The English Village Community / Examined in its Relations to the Manorial and Tribal Systems and to the Common or Open Field System of Husbandry; An Essay in Economic History (Reprinted from the Fourth Edition)

by Frederic Seebohm

• Acre, the 'selio,' or strip in the open field (40 x 4 rods), [3], [106], [385]. A day's work in ploughing, [124]. Reason of its shape, [124]. Welsh acre, see 'Erw'
• Ager, agellus, agellulus, territory of a manor, [167]
• Ager publicus, tenants on, [272]–[288]. Tendencies towards manorial methods of management, [300], [308]
• Agri decumates, occupied by Alamannic tribes, [282]–[288]. Position of tenants on, [311]
• Agri occupatorii, with irregular boundaries, [277], and sometimes scattered ownership, [278]
• Agrimensores (Roman), methods of centuriation, [250], [276], [279]
• Aillt, or altud. See 'Taeog.' Compare Aldiones of Lombardic Laws and Saxon 'althud' = foreigner, [281]
• Alamanni, German tribes, offshoots of, Hermundori, Thuringi, &c., [282]. Some deported into Britain, [285]. Conquered by Julian, [286]
• Alfred the Great, his founding the New Minster at Winchester, [160]. Services of serfs on his manor of Hysseburne, [162]. His sketch of growth of a new ham, [169]. His Boethius quoted, [168]
• Amobr, fee on marriage of females under Welsh laws, [195]
• Andecena, day work of serf under Bavarian laws same shape as English acre, [325], [386], [391]
• Angariæ and parangariæ, carrying or post-horse services (see Roman 'sordida munera'), [297], and so any forced service, [298]. Manorial services, [324]–[327]
• Anwänder, German 'headland,' [381]
• Archenfeld, in Wales, survey of, in Domesday Book, [182], [206]–7
• Averagium manorial carrying service from avera or affri, beasts of burden, [298], n.; at Bleadon, [57]
• Balk, the unploughed turf between two acre strips in the open fields. [4]; in 'Piers the Plowman,' [19]; in Cambridge terrier, [20]; in Welsh laws, [119]; a Welsh word, [382]
• Ballibetogh, cluster of 16 taths or homesteads, [215]–[224]
• Bally, Irish townland, [221], [223]
• Battle Abbey Records (A.D. 1284–7), [49]
• Bede, complaint of lavish grants of manors to monasteries, [168]
• Bees, Welsh Law of, [207]
• Bene-work or Boon-work. See Precariæ
• Black Death, [20]; influence on villenage, [31]
• Boc-land, land of inheritance permanently made over by charter or deed, [168], [171]
• Boldon Book (A.D. 1183), evidence of, [68]–[72]
• Book of St. Chad, Welsh charters in margins of, [209]
• Booths, making of, by villani, for fairs of St. Cuthbert, [71]
• Bordarii, or cottagers (from 'bord,' a cottage), [76]; in Domesday Survey, [95]; normal holding about 5 acres, [97]; mentioned in Liber Niger of Peterborough, [97]
• Boundaries, method of describing, in Hitchin Manor, [9]; in Saxon charters, [107], [111]. Manor of King Edwy (Tidenham), [149]; in Lorsch charters, [331]. Roman method, [9]. See also, [375]
• Bovate (Bovata terræ), the half yard-land contributing one ox to the team of eight, [61]. 2 bovates in Boldon Book = virgate, [68]
• Brehon Laws, [226], [231], [232]
• Breyr, free Welsh tribesman, [192]
• Britain, Belgic districts of, pre-Roman settled agriculture in, [245]. Exports of corn during Roman rule, [247], [286]. The marling of the land described by Pliny, [250]. Analogous to 'one-field system' of North Germany, [372]
• Bucenobantes, deported into Britain, [287]
• Butts, strips in open fields abutting others, [6]
• Cæsar, description of British and Belgic agriculture, [246]. Ditto of chiefs and tribesmen in Gaul, [305]. Description of German tribal system, [336]–[338]
• Cambridge, terrier of open fields of, in fourteenth or fifteenth century, [19], [20]
• Carpenter, village official having his holding free, [70]
• Caruca (see Carucate), plough team of eight oxen, yoked four to a yoke, [62], [74], [123]; carucæ adjutrices, or smaller teams of villeins, [48], [74], [85]; variations in team, [64], [74]; of Domesday Survey, [85]
• Carucate, unit of assessment = land of a caruca (see Caruca), connexion with hide, [40]. Used in Domesday Survey, [85]
• Centenarii, Roman and Frankish officials, [300]–[303]
• Centuria, division of land by Roman Agrimensores of 200 or 240 jugera, [276]. Divided into eight normal single holdings of 25 or 30, or double holdings of 50 or 60 jugera, [276]
• Centuriation. See Agrimensores
• Ceorl= husbandman; a wide term embracing, like 'geneat,' the lower class of freemen and serfs above the slaves, [110], [144]
• Chamavi, pagus chamaviorum, [285]
• Co-aration, or co-operative ploughing by contributors to team of eight oxen, [117]. Described in Welsh Laws as 'Cyvar,' [118]–[124]; in Ireland, [226]; in Palestine, [314]; in Roman provinces, [278]
• Coloni, position of, on the later Roman villa, [266]. Right of lord to compel son to continue his parent's holding and services, [267]. Often barbarians, [269]. Like usufructuarii, [309], n. Possibly with single succession, [308]–[310]
• Commendation, surrender, putting a freeman under the patrocinium or lordship of another, instances of, [305]. Salvian's description of, [307]. Effect of, [307]–[310]. Practice continues under Alamannic and Bavarian laws, allowing surrenders to the Church, [316]–[335]
• Continuity of English village sites, [424]–[436]
• Cornage, cornagium, tribute on horned cattle, [71]
• Co-tillage. See Co-aration
• Cotsetla, or cottier, in 'Rectitudines', = bordarius in Domesday Survey, [130]; his services, &c., [130]–[131]
• Cottier tenants, holders in villenage of a few scattered strips in open fields, [24], [29], [34], [69]
• Cyvar. See Co-aration
• 'Daer' and 'Saer' tenancy in Ireland, [231]
• Davies, Sir John, his surveys in Ireland and description of the Irish tribal system, [214]–[231]
• Dawnbwyd, food rent of Welsh taeogs, [198]
• Decuriæ, of slaves on Roman villa, [264]
• Dimetian Code of South Wales. See 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'
• Domesday Survey (A.D. 1086). Manors everywhere, [82]. Lord's demesne and land in villenage, [84]. Assessment by hides and carucates, [84]; in Kent by solins, [85]; liberi homines and sochmanni in Danish district, [86]–[89]. Tenants in villenage, villani, bordarii or cottarii, and servi, [89]. The villani holders of virgates or yard-lands, [91]; examples from surveys of Middlesex, Herts, and Liber Eliensis, [92]–[94]. Bordarii hold about five acres each, more or less, [95]–[97]. Survey of Villa of Westminster, [97]–[101]; area of arable land in England, and how much of it held in the yard-lands of villani, [101]–[104]. Survey of portions of Wales, [182]–[184], [211]
• Doles, or Dǽls, i.e. pieces or strips, hence 'gedal-land,' [110]; and run-dale (or run-rig) system of taking strips in rotation or scattered about, [228] (see also Doles of Meadow-land, [25])
• Drengage, hunting service (Boldon Book), [71]
• Ebediw, Welsh death payment or heriot, [195]
• Edward the Confessor, his dying vision of the open fields round Westminster, [100]
• Einzelhöfe, German single farms in Westphalia, [371]
• Enclosure Acts, 4,000 between 1760–1844, [13]
• English settlements, methods of, [412]–[423]
• Ergastulum, prison for slaves on Roman villa, [264]
• Erw, Welsh acre, the actual strips in open fields described in Welsh Laws, [119]
• Etch, crop sown on stubble, [377]
• Ethelbert, Laws of, hams and tuns in private ownership and mention of læts, [173]–[174]
• Faber, or village blacksmith, holds his virgate free of services, [70]
• Fleta (temp. Ed. I.), description of manor in, [45]
• Forera (Saxon foryrthe), or headland, [20], [108]
• Frankpledge, View of, [10]
• Franks, their inroads, [283]; deported into Belgic Gaul, [284]
• Frisians, [285]. Tribute in hides, [306], n.
• Furlong (shot, or quarentena), division of open fields 'a furrow long,' divided into strips or acres, [4]; in Saxon open fields, [108]; German, Gewann, [380]
• Gafol (from German Gaben, Abgaben, food gifts under German tribal system), tribute, [144], [145]; in money and in kind, of villein tenants. Perhaps survival of Roman tributum based upon tribal food rents (see 'Roman tributum,' and 'jugatio,' 'gwestva'); of villani, on English manors, [78]; of gebur, on Saxon manors, [132], [140]–[142], [155], [162]. Marked a semi-servile condition, [146], [326]
• Gafol-land, [137]. See Geneat-land
• Gafol-gilder, payer of gafol or tribute, [145]
• Gafol-yrth, the ploughing of generally three acre strips and sowing by the gebur, from his own barn, and reaping and carrying of crop to lord's barn by way of rent; in 'Rectitudines,' [132]–[140]; on Hysseburne Manor of King Alfred, [162]; in South Germany in seventh century, [326] et seq. Possibly survival of the agrarium or tenth of produce on Roman provincial tithe lands, [399]–[403]
• Gavael, the tribal homestead and holding in N. Wales, [200]–[202]
• Gavelkind, Irish gabal-cined, distinguished by equal division among heirs, [220], [352]
• Gebur, villanus proper, or owner of a yard-land normally of thirty acres with outfit of two oxen and seed, in 'Rectitudines,' [131]–[133]. His services described, [131]–[133], and [137]–[143]; his gafol and week-work in respect of yard-land, [142]; his outfit or 'setene,' [133], [143]; in laws of Ine, [147]. Services and gafol on Tidenham Manor of King Edwy, [154]. In High German 'Gebur and Gipur' = vicinus, [394], and compare [278]
• Gedal-land, land divided into strips (Laws of Ine), [110]. See Doles
• Geneat, a wide term covering all tenants in villenage, [129], [137], [154]. Servile condition of, liable to have life taken by lord, [146]
• Geneat-land, land in villenage as opposed to 'thane's inland,' or land in demesne, [116]. Sometimes called 'gesettes-land' and 'gafol-land, [128], [150]; 'gyrds of gafol-land,' [150]
• Geset-land, land set or let out to husbandmen, [128]. See 'Geneat-land'
• Gored Acres, strips in open fields pointed at one end, [6], [20]; in Saxon open fields, [108]
• Gwely, the Welsh family couch (lectus), also a name for a family holding, [195]; in Record of Carnarvon, [194]
• Gwentian Code, of South Wales. See 'Wales, Ancient Laws of'
• Gwestva, food rent of Welsh tribesmen, and tunc pound in lieu of it, [195]; early evidence of, in Ine's laws, [209]–[213]
• Gyrd (a rod-virga)
• Gyrdland. See Yardland. See [169]–[172]
• Ham (hem, heim, haim), in Saxon, like 'tun,' generally = villa or manor, [126], [254]. A private estate with a village community in serfdom upon it, [127]. Geographical distribution of suffix, [255]. See Villa
• Headland, strip at head of strips in a furlong on which the plough was turned, [4]. Latin 'forera,' Welsh 'pentir,' Scotch 'headrig,' German 'anwänder,' [5], [380]. In Saxon open fields, [108]
• Hide, normal holding of a free family (hence Latin casatum and the familia of Bede), but in later records corresponding with the full plough team of eight oxen, and so = four yard-lands. Used as the unit of assessment for early times, [38]. Perhaps from Roman times. Compare Roman tributum, [290]–[294]. Connexion with carucate and yard-land, [36]. Normal hide, 120 a., [37]. Double hide of 240 a., [37], [39], [51], [54]. Possible origin of word, [398]. The hide, the hof, and the centuria compared, [395]
• Hitchin (Herts), its 'open fields,' [1]–[7]. Map of township and of an estate therein, opposite title-page. Map of Purwell field, [6]. Its village community described in Manor Rolls of 1819, [8], and appendix. Boundaries, [9]. Officers, [10]. Common fields, [11]. Its Celtic name Hiz, [429]. Roman remains, [430]. Continuity of villages in Hitchin district from Celtic and Roman and Saxon times, [424]–[436]
• Hiwisc, Saxon for family holding, [162], [395]
• Honey, Welsh rents in. See Gwestva, [207], [211]–[213]
• Hordwell, boundaries of, in Saxon Charter, [107]
• Hundred Rolls of Edward I., A.D. 1279, evidence of, as to the prevalence of the Manor, the open-field system and serfdom in five Midland Counties, [32], et seq.
• Husband-lands in Kelso and Newminster Records = virgate or yard-land, [61]
• Hydarii, holders of hides, [52]
• Hysseburne, Manor of Stoke by, on the river Itchin near Winchester, held by King Alfred, [160]. Serfdom and services of ceorls on, [162]
• Ine, Laws of (A.D. 688), evidence of open-field system, [109]. Acre strips, [110]. Yardlands, [142]. Hides and half hides, [147]. Geneats, geburs, gafol, week-work, [147]. Welsh food rents, [212]–[213]
• Ing, suffix to local names; whether denotes clan settlements and where found, [354]–[367]
• Inquisitio Eliensis mentions liberi homines and sochmanni, [87]. Mentions villani as holding virgates, &c., [94]. Mentions both bordarii and cottarii, [96]
• Isle of Man, early division of land into ballys and quarters, [222]
• Jugatio. See Roman tributum
• Jugerum, size and form of, [387]
• Jugum. (See Roman tributum.) Roman unit of assessment, [289]–[295]. Description of, in Syrian Code, [291]. Analogy to virgate and hide, and sulung, [292]
• Jüngsten-Recht, right of youngest to succeed to holding, [352]–[354]. See also under Welsh laws, [193], [197]
• Kelso, Abbey of, 'Rotulus redituum,' stuht or outfit to tenants of, [61]
• Lammas land, meadows owned in strips, but commonable after Lammas Day, in Hitchin Manor, [11]; in laws of Ine, [110]
• Læn-land, lands granted as a benefice for life to a thane, [168]
• Læti, conquered barbarians deported and settled on public lands during later Roman rule, chiefly in Belgic Gaul and Britain, [280]–[289]
• Leges Alamannorum (A.D. 622), surrenders to Church allowed under, [317]; services of servi and coloni of the Church under, [323]
• Leges Baiuwariorum (7th century) surrenders under, [317]. Services of coloni and servi of the Church under, [325]
• Leges Ripuariorum, [304]
• Lex Salica, use of 'villa' in a manorial sense, [259]–[262], [303]
• Lex Visigothorum (A.D. 650 about) in division of land between Romans and Visigoths, fifty aripennes allotted per singula aratra, [276] n.
• Liber Niger of Peterborough Abbey (A.D. 1125), nearest evidence to the Domesday Survey, [72] et seq.
• Libere tenentes, holders of portions of demesne-land, i.e. land not in villenage, [33]. Villeins holding yard-lands in villenage may be libere tenentes of other land besides, [34]. Increasing in later times, [54]. Absent from Domesday survey generally, [86]; Archdeacon Hale's theory of their presence disproved, [86]–87 n.
• Liberi homines, of Domesday Survey in Danish districts, [86], [102]
• Lince, or lynch, acre strip in open fields formed into a terrace by always turning the sod downwards in ploughing a hill side, [5]; sketch of, [5]; in Saxon open fields, [108]; in Yorkshire 'reean' and Germany 'rain' = lince or balk, [381]
• Lingones, [284]
• Lorsch (Lauresham), instances of surrenders to the Abbey of, [329]–[333]
• Maenol, cluster of tribal homesteads in Welsh laws, in North Wales of sixteen homesteads paying between them the tunc pound, [202]. In South Wales the maenol is a group of twelve trevs, each paying tunc pound, [203]–4
• Manor, or villa, in Saxon, ham or tun. An estate of a lord or thane with a village community generally in serfdom upon it. Hitchin Manor and its connexion with open-field system, [1]–[13]. Manors before Domesday Survey—Winslow, [22]; Hundred Rolls, [32]; described in Fleta, [45]; Battle Abbey and St. Paul's, [49]; Gloucester and Worcester, [55]; Bleadon, [57]; Newminster and Kelso, [60]. In Boldon Book, [68]; in Liber Niger of Peterborough, [72]; summary, [76]. In Domesday Survey manors everywhere, 82 et seq. Westminster, [97]. Saxon 'hams' and 'tuns' were manors, [126] et seq. Manor of Tidenham, of King Edwy, [148]. Hysseburne, of King Alfred, [160]. Creation of new manors, [166]. Terra Regis composed of manors, [167]. 'Hams' and 'tuns' in King Ethelbert's laws, manors, i.e., in private ownership with semi-servile tenants (læts) upon them, [173]. There were manors in England before St. Augustine's arrival, [175]. English and Frankish identical, [253]. Villa of Salic Laws probably a manor on Terra Regis, [259]–[263]. Likeness of Roman villa to, [263]–272 (see Roman 'Villa'). Villas, or fiscal districts of Imperial officials, tend to become manors, [300]–[305]. Transition from villas to manors under Alamannic and Bavarian laws in South Germany, [316]–[335]. Frankish manors, their tenants and services, [333]. Manorial tendencies of German tribal system, [346]
• Monetary System, Gallic and Welsh pound of 240 pence of silver divided into twelve unciæ each of a score pence, [204]. The Gallic system in Roman times, [234], [292]
• Nervii, [284]
• Newminster Abbey, cartulary of, [60]
• No Man's Land, or 'Jack's Land,' odds and ends of lands in open fields, [6]. In Saxon boundaries, [108]
• Open-Field System in England; remains of open fields described, [1], et seq. Divided into acre or half-acre strips, [2], and furlongs or shots, [4]. Holdings in bundles of scattered strips, [7]; i.e., hides, half-hides, yard-lands, &c. (to which refer). Wide prevalence of system in England, [13]. The shell of a village community, [8]–[13]—which was in serfdom, [76]–[80]. The English system, the three-field system, i.e., in three fields, representing three-course rotation of crops, [11]. Traced back in Winslow manor rolls (Ed. III.), [20] et seq.; in Gloucester and Worcester surveys, [55]; Battle Abbey and St. Paul's records, [49]; Newminster and Kelso records, [60]; Boldon Book, [68]; Liber Niger of Peterborough, [72]. Summary of post-Domesday evidence, [76]. Prevalence in Saxon times, shown by use of the word æcera, [106], and by occurrence of gored acres, head-lands, furlongs, linces, &c., in the boundaries appended to charters, [108]. Evidence of division of fields into acre strips in seventh century in Laws of Ine, [109]–[110]. Holdings in hides, half-hides and yard-lands, [110]–[117]. Scattering of strips in a holding the result of co-operative ploughing, [117]–[125]. The three-field system would grow out of the simple form of tribal system, by addition of rotation of crops in three courses, settlement, and serfdom, [368]–[370]. Welsh open-field system, [181], [213], with division into 'erws,' or acres, [119]. Scattering of strips in a holding arising from co-aration, [121]. The system 'co-aration of the waste,' i.e. of grass land which went back into grass, [192], [227], [244], [251]. Like that of the Germania of Tacitus, [369], [412]. No fixed 'yard-lands' or rotation of crops, [251], [413]. Irish and Scotch open-field system like the Welsh; modern remains of, in Rundale or Run-rig system, [214]–[231]. German open-field systems, [369]–[411]; different kinds of, Feldgraswirthschaft resembling that described by Tacitus and Welsh 'co-aration of waste,' [371]. One-field system of N. Germany, [372]–[373]. Forest and marsh system, [372]. Three-field system in S. Germany, [373]. Comparison of, with English, and connexion with Roman province, [375]–[409]. Absent from N. Germany, and so could not have been introduced into England by the Saxon invaders, [373], [409], [411]. Rotation of crops, perhaps of Roman introduction, [410], [411]. Wide prevalence of forms of open-field system, [249]. Description of, in Palestine, [314]. Mention of, by Siculus Flaccus, [278]. Possibly in use on Roman tithe lands, [315]. Remains of the simple tribal form of, in modern rundale or run-rig of Ireland and Scotland, quite distinct from the remains of the three-field form in England, [437]–[439]. Described by Tusser as uneconomical, [17], and by Arthur Young, [16]
• Parangariæ, extra carrying services, see 'angariæ'
• Paraveredi, extra post-horses (see Roman 'sordida munera'), [297], from veredus a post-horse, [298]. Manorial Parafretus, [325]–[334]
• Patrocinium. See 'Commendation'
• Pfahl-graben, the Roman limes on the side of Germany, [282]
• Pflicht-theil, survival of late Roman law, obliging a fixed proportion of a man's property to go equally to his sons. In Bavaria, [313]. Compare Bavarian laws of the seventh century, [317], and Syrian code of fifth century, [312]
• Piers the Plowman, his 'faire felde,' an open field divided into half-acre strips and furlongs, by balks, [18]–[19]
• Plough-bote, or Plough-erw, the strips set apart in the co-ploughing, for the carpenter, or repair of plough, [121]. (See Carpenter)
• Plough team, normal English manorial common plough team of 8 oxen (see 'Caruca'). Welsh do., also of 8 oxen, [121]–2. Scotch also, [62]–[66]. 6, 10, or 12 oxen in Servia, [387] n. In India, [388]. Single yoke of 2 oxen in Egypt and Palestine, [314], [387]; and in Sicily, [275], and Spain, [276]
• Polyptique d'Irminon, Abbot of St. Germain des Prés, and M. Guérard's Introduction quoted, [265], [298], 641
• Præpositus of a manor elected by tenants, [48]. Holds one wista without services at Alciston, [50]. Holds his two bovates free (Boldon Book), [70]. Word used for Welsh 'maer,' [184]
• Precaria, a benefice or holding at will of lord or for life only, [319], [333]
• Precariæ or Boon-works, work at will of lord, [78]. On Saxon Manors, [140], [157]. In South Germany, [327]. Sometimes survivals of the Roman 'sordida munera,' [327], [403]
• Priest, his place in village community often with his yard-land, [90]–[111], [115]
• Probus introduces vine culture on the Rhine, [288]. Deports Burgundians and Vandals into Britain, [283]. Colonised with Læti Rhine Valley and Belgic Gaul, [283]
• Punder, keeper of the village pound, [69], [70]
• Quarentena. See Furlong. Length of furrow 40 poles long
• Rain, German for 'balk' as in Yorkshire 'reean' = linch, [381]
• Randir, from rhan, a division, and tir, land; a share of land under Welsh laws, [200]. A cluster of three homesteads in South Wales, [204]; and four randirs in the trev, [204]; but in North Wales a subdivision of the homestead, [200]
• 'Rectitudines Singularum Personarum' (10th century?), evidence of, [129] et seq. Dr. Leo's work upon, [164]
• Redon, Cartulaire de, quoted, [385]
• Rhætia, semi-servile barbarian settlers in, [288]. Sordida munera in, [296]–[299]. Roman custom, in present Bavaria as to land tenure, [313]. Transition from Roman to Mediæval manor in, [316]–[335]
• Rig, strip in Irish and Scotch open fields, [3]. Hence Run-rig system
• Roman jugatio sive capitatio, [289], [295]. See Roman tributum
• Roman 'sordida munera,' [295]–[299]. Some of them survive in manorial services, [324], [325], [327], [334], [404]
• Roman tributum of later Empire, [289]–[295]. Roman jugatio and Saxon hidage compared, id., and [397]
• Roman Veterans settled on ager publicus with single or double yokes of oxen and seed for about 30 or 60 jugera, [272]–[276]
• Roman Villa. See Villa
• Run-rig or Rundale, the Irish and Scotch modern open-field system, [3]. Survival of methods of tribal system now used in subdivision of holdings among heirs, [226], [230], [438]–[440]
• St. Bertin, Abbey of Sitdiu at, Grimbald brought by King Alfred from thence, [160]; Chartularium Sithiensis, and surveys of estates of, [255]–6; villa or manor of Sitdiu, [272], [366]; suffix 'inghem' to names of manors, [356]
• St. Gall, records of Abbey, surrenders to, [316]–[324]
• St. Paul's (Domesday of), A.D. 1222, [51]
• Salian Franks in Toxandria, [286]
• Scattered Ownership, in open fields, [7]. Characteristic of 'yard-land' in Winslow manor rolls, [23]. In Saxon open fields, [111]. In Welsh laws, [118]. Resulted from co-ploughing, [121]. Under runrig system, [226]–[229]
• Scutage, 1d. per acre or 1l. per double hide of 240 a., or 40s. per scutum, to which four ordinary hides contributed, [38]
• Seliones, the acre or half-acre strips into which the open fields were divided, separated by turf balks, [2], [3], [19], [119]
• Servi (slaves), in Domesday Survey, [89], [93]–[95]. Saxon Theow [164]–[166], [175]. Welsh caeth, [199], [238]. On Roman Villa, [263]. Arranged in decuriæ, [264]. Under Alamannic and Bavarian laws, [317], [323]–[326]
• Services of villani, chiefly of three kinds: (1) Gafol, (2) precariæ or boon-work, (3) week-work (refer to these heads), [41]. In Hundred Rolls, [41]. Domesday of St. Paul's, [53]. Gloucester and Worcester records, [58]. In Kelso records, [67]. Boldon Book, [68]. Liber Niger of Peterborough, [73]. Summary of post-Domesday evidence, [78]. On Saxon manors, in 'Rectitudines,' [130], [137]–[147]. On Tidenham manor of King Edwy, [154]. On Hysseburne manor of King Alfred, [162]. In Saxon 'weork-ræden,' [158]. Of cottiers (or bordarii) in Hundred Rolls, [44]. Gloucester and Worcester, [58], [69]. Of Saxon 'cotsetle,' [130], [141]. On German and English manors compared, [399]–[405]
• Setene, outfit of holder of Saxon yard-land, [133], [139]. See Stuht
• Shot, 4 (see furlong), Saxon 'sceot,' a division, occurs at Passau, [380]
• Siculus Flaccus mentions open fields, irregular boundaries, and scattered ownership, on agri occupatorii, [274]–[278]
• Sochmanni, a class of tenants on manors chiefly in the Danish districts, [34]. Mentioned in Hundred Rolls in Cambridgeshire, [34]; in Domesday Survey, [87], [102]
• Solanda, in Domesday of St. Paul's = double hide of 240 a., [54]
• Solin, sullung, of Kent, plough land from 'Suhl,' a plough, [54]; divided into 'yokes' (= yard-lands), [54]; sullung = 4 gyrdlands and to 12 sullung, outfit of four oxen, A.D. 835, [139]. See also, [395]
• Stuht, Kelso records, outfit of two oxen, &c., with husband-land (yard-land), [61]. Compare 'setene' of the Saxon gebur with yard-land, [133] and [139], and outfit of Roman veteran, [274]; and see under Bavarian Laws, [326]
• Succession to holdings, under the tribal system to all sons of tribesmen equally, [193], [234], [340]; to yard-lands and other holdings in serfdom single by regrant, [23]–[24], [133], [176]; so probably in the case of semi-servile holdings of usufructuarii under Roman law, [308]
• Supercilia, or linches, mentioned by Agrimensores, [277]
• Syrian Code of fifth century, [291]–[294]
• Tacitus, description of German tribal system in the Germania, [338]–[343]
• Tacogs (or aillts), Welsh tenants without Welsh blood or rights of inheritance, not tribesmen—their 'register land' (tir cyfrif), [191]; arranged in separate clusters or trevs with equality within each, [197]; their 'register land,' [197]; their dues to their lord and other incidents, [198]–[199]
• Tate, or Tath, the Irish homestead, analogous to Welsh 'tyddyn,' [214], [231]. See Tribal system, Irish
• Thane, Lord of a ham. Thane's inland = Lord's demesne land, [128]. Thane's law or duties in 'Rectitudines,' [129]; his services, [134]; a soldier and servant of king, [135]; his 'fyrd,' [136]; trinoda necessitas, [134]
• Theows, slaves on Saxon estates, [144]; their position, [164]. Example from 'Ælfric's Dialogue,' [165]
• Three-Field System. (See Open-field system.) Form of the open-field system with three-course rotation of crops
• Tidenham, Manor of King Edwy. Description of, and of services of geneats and geburs upon, A.D. 956, [148]–[159]. Cytweras and hæcweras, for salmon fishing, [152]
• Tir-bwrdd = terra mensalia, [198]
• Tir-gwelyawg, family land of Welsh free tribesmen, [191]
• Tir-cyfrif, register land of taeogs, [101]
• Tir-kyllydus, Welsh geldable land, [191]
• Tithes of Church under Saxon laws taken in actual strips or acres 'as they were traversed by the plough,' [114]; acres of tithes in Domesday Survey, [117]; Ethelwulf's grant, [114]
• Tithe lands of Sicily, [275]; of modern Palestine, [314]. (See 'Agri decumates.')
• Trev, cluster of Welsh free tribesmen's homesteads, four in North Wales, [200]–[202]; twelve in South Wales, [204]. Taeog trevs, [203]
• Treviri, [284]
• Tricassi, [284]
• Tribal System in Wales, [181]–[213]. Welsh districts and traces of, in Domesday Survey, [182], [206]–7. Food rents in D.S., [185]. Welsh land system described by Giraldus Cambrensis, [186]–[189]. In Ancient Laws of Wales, 189 et seq. The free tribesmen of Welsh blood, [190]. Homesteads scattered about, but grouped into clusters for payment of food rents, [190]. Their family land (tir-gwelyawg), [190]–[191]. Their right to a tyddyn (homestead), five free 'erws' and co-tillage of waste, [192]. The tribal household with equality within it among brothers, first cousins, and second cousins, [193]. The gwely or family couch, [194]. The gwestva, or food rent, and tunc pound in lieu of it, [195]. Other obligations of tribesmen, [195]. The taeogs or aillts (see these words) not tribesmen, their tenure and rules of equality, [197]. Land divisions under Welsh Codes connected with the gwestva and food rents, [199]–[208]. Early evidence of payment of gwestva and of food rents of taeogs, [208]–[213]. Shifting of holdings under tribal system, [205]. Cluster of twelve tyddyns in Gwent and sixteen in N. Wales pay tunc pound, [202], [203]. In Ireland and Scotland, [214]–[231]. Clusters of sixteen tates or taths (Welsh tyddyn), [215]–[217]. Sir John Davies's surveys and description of tribal system, Tanistry, and Gavelkind, [215]–[220]. Example of a Sept deported from Cumberland, [219]. Ancient division of Bally or townland into quarters and tates, [221], [224]. Quarters and names of tates still traceable on Ordnance Survey, [223]–[224]. Names of tates not personal, owing to tribal distributions and shiftings of tribal households from tate to tate, [224]. Irish open-field system—rundale or run-rig—[226]–[228]. Similar system in Scotland, [228]–[229]. Tribal system in its earlier stages, [231]–[245]. Tenacity with which tribal division among sons maintained, [234]. The tribal house, [239]. Blood money, [242]. Wide prevalence of tribal system, [244]. Absent from S.E. or Belgic districts of England at Roman conquest, [245]. In Germany, description of tribal system by Cæsar, [336]–[337]. Description of, by Tacitus, [338]–[342]. Husbandry like Welsh co-tillage of the waste for one year only, [343]–[345]. Manorial tendencies of German system: tribesmen have their servi who are 'like coloni,' [345]–[346]. The manor in embryo, [346]. Tribal households of German settlers—local names ending in 'ing'—whether clan settlements or perhaps as manorial as others, [346]–[367]
• Tun, generally in Saxon = ham or manor, (to which refer), [255]
• Tunc pound, payment in lieu of Welsh gwestva (to which refer) paid to the Prince of Wales, [196]
• Tusser, his description of 'Champion' or open-field husbandry, [17]
• Tyddyn, the Welsh homestead, [192]–[193]. Compare Irish 'tate' or 'tath' and Bohemian 'dĕdiny,' [355]
• Uchelwyr, free Welsh tribesman, [192]
• Venedotian Code of North Wales. See Wales, Ancient Laws of
• Veredus, post horse, derivation of word, [298]
• Villa, word interchangeable with manor, ham, tun, [126], [254]. Frankish heim or villa on Terra Regis was a manor and unit of jurisdiction, [257], [262]. The Roman villa, an estate under a villicus, worked by slaves, [263]. Its cohortes and ergastulum, [263]–[264]. Slaves arranged in decuriæ, [264]. Coloni, often barbarians on a villa, [266]. Likeness to a manor increasing, [267]–[268]. Burgundians shared villas with Romans, [269]. Villas transferred to Church, [270]. And continued under German rule to be villas, [270]. And became gradually mediæval manors with villages upon them, [271]. Villas surrendered under Alamannic and Bavarian laws to the Church, 317 et seq.
• Village Community or Villata, under a manor, [8]. Hitchin example. See Hitchin. Its common or open fields: arable, [11]; meadow and pasture, [11]. Its officials, [10], [70]
• Villani, holders of land in villenage, [29]. Sometimes nativi and adscripti glebæ, [29]. Pay heriot or relief; widows have dower; make wills proved in Manor Court, [30]. The yard-land the normal holding of full villanus with two oxen, [27] (see Yard-land). Sometimes they hold the demesne land at farm, [69]. Sometimes farm whole manor, [70]. Pleni-villani and semi-villani, [74]
• Villenage. See Villani. Breaking up in 14th century, [31]. Its death-blow the Black Death and Wat Tyler's rebellion, [31]–[32]. Incidents of, in Worcestershire, [56]. General incidents, [80]. See Servius
• Virgarii, holders of Virgates, [50]
• Virgate. See Yardland.
• Wales, Ancient Laws of, ascribed to Howel Dda (10th century), [189]. Contemporary with Saxon Laws, [190]. See 'Tribal System' of, [181]–[213]. Parts of, mentioned in Domesday Survey, [182], [185]
• Wat Tyler's rebellion, [31]
• Week-work. The distinctive service of the serf in villenage, [78] (and see for details 'Services'), in Rectitudines, week-work of gebur three days a week, [131], [141]. In services of Tidenham unlimited, [155]. So in those of Hysseburne, [163]. In laws of Alamanni (A.D. 622) three days on estates of Church, [323]. So in Bavarian laws (7th century), [326]. Unless lord has found everything, [326]. On Lorsch manors three days, [334]. See also, [404]
• Wele, Welsh holding in Record of Carnarvon. See 'Gwely,' [193]–[195]
• Westminster, description of its manor and open fields in Domesday Survey, [97]–[101]
• Winslow, Court Rolls of, [20]–[32]
• Wista, in Battle Abbey records = 12 hide—the Great Wista = 12 double hide, [50]
• Wizenburg, surrenders to Abbey of, [329]. Interchange between villas and heims in records of, [258]
• Yard-land (gyrd-landes, virgata terræ), normal holding of villanus with two oxen in the common plough of eight oxen—a bundle of mostly thirty scattered strips in the open fields = German 'hub.' Example of yard-land in Winslow Manor rolls, [24]. Rotation in the strips, [27]. Large area in yard-lands, [28]. Held in villenage by villani, [29]. Evidence of Hundred Rolls, [33]. Variation in acreage and connexion with 'hide,' [36], [55] = husband-land of two bovates in the North, [61], [67]. Normal holding of villanus in Liber Niger of Peterborough, [73]. Normal holding of villanus of Domesday Survey, [91]–[95]. Large proportion of arable land of England held in yard-lands at date of survey, [101]. Saxon 'gyrd-lands,' [111], [117]. In 'Rectitudines,' [133]. In 'Laws of Ine,' [142]. A bundle of scattered strips resulting from co-operative ploughing, [117]–[125]. With single succession (see 'Succession') which is the mark of serfdom of the holders, [176], [370]
• Yoke of Land (mentioned in Domesday Survey of Kent) = yard-land. Division of the sullung or double hide in Kent, [54]. Compared with Roman jugum. See Jugum
• Yoke, short for two oxen, long for four oxen abreast in Welsh laws, [120]
• Youngest son, custom for, to succeed to holding. See Jüngsten-Recht

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