In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times (Volume 1 of 2)

by Fridtjof Nansen

When therefore Norsemen (like a Leif Ericson) really found new countries in the west, precisely in the quarter where the mythical “Vínland hit Góða” (or “Insulæ Fortunatæ”) should be according to Irish legend, this was simply a proof that the country did exist; and the tales and ideas about it were transferred to the newly discovered land.

END OF VOL. I.

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INDEX

Aasen, I., i. [352]; ii. 9
Abalus, Island of, i. [70], [71], [72], [73], [118], [365]
Ablabius, i. [129], [142], [144], [155]
Abû Hâmid, ii. 145, 146
Abyss, at the edge of the world, i. [12], [84], [157-9], [195], [199]; ii. 150, 154, 240
Adam of Bremen, i. [21], [59], [84], [112], [135], [159], [179], [182], [183], [184-202], [204], [206], [229], [252], [258], [303], [312], [353], [362], [363], [365], [367], [382-4]; ii. 2, 11, 26, 29, 31, 32, 58, 63, 64, 65, 101, 143, 147-54, 165, 168, 177, 192, 214, 224, 237, 238, 240, 243, 278, 284
“Adogit,” Northern people, i. [131-3], [143], [194]
Ææa, Isle of, i. [13]
Ælian, i. [12], [16], [17]
Æningia, i. [101], [104]
Æstii (see [Esthonians])
Æthicus Istricus, i. [154-5], [187], [188]
“Ætternis stapi” (the tribal cliff), i. [18-9]
Africa, Supposed connection with Wineland, i. [326]; ii. 1-2, 29, 61, 240, 248, 280
Agathemerus, i. [44]
Agricola, i. [107-8], [117]
Agrippa, i. [97], [106]
Ahlenius, K., i. [43], [93], [104], [112], [131]
Aithanarit, i. [144], [153], [154]
Alani, i. [188], [383]
Albertus Magnus, ii. 158, 163, 178, 234
Albi, mappamundi at, ii. 183
Albion (see [Britain]), i. [38], [39], [117]
Aleutians, ii. 69, 71
Alexander the Great, i. [19], [182], [363]; ii. 57, 206, 207, 213
Alexander VI., Pope, Letter from, on Greenland (1492-3), ii. 106, 121-2
Alexander, Sir William, ii. 3
Alfred, King, i. [104], [160], [169-81], [204], [252]; ii. 156, 243
Al-Gazâl, voyage to the land of the Magǵûs, ii. 200-2
Algonkin tradition, ii. 7-8, 93;
lacrosse among, ii. 40
Alociæ, i. [118], [119], [132]
Amalcium (northern sea), i. [98-9], [105]
Amazons, i. [20], [87], [88], [112], [114], [150], [154], [159], [160], [186], [187], [189], [198], [356], [383]; ii. 64, 188, 197, 206, 209, 214
Amber, i. [14], [19], [22], [23], [27], [31-4], [70], [71], [72], [96], [101], [106], [109-10]; ii. 207
Amdrup, Captain, i. [290]
America, discovered by the Norsemen, i. [234], [248], [312]; ii. 22, 61, 63
Ammianus Marcellinus, i. [44], [123]
Anaxagoras, i. [12]
Anaximander of Miletus, i. [11]
Anaximenes, i. [11], [128]
Angles, i. [180]
Anglo-Portuguese expeditions of 1501, ii. 331-2, 357;
of 1502, ii. 332-4;
of 1503, ii. 334-5;
of 1504, ii. 335
Angmagsalik, Greenland, i. [261], [263], [282], [290], [291]; ii. 73
“Anostos,” The gulf, i. [17], [158]; ii. 150, 240
Ants, fabulous, i. [154], [336]; ii. 197
