The Governments of Europe

by Frederic Austin Ogg

Referendum,
Unionist proposal in Great Britain, [109];
in Swiss cantons, [419]-420;
in Swiss federal government, [430]-432.
Reichsrath.
See [Austria].
Republicanism,
in France, [297]-298, [302]-304, [329]-330;
in Italy, [399].
Rigsdag.
See [Denmark].
Riksdag.
See [Sweden].

Saxony,
made a kingdom, [194];
granted a constitution, [197];
governmental system, [276]-278.
Scotland,
union of 1707, [39]-40;
allotment of parliamentary seats, [85];
representative peers, [98]-99.
Senate.
See [France], [Italy], [Belgium], [Spain].
Social Democrats,
in German Empire, [231]-240;
in Prussia, [260]-261;
in France, [330]-334;
in Italy, [399]-400;
in Switzerland, [434]-436;
in Austria, [469]-470, [483];
in Holland, [529]-530;
in Belgium, [540]-548;
in Norway, [587];
in Sweden, [593]-595, [600];
in Spain, [625].
Spain:—
—Administration,
organization, [627]-628;
principles, [628].
—Alfonso XII.,
accession, [610].
—Amendment,
of constitution, [611].
—Ayuntamiento,
of commune, [628].
—Bonaparte, Napoleon,
conquest by, [603]-604.
—Cadiz,
Cortes convoked at, [604].
—Cánovas del Castillo,
ministries, [621]-622.
—Carlists, [606], [609], [620].
—Commune,
organization, [627].
—Congress of Deputies,
composition and election, [617]-618;
sessions and organization, [618]-619;
powers, [619]-620.
—Conservative Party,
character, [621], [625];
governments of, [621]-623.
—Constitution,
of 1812 drawn up, [604];
rescinded by Frederick VII., [605];
of 1834, [607];
of 1837, [607];
of 1845, [607]-608;
of 1869, [608];
of 1876, [611];
character and contents to-day, [611]-612.
—Cortes,
convened in 1810, [604];
drafts constitution of 1812, [604];
under constitution of 1812, [604];
under constitution of 1834, [607];
under constitution of 1837, [607];
under constitution of 1845, [608];
under constitution of 1869, [608]-609;
establishes republic, [609];
re-establishes monarchy, [610];
adopts constitution of 1876, [611];
composition to-day, [616]-618;
sessions and organization, [618]-619;
powers, [619]-620;
strength of parties, [624]-625.
—Council,
of province, [627];
of commune, [628].
—Courts,
organization, [626]-627.
—Crown,
rules of succession, [613];
regencies, [613]-614;
powers, [614]-615.
—Elections,
of senators, [617];
of deputies, [618];
of 1907 and 1910, [624]-625.
—Espartero,
regent, [607].
—Estatuto Real,
of 1834, [607].
—Isabella II.,
accession, [606];
declared of age, [608];
abdicates, [608].
—Ferdinand VII.,
reign, [605]-607.
—France,
intervention, [605].
—Franchise,
present system, [618].
—Governor,
of province, [627].
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—King.
See [Crown].
—Law, [626].
—Liberal Party,
character, [621], [625];
governments of, [621]-623.
—Maria Christina,
regency, [606]-607;
abdicates, [607].
—Maura,
ministries, [623]-624.
—Ministry,
composition, [615];
functions, [615]-616.
—Parliament.
See [Cortes].
—Parties,
beginnings, [620];
character of Liberals and Conservatives, [621]-622;
since 1903, [623]-624;
elections of 1910, [624]-625;
republicans and socialists, [625].
—Pragmatic Sanction,
of 1830, [606].
—Province,
organization, [627].
—Regency, [613]-614.
—Republic,
established, [609];
abolished, [610].
—Republican Party,
rise, [620];
present character, [625].
—Revolution of 1820, [605].
—Sagasta,
ministries, [621]-623.
—Salic Law,
rescinded, [606].
—Scrutin de liste,
in election of deputies, [618].
—Senate,
composition, [616];
appointment and election, [616]-617;
sessions and organization, [618]-619.
—Serrano,
regent, [609].
—Socialist Party,
character of, [625].
—Succession,
rules of, [613].
—Supreme Court, [626]-627.
States-General.
See [Holland].
Storthing.
See [Norway].
Sweden:—
—Administration,
organization, [601].
—Agricultural Party.
See [Landtmannapartiet].
—Amendment,
process, [589].
—Bernadotte,
and union with Norway, [554], [573]-574.
—Conservative Party,
and electoral reform, [592]-596;
long tenure of power, [599]-600.
—Consular Service,
question of, [576]-577.
—Constitution,
character, [572], [589];
amendment, [589].
—Constitutional Committee, [598].
—County,
organization, [601].
—Courts,
organization, [600]-601.
—Crown,
early status, [570]-571;
present basis, [590];
relations with ministry, [590]-591.
—Elections,
present system, [592];
movement for reform, [592]-596;
of 1908 and 1911, [600].
—Franchise,
present regulations, [592];
rise of movement for reform, [592]-593;
Conservative proposal of 1904, [593]-594;
Staaff project of 1906, [594]-595;
law of 1907-1909, [595]-596;
question of women's suffrage, [596];
bill of 1912, [596]-597.
—Gustavus III.,
rehabilitation of monarchy, [571].
—Gustavus IV.,
abdicates, [572].
—Högsta Domstolen,
organization and functions, [600]-601.
—Independence,
established, [570].
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—Karlstad,
convention of, [578].
—Kiel,
treaty of, [554], [573], [575].
—Landsthing,
of county, [601].
—Landtmannapartiet,
