vorparlament,
of 1848, [198].
—William I.,
proclaimed German Emperor, [193].
—Württemberg,
made a kingdom, [194];
granted a constitution, [197];
special privileges, [208];
governmental system, [278]-279.
—Zollverein,
rise, [197].
Great Britain.
See [England].

Hamburg,
governmental system, [280]-281.
Herrenhaus.
See [Prussia] and [Austria].
Herzegovina.
See [Austria-Hungary].
Holland:—
—Administration,
organization of province, [532]-533;
organization of commune, [533].
—Amendment,
process, [523].
—Assembly,
of province, [532].
—Batavian Republic,
established, [518].
—Belgium,
revolution in, [520];
independence of, [521].
—Commune,
organization, [533].
—Conservative Party, [529]-530.
—Constitution,
granted by William I., [519];
revision, [521]-522;
present character, [523];
process of amendment, [523].
—Council of commune, [533].
—Council of State, [524].
—Courts, [531]-532.
—Crown,
status and privileges, [523]-524;
powers, [525].
—Elections,
movement for reform, [526];
law of 1896, [527];
pending questions, [527]-528;
of 1903, [529]-530;
of 1909, [530].
—France,
Holland annexed to, [518].
—Franchise,
movement for liberalizing, [526];
law of 1896, [527];
pending questions, [527]-528.
—High Court, [531].
—Judiciary,
principles, [531];
courts, [531]-532.
—Liberal Party, [529]-530.
—Ministry,
composition, [524];
powers, [525].
—Napoleon,
relations with the Netherlands,> [517]-518.
—Parliament.
See [States-General].
—Parties,
rise, [529];
present alignment, [520];
elections of 1909, [530].
—Province,
organization, [532]-533.
—States-General,
composition of the houses, [526];
electoral system, [527]-528;
organization and powers, [528]-529;
political complexion, [530].
—Socialists, [529]-530.
—Vienna, Congress of,
arrangements respecting the Netherlands, [518].
—William I.,
king of the Netherlands, [518]-519;
grants constitution, [519]-520;
resists Belgian independence, [520]-521;
abdicates, [521].
—Woman's suffrage, [527]-528.
Holy Roman Empire,
terminated, [193].
House of Commons.
See [England].
House of Lords.
See [England].
House of Representatives.
See [Belgium].
Hungary:—
—Administration, [506]-507.
—Andrássy,
introduces electoral reform bill, [495].
—Andrew II.,
promulgates Golden Bull, [446]-447, [489].
—Árpáds,
dynasty of, [447].
—Ausgleich,
established, [458]-459;
and Hungarian political parties, [500].
—Austria,
establishment of control, [443];
encroachment by, [449]-450;
suppresses revolution of 1848, [455]-456;
constitutional experiments, [457]-468;
Ausgleich established, [458]-459.
—Bánffy,
ministry, [502].
—Banus,
of Croatia-Slavonia, [508].
—Chamber of Deputies,
composition, [493];
electoral system, [493]-494;
movement for electoral reform, [495]-496;
electoral procedure, [497]-498;
organization, [498];
powers, [499]-500.
—Constitution,
foundations, [446]-447;
development, [447]-448;
March Laws, [453]-454, [489];
character, [490].
—County,
origins, [506];
organization, [507].
—Courts, [505]-506.
—Croatia,
government, [507]-508.
—Crown.
See [King].
—Deák, Francis,
builds up Liberal party, [452];
voices demands of Hungary, [457];
retirement, [501].
—Elections,
present franchise, [493]-494;
movement for reform, [495];
reform bill of 1908, [495]-497;
procedure, [497]-498;
of 1905, [503].
—Franchise,
present system, [493]-494;
electoral reform bill of 1908, [495]-497.
—Golden Bull,
promulgated, [446]-447, [489].
—Hedérváry,
ministry, [504]-505.
—Independence,
proclaimed in 1849, [455].
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—King,
status, [491].
—Law, [505].
—Liberal Party,
origins, [452], [501]-502;
demands in 1860-1861, [457];
ascendancy, [501], [502].
—Magyars,
settlement in Europe, [445];
policies in 1848, [454];
number and domination of, [494].
—March Laws,
promulgated, [453].
—Metternich,
repressive policy, [452].
—Ministry,
composition and status, [491]-492.
—Mohács,
battle of, [448].
—Parliament,
composition, [492]-493;
electoral system, [493]-497;
organization and procedure, [497]-498;
powers [499]-500;
obstructionism in, [502]-505.