Apollo, worshipped among the Hyperboreans, i. [16], [18], [19]
Apollonius of Rhodes, i. [19], [44]
Appulus, Guillelmus, ii. 162
Arabs, i. [362], [366]; ii. 57;
their trade with North Russia, ii. 143-7, 194;
their culture, ii. 194-5;
possible exchange of ideas with the Irish, ii. 207;
Arab geographers, ii. 194-214
Arab myths, i. [382]; ii. 10, 51, 197, 206-8, 213-4;
affinity to Irish, ii. 207
Arctic, origin of the word, i. [8];
Arctic Circle, i. [53], [55-7], [62], [76], [117]
Arctic Ocean, Voyages in, i. [287]; ii. 177 (see also [Polar Sea])
Are Frode (Islendingabók), i. [165-6], [201], [253-4], [257], [258-60], [312], [313], [331], [332], [353], [354], [366], [367], [368]; ii. 11, 16, 26, 58, 60, 77-8, 82, 86, 91
Are Mársson, voyage to Hvítramannaland, i. [331-2], [353-4], [377]; ii. 42, 43, 46, 50
Argippæans, i. [23], [88], [114], [155]
Arimaspians, i. [16], [19], [98]
Arimphæi, i. [88]; ii. 188
Aristarchus of Samos, i. [47], [77]
Aristeas of Proconnesus, i. [19]
Aristotle, i. [28], [40], [41], [44], [76], [182]; ii. 48, 194
Arnbjörn Austman, lost in Greenland, i. [283]
Arngrim Jónsson, i. [263]; ii. 79
“Arochi” (or “Arothi”; see [Harudes]), i. [136], [148]
Asbjörnsen, i. [381]
Askeladden, Tale of, i. [341]
Assaf Hebræus, ii. 200
Assyria, supposed communication with the North, i. [35], [36]
“Astingi,” or “Hazdingi” (Haddingjar, Hallinger), i. [104]
Athenæus, i. [46], [351]
Atlamál en grœnlenzku, i. [273]
Atlantic Ocean, i. [10], [39], [40], [77], [78], [252], [315], [316], [346]; ii. 154, 293, 307, 308
Atlantis, i. [376]; ii. 293
Aubert, Karl, ii. 253
“Augandzi,” i. [136]
Austlid, Andreas, i. [340]
Avallon, Isle of, i. [72], [365-6], [379]; ii. 20
d’Avezac, M. P., i. [362]; ii. 216, 290
Avienus, Rufus Festus, i. [37-42], [68], [83], [123], [128], [130]
Aviones, i. [95], [118]
Ayala, Pedro de, adjunct to the Spanish Ambassador in London, ii. 295, 297, 298, 299, 301, 310, 311, 324, 325-6
Azores, discovered, ii. 292;
expeditions from, ii. 293, 345, 346, 347
“Bacallaos,” name for Newfoundland, ii. 329, 337, 339
Bacon, Roger, ii. 215, 249
Baffin Land, i. [322], [323]; ii. 41
Baffin’s Bay, i. [248], [250], [304], [305], [308], [309]; ii. 41, 72
Bahlûl, Ibn al-, ii. 197
Balcia, Island of, i. [71], [72], [99], [100], [101], [185]
Balder, i. [372]
Baltic, amber from, i. [14], [22], [32], [34], [35], [96];
ancient names for, and ideas of, i. [93], [99], [100], [105], [109], [121], [131], [167], [169], [185]; ii. 210, 211, 219;
representation of in mediæval cartography, ii. 219, 224, 227, 257, 269, 284, 286;
overland communication with the Black Sea, i. [244]; ii. 199
Basilia, island, i. [70], [71], [99]
Basques, as whalers, ii. 159-62
Bastarni (Bastarnæ), i. [111], [112], [113], [114]
Batûta, Ibn, ii. 144, 145
Baumgartner, A., i. [193]
Baumstark, A., i. [113]
Baunonia, Island of, i. [70], [98]
Bavarian geographer, The, i. [167]