growth, [599].
—Liberal Party,
and electoral reform, [592]-596;
gains, [600].
—Lindman,
project for electoral reform, [595].
—Ministry,
composition, [590];
powers, [590]-591.
—Norway,
union with, [573]-574;
nature of union, [574]-575;
friction with, [575]-576;
question of consular service, [576]-577;
separation of, [577]-578.
—Parliament.
See [Riksdag].
—Parliamentarism, [591].
—Parties,
and electoral reform, [592]-596;
military and tariff questions, [598]-599;
history since 1891, [599]-600.
—Regerings-formen, of 1809,
promulgated, [572].
—Riksakt,
of 1815, [574]-575.
—Riksdag,
original character, [591];
reorganization in 1866, [591];
composition of chambers, [591]-595;
electoral system, [582];
movement for electoral reform, [592]-596;
organization and procedure, [597];
powers, [597]-598.
—Social Democratic Party,
and electoral reform, [593]-595;
gains, [600].
—Staaff,
project for electoral reform, [594].
—Statsrad.
See [Ministry].
—Supreme Court.
See [Högsta Domstolen].
—Union.
See [Norway].
—Women's Suffrage,
movement for, [596]-597.
Switzerland:—
—Act of Mediation, [407].
—Bezirksammann, [422].
—Bezirksrath, [422].
—Bonaparte, Napoleon,
promulgates Act of Mediation, [407].
—Bundesgericht,
nature and functions, [437]-438.
—Bundesrath.
See Federal Council.
—Canton,
constitutions liberalized, [409];
sovereignty, [412];
federal control, [412]-413;
powers exercised concurrently with Confederation, [414]-415;
variation of constitutions, [416];
the Landesgemeinde, [417]-418;
the Greater Council, [418]-419;
use of referendum, [419]-420;
use of initiative, [421];
the executive Council of State, [421];
local administration, [422];
the judiciary, [422].
—Centralism,
triumph in 1848, [410];
as a political issue, [434].
—Clerical Party,
character, [434]-435.
—Commune, [422].
—Confederation,
origins, [405];
composition in later eighteenth century, [406];
erected into Helvetic Republic, [406];
remodelled in 1803, [407];
reorganized in 1815, [408];
constitution of 1848 and 1874, [410];
nature, [411]-412;
control of cantons by, [412];
powers vested exclusively in, [413]-414;
powers denied, [414]-415;
general aspects, [415].
—Constitution,
of Helvetic Republic, [406]-407;
remodelled in 1803, [407];
of 1815, [408];
of cantons liberalized, [409];
of 1848, [410];
revision of 1874, [410];
nature of government established by, [411]-416;
amendment, [431]-432.
—Council of State,
executive agency in cantons, [421].
—Council of the States,
composition, [427];
compared with Senate of United States, [427]-428;
powers, [428]-429;
procedure, [429]-430.
—Courts,
of the cantons, [422];
absence of administrative tribunals, [425]-426;
the Bundesgericht, [437]-438;
Civil Code, [439].
—Diet,
of Confederation in 1803-1815, [407];
after 1815, [408].
—Elections,
of Federal Council, [423];
of National Council, [426];
of Council of the States, [428];
party conditions, [435]-437.
—Federal Assembly,
relations with Federal Council, [424]-425;
composition, [426];
powers, [428]-429;
procedure, [429]-430.
—Federal Court.
See [Bundesgericht].
—Federalism,
triumph of in 1803, [407];
in 1815, [408];
survival in present constitutional system, [411];
as a political issue, [434].
—Federal Pact, [408].
—Franchise, [426].
—Gemeindeversammlung, [422].
—Greater Council,
of the canton, [418]-419.
—Helvetic Republic,
creation and character, [406]-407.
—Initiative,
employment in cantons, [421];
in the federal government, [432]-434.
—Judiciary.
See [Courts].
—Landammann, [421]-422.
—Landesgemeinde, [417]-418.
—Law, [439].
—Left.
See [Radical Party].
—Liberal Party,
character, [435].
—National Council,
composition, [426];
organization, [427];
powers, [428]-429;
procedure, [429]-430.
—Parties,
prolonged ascendancy of Radicals, [434];
alignments to-day, [434]-435;
stability of groups, [435]-436;
inactivity, [436]-437.
—President,
election and functions, [422]-424.
—Proportional Representation, [419], [433].
—Radical Party,
prolonged ascendancy, [434];
present character, [434]-436.
—Referendum,
origins, [419];
operation in cantons, [419]-420;
optional form in federal government, [430]-431;
obligatory form, [431]-432.
—Right.
See [Clerical Party].
—Socialist Party,
rise, [434]-436.
—Sonderbund, [409].
—Vienna, Congress of,
disposition of Swiss affairs, [408].

Table of Magnates.
See [Hungary].

Woman's Suffrage,
in Great Britain, [91]-92;
in Holland, [527]-528;
in Norway, [582];
in Sweden, [596]-597.
Württemberg,
made a kingdom, [194];
granted a constitution, [197];
special privileges, [208];
governmental system, [278]-279.

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The following pages contain advertisements of books by the same author or on kindred subjects.

Social Progress in Contemporary Europe

By FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG, Ph. D., Professor of Political Science in the University of Wisconsin.

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