—Parliamentarism, [498].
—Parties,
and question of Ausgleich, [500];
rise of Liberals, [500]-501;
era of parliamentary obstructionism, [502]-505.
—Pragmatic Sanction,
promulgated, [449].
—Revolution of 1848, [453]-455.
—Settlement, [445].
—Slavonia,
government, [507]-508.
—Stephen I.,
receives crown from Pope, [446].
—Table of Magnates,
composition, [492]-493;
privileges, [493];
organization and procedure, [498];
powers, [499]-500.
—Tisza, István,
ministry, [503].
—Tisza, Kálman,
ministry, [501]-502.
—Turks,
invasions of, [448].
—Wekerle,
ministry, [504].

Initiative,
in Switzerland, [421], [432]-434.
Interpellation,
in Prussian Landtag, [265];
in French Chamber of Deputies, [314];
in Italian Chamber of Deputies, [380].
Ireland,
union of 1801, [40]-41;
allotment of parliamentary seats, [85];
over-representation, [89];
representative peers, [98]-99;
question of Home Rule, [150]-152.
Italy:—
—Administration,
patterned on French, [363];
nature and organization of province, [384];
nature and organization of commune, [385].
—Austria,
influence in Italy in eighteenth century, [353];
position after 1815, [358];
helps suppress revolution of 1848, [361];
Piedmontese-French alliance against, [362];
loss of Venetia, [364].
—Ballottaggio, [378].
—Bissolati,
political influence, [397].
—Bonaparte, Napoleon,
and the Cisalpine Republic, [354];
overthrows Genoese oligarchy, [354];
wins at Marengo, [355];
supervises revision of Italian constitutions, [355]-356;
crowned king of Italy, [356];
annexes Rome to France, [357];
prophecy of Italian unification, [359].
—Campo Formio,
treaty of, [354].
—Cassation,
courts of, [382].
—Catholics,
political activities, [400]-402.
—Cavour, Count,
policies, [362].
—Chamber of Deputies,
composition, [375];
franchise law of 1882, [376];
franchise to-day, [376]-377;
electoral procedure, [378];
qualifications and privileges of members, [378]-379;
organization, [379]-380;
procedure, [380]-381.
—Charles Albert I.,
becomes king of Piedmont, [360];
grants constitution in 1848, [360]-361;
abdicates, [361].
—Circondaro, [383].
—Cisalpine Republic, [353]-354.
—Code Napoléon,
established in Italy, [357].
—Committees,
of Parliament, [380].
—Commune,
nature and organization, [385].
—Conservative Party,
origins, [391];
lack of normal development, [398].
—Constitution,
of Cispadane Republic, [354];
of Transpadane Republic, [354];
of Ligurian Republic, [355];
of Roman Republic, [355];
of Parthenopæan Republic, [355];
revisions in 1802-1803, [355]-356;
of Napoleonic kingdom of Naples, [357];
proclaimed in Naples in 1820, [359];
proclaimed in Naples in 1848, [360]-361;
granted in Piedmont in 1848, [360]-361;
character of Statuto, [365]-367.
—Council,
of province, [384];
of commune, [385].
—Courts,
patterned upon the French, [381];
ordinary tribunals, [381]-382;
courts of cassation, [382];
administrative courts, [382]-383.
—Crispi,
ministries, [393], [394]-395.
—Crown,
status, [368];
civil list, [368];
powers and functions, [368]-369;
relation with ministers, [370].
—Depretis,
ministries, [392]-393.
—Elections,
development of laws regarding, [376];
franchise, [376]-378;
procedure, [378];
Catholic participation in, [400]-402;
of 1909, [402]-403.
—Extreme Left,
influence, [395];
groups of, [398].
—France,
relations with Italy during Napoleonic period, [354]-357;
allied with Piedmont, [362];
receives Savoy and Nice, [363];
withdrawal of troops from Rome, [364].
—Franchise,
prior to 1882, [375];
law of 1882, [376];
present regulations, [376]-377;
electoral reform, [377].
—Fortis,
ministry, [396].
—Garibaldi,
conquest of Sicily, [363].
—Genoa,
government remodelled, [354].
—Giolitti,
ministries, [394], [396]-398.
—Giunta,
of province, [384];
of commune, [385].
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—Italian Republic, [356].
—Interpellation, [380].
—Left,
origins, [391];
dominance, [392]-394;
prospects of harmony, [398].
—Liberal Party,
in control, [395].
—Ligurian Republic,
established, [354];
annexed to France, [356].