Bayeux tapestry, i. [239], [248], [249]; ii. 237, 239
Bears, Polar, i. [191], [192], [323]; ii. 72, 112, 177, 191
Beatus map, i. [198], [199]; ii. 184, 185-6
Beauvois, E., ii. 40, 90
Beazley, C. R., ii. 215, 295
Bede, i. [151], [184], [193], [194], [199]; ii. 20, 156
Behaim, Martin, ii. 86, 287-9, 359, 372
Beheim, Michel, i. [226]; ii. 85, 86, 111, 117, 144, 270
Belcæ, or “Belgæ,” i. [89], [92]
Benedikson, E., i. [59]
Beormas, i. [171], [173-5], [214], [218], [219], [222]; ii. 135 (see also [Bjarmas])
Beowulf, i. [234], [372]
Bérard, V., i. [348], [371], [379]
Bergen, ii. 80, 120, 122, 125, 157, 169, 178, 210, 220, 221, 222, 260, 261, 264, 265, 266, 281, 286
Berger, H., i. [11], [12], [43], [75]
“Bergos,” island, i. [106], [107]
Bering Strait, i. [212], [223]; ii. 68, 69, 84
Berneker, Prof., ii. 175-6
“Berricen” (or “Nerigon”), i. [53], [57-8], [106], [107]
Bethmann and Waitz, i. [139]
Bexell, ii. 56
Bianco, Andrea, map of Europe (1436), ii. 267, 282
Bible, The, i. [125], [126], [153], [184], [338], [358], [363]; ii. 45, 46, 184, 185
Birds, used to find position at sea, i. [250-1], [257], [318]
Bîrûnî, ii. 199, 200
Bishops of Greenland, i. [273], [283]; ii. 29, 30-1, 98-9, 106, 108, 113-4, 121, 122, 134
Biskupa Sögur, i. [284]; ii. 8
Bjarmas (see also [Beormas]), ii. 135-40, 167
Bjarmeland (Northern Russia), i. [173-5], [288]; ii. 135-42, 154, 164, 165, 166, 168, 172, 237, 268;
“Farther Bjarmeland,” ii. 165-6
Bjarne Grimolfsson, Wineland voyager, i. [319], [320], [326], [329], [330]; ii. 20
Bjarne Herjulfsson, traditional discoverer of Wineland, i. [314], [317], [334]; ii. 21
Bjarneyjar (Bear-islands), Greenland, i. [301], [302], [304], [321], [322], [323], [335], [336]
Björn Breidvikingekjæmpe, i. [360]; ii. 49-50, 53, 54, 56
Björn Einarsson Jorsalafarer, ii. 82, 106, 112, 113
Björn Jónsson of Skardsá (Annals of Greenland), i. [263], [282-3], [288], [292], [295], [299], [301], [308], [309], [321], [377]; ii. 35, 37, 82, 83, 239
Björn Thorleifsson, shipwrecked in Greenland, ii. 82
Björnbo, Dr. A. A., i. [200], [201], [202], [297]; ii. 2, 31, 32, 116, 123, 127, 132, 147, 154, 193, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 233, 234, 240, 249, 250, 253, 261, 262, 264, 273, 277, 278, 281, 283, 284, 287, 289, 332, 353, 368, 369, 370, 374, 375
Björnbo and Petersen, i. [226]; ii. 85, 123, 124, 127, 219, 231, 234, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 262, 263, 267, 273, 275, 277, 377
Bláserkr (Greenland), i. [267], [291-6]
Blom, O., ii. 8
Boas, F., ii. 69, 70
Boats of hides (coracles, &c.), in the Œstrymnides, i. [38], [39];
Scythians, Saxons, &c., i. [154], [242];
Greenlanders’, i. [305];
Irish, ii. 92;
Skrælings’, in Wineland, i. [327]; ii. 10, 19;
in Trondhjem cathedral, ii. 85, 89, 117, 269, 270;
in Irish tales, i. [336]; ii. 20;
in Newfoundland (?), ii. 367;
Eskimo, see [Kayaks] and [Women’s Boats]