—Lombardy,
Austria's position in, [353], [358];
annexed to Piedmont, [363].
—Lunéville,
treaty of, [355].
—Luzzatti,
ministry, [396].
—Mandamento, [381].
—Milan,
Transpadane Republic inaugurated at, [354];
Napoleon crowned at, [356].
—Ministry,
composition, [369];
organization and functions, [370]-371;
ordinances, [371]-372.
—Naples,
invaded by French, [355];
Murat king of, [357];
revolution of 1820, [359];
revolution of 1848, [360]-361;
annexed to kingdom of Italy, [363].
—Napoleon.
See [Bonaparte].
—Nice,
ceded to France, [363].
—Non Expedit,
purpose and effect, [400]-401;
partial relaxation, [401]-402.
—Novara,
battle of, [361].
—Ordinances, [371].
—Papacy,
and revolution of 1848, [360]-361;
losses of territory to Piedmont, [362]-363;
and of temporal dominion, [387];
Law of Papal Guarantees promulgated, [388];
prerogatives, [388]-389;
relations with state, [389];
opposition to existing system, [390];
the Non Expedit, [400]-402.
—Papal Guarantees, Law of,
promulgated, [388];
contents and character, [388]-389;
papal attitude toward, [390].
—Parliament,
of united kingdom of Italy, [364];
composition, [372]-373;
legislative weakness of Senate, [373];
proposed reform of Senate, [373]-374;
composition of Chamber of Deputies, [375];
franchise, [376]-377;
electoral procedure, [378];
qualifications and privileges of members, [378]-379;
organization, [379]-380;
procedure, [380]-381.
—Parties,
rise of, [391];
rule of Radicals, [392]-394;
era of composite ministries, [395]-398;
lack of real conservatives, [398]-399;
groups of Extreme Left, [398];
rise of socialism, [399]-400;
effects of the Non Expedit, [401]-402;
elections of 1909, [402]-403.
—Parthenopæan Republic, [355].
—Piedmont,
incorporated with France, [355];
recovery in 1815, [358];
revolution of 1821, [360];
revolution of 1848, [360];
obtains constitution, [361];
accession of Victor Emmanuel II., [361];
ascendancy of, [362];
annexations of 1859-1860, [362].
—Pius IX.,
reforms, [360];
and revolution of 1848, [360]-361;
loss of temporal dominion, [387];
rejects Law of Guarantees, [390].
—Plombières,
agreement of, [362].
—Prefect, [384].
—Premier,
appointment, [369]-370.
—Pressburg,
treaty of, [356].
—Province,
nature and organization, [384].
—Radical Party,
origins, [391];
dominance, [392]-394.
—Republican Party,
weakness, [399].
—Revolution,
of 1820-1821, [359];
of 1848, [360].
—Right,
origins, [391];
loss of power, [392];
coalition with Left, [393].
—Risorgimento, [353].
—Roman Republic, [355].
—Rome,
republic established in 1798, [355];
annexed to France, [357];
annexed to kingdom of Italy, [364];
becomes capital of kingdom, [364].
—Rudini,
ministries, [394]-395.
—Sardinia, kingdom of.
See [Piedmont].
—Savoy,
ceded to France, [363].
—Scrutinio di lista,
established in 1882, [376].
—Senate,
composition, [372]-373;
legislative weakness, [373];
proposed reform, [373]-374;
privileges and powers, [375];
organization, [379];
procedure, [380]-381.
—Sindaco,
of commune, [385].
—Socialist Party,
rise and character, [399]-400.
—Sonnino,
ministries, [396]-397.
—Statuto,
granted, [360];
character, [365], [366]-367;
amendment, [365]-366.
—Transpadane Republic, [354].
—Treaties, [369].
—Turin,
kingdom of Italy proclaimed at, [364].
—Uffici, [380].
—Venice,
ceded to Austria, [354];
annexed to kingdom of Italy, [364].
—Vienna, Congress of,
settlement of Italian affairs, [358].
—Victor Emmanuel II.,
accession as king of Piedmont, [361];
building of Italian unity, [362]-364.
—Zanardelli,
ministry, [396].

Landsthing.
See [Denmark].
Landtag.
See [Prussia].
Law,
of England, [167]-169;
of Germany, [241]-242;
of France, [335]-339;
of Switzerland, [439];
of Hungary, [505].
London,
government, [190]-191.

Magna Carta,
importance and character, [9].
Ministry,
organization and status in Great Britain, [57]-70;
proceedings, [71]-73;
in German Empire, [213]-215;
in Prussia, [254]-256;
in France, [311]-314;
in Italy, [369]-372;
in Austria, [464]-465;
in Hungary, [491]-492;
in Holland, [524]-525;
in Belgium, [536]-537;
in Denmark, [560]-568;
in Norway, [580]-581;
in Sweden, [590]-591;
in Spain, [615]-616;
in Portugal, [635]-636, [644].

Netherlands.
See [Holland].
Non Expedit,
nature and effects, [400]-402.
Norway:—
—Administration,
organization, [588].
—Amtsthing, [588].
—Bernadotte,
and union with Sweden, [554], [573]-574.
—Commune,
organization, [588].
—Conservative Party, [585]-586.
—Constitution,
of Eidsvold, [574];
present form, [578];
amendment, [579].
—Consular Service,
question of, [576]-577.
—County,
organization, [588].
—Courts,
organization, [587]-588.
—Crown,
restoration of independence, [578];
status, [580];
powers, [580]-581;
question of veto, [584]-585.
—Denmark,
united with, [553], [572]-573;
separated from, [554].
—Eidsvold,
constitution of, [574].
—Elections,
method, [581];
franchise, [581]-582;
of 1909 and 1912, [587].
—Formaend, [588].
—Franchise,
development, [581]-582;
present system, [582].
—Haakon VII.,
crowned king, [578].
—Höiesteret, [587].
—Independence,
movement for in 1813-1814, [574];
achieved, [577]-578.
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—Kalmar,
union of, [553].
—Karlstad,
convention of, [578].
—Kiel,
treaty of, [554], [573], [575].
—Liberal Party,
growth, [585]-586.
—Lagthing.
See [Storthing].
—Michelsen,
ministry, [577].
—Ministry,
composition, [580];
functions, [580]-581.
—Odelsthing.
See [Storthing].
—Parliament.
See [Storthing].
—Parliamentarism, [581].
—Parties,
history to 1905, [585]-586;
status since 1905, [586]-587.
—Riksakt,
of 1815, [574]-575.
—Social Democratic Party, [587].
—Steen,
carries electoral reform, [581].
—Storthing,
composition, [581];
electoral system, [581]-582;
sessions and organization, [582];
powers and procedure, [583]-584.
—Sverdrup,
organizes first Liberal ministry, [585].
—Sweden,
union with established, [574];
nature of union, [574]-575;
friction with, [575]-576;
question of consular service, [576]-577;
separation from, [577]-578.
—Union.
See [Sweden].
—Veto,
power of, [584]-585.
—Woman's Suffrage,
status, [582].

Papacy.
See [Italy].
Parliament.
See [England], [France], [Italy], [Austria], etc.
Parliamentarism,
in Great Britain, [143];
in German Empire, [213];
in Prussia, [254];
in Austria, [464]-465, [480]-481;
in Hungary, [498];
in Belgium, [536]-537;
in Denmark, [560]-562;
in Norway, [581];
in Sweden, [591].
Parties,
rise in England, [38]-39;
history in England, [143]-166;
in Germany, [229]-240;
in France, [329]-333;
in Italy, [391]-402;
in Switzerland, [434]-437;
in Austria, [475]-483;
in Hungary, [500]-505;
in Holland, [529]-530;
in Denmark, [565]-568;
in Norway, [585]-587;
in Sweden, [592]-600;
in Spain, [620]-625;
in Portugal, [631]-633, [639]-642.
Plural vote,
in England, [88]-90;
in Austria, [468];
in Belgium, [550]-551.
Portugal:—
—Administration,
organization under monarchy, [638]-639;
under republic, [646].
—Arriaga, Manoel,
elected president, [642].
—Bonaparte, Napoleon,
subjugation by, [629].
—Braga, Theophile,
leader of provisional government, [641].
—Braganza, house of,
proscribed, [641]-642.
—Brazil,
relation with, [629].
—Chagas, João,
ministry, [642].
—Charter,
of 1826, [630];
revised, [631].
—Chartist Party, [630]-631.
—Commune,
organization, [638]-639.
—Congress,
composition and powers, [645]-646.
—Constitution,
of 1826, [630];
revision of 1852, [631];
character under monarchy, [634]-635;
of republic framed, [642]-643;
nature, [643];
amendment, [643].
—Cortes,
extinct at opening of nineteenth century, [629];
revival, [630]-631;
party strength under monarchy, [633]-634;
renewed in 1908, [634];
composition under monarchy, [636]-638.
—Council of Municipalities,
composition and powers, [645]-646.
—Courts,
under monarchy, [638];
under republic, [646].
—Crown,
status prior to 1910, [635]-636.
—Dictadura,
of France, [633]-634.
—District,
organization, [638]-639.
—Elections,
of 1906, [633];
system prior to 1910, [637];
of 1910, [640];
provision for in decree of 1911, [641]-642.
—Franchise,
under monarchy, [637];
under decree of 1911, [642].
—Franco,
dictatorship, [633]-634.
—House of Deputies,
under monarchy, [636]-637.
—House of Peers,
under monarchy, [636]-637.
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—Liberal Concentration,
of 1906, [633].
—Manoel II.,
overthrow, [641].
—Miguel,
assumption of crown, [630].
—Ministry,
status prior to 1910, [635]-636;
under the republic, [644].
—National Council,
composition and powers, [645]-646.
—Parties,
rivalries, [631]-632;
dictatorship of Franco, [633]-634;
elections of 1906, [633];
and revolution of 1910, [639]-642.
—Pedro IV.,
contest with Miguelists, [630].
—Pombal,
reforms, [629].
—President,
status and powers, [644].
—Progressive Party, [631]-634.
—Regenerador Party, [631]-634.
—Revolution of 1910,
origins, [639];
character and results, [640]-641.
—Rotativos, [632]-633.
—Septembrist Party, [631].
—Thomar, Count of,
ministry, [631].
President,
of France, [303]-312;
of Switzerland, [422]-424;
of Portugal, [644].
Proportional Representation,
in Würtemberg, [278];
movement for in France, [320]-324;
in Switzerland, [419], [433];
in Belgium, [543]-545;
in Denmark, [563].
Province,
in Prussia, [268]-270;
in Italy, [384];
in Austria, [485]-487;
in Holland, [532]-533;
in Belgium, [550]-551;
in Spain, [627].
Prussia
(see also [Germany] and [Austria]):—
—Abgeordnetenhaus,
composition, [258];
electoral system [258]-260;
question of electoral reform, [260]-263;
session and powers, [263]-264.
—Abtheilungen,
in Landtag, [264].
—Administration,
reform measures of Stein and Hardenberg, [265];
reforms of Bismarck, [266];
general principles, [267];
the province and its government, [268]-270;
the government district, [270]-271;
the circle, [271]-272;
the commune, [272]-273.
—Amendment,
of constitution, [252].
—Amtsgerichte, [243].
—Austria,
war with, [200].
—Bezirksausschuss, [270].
—Charlottenburg,
constitution promulgated at, [251].
—Circle.
See [Kreis].
—Civil List, [253].
—Committees,
in Landtag, [264].
—Commune,
organization, [272]-273.
—Constitution,
obstacles to establishment, [248];
promulgated, [250];
nature, [251];
amendment, [252].
—Crown,
status and power, [252].
—Diet,
of 1847, [249].
—Elections,
present system, [258]-260;
question of reform, [260]-263.
—Franchise, [258]-260.
—Frederick William III.,
and constitutionalism, [248]-250.
—Hardenberg,
reform measures, [247]-265.
—Herrenhaus,
original provisions of constitution concerning, [257];
law of 1853, [257];
composition to-day, [257]-258.
—Interpellation,
in Landtag, [265].
—Judiciary, [243]-244.
—Kreis,
organization, [271].
—Kreisausschuss, [271].
—Kreistag, [271].
—Landeshauptmann, [270].
—Landgerichte, [243].
—Landrath, [271].
—Landtag,
composition, [257]-258;
electoral system, [258]-260;
electoral reform, [260]-263;
sessions, [263];
powers, [264].
—Ministry,
composition, [254];
organization and workings, [255]-256;
subsidiary executive bodies, [256].
—Napoleon,
and Prussia, [246]-247.
—Oberlandesgerichte, [243].
—Oberpräsident, [269].
—Oberrechnungskammer, [256].
—Regierungsbezirk,
organization, [270]-271.
—Regierungspräsident, [270].
—Revolution of 1848, [249]-250.
—Schulze, [272].
—Social Democratic Party, [260]-261.
—Stadtrath, [273].
—Stein,
reform measures, [247], [265];
and Prussian local government, [265].
—Parliamentarism,
absence of, [254].
—Province,
origins and number, [268]-269;
organs of central administration, [269];
organs of self-government, [269]-270.
—Provinziallandtag, [270].
—Provinzialrath, [269].
—Volkswirthschaftsrath, [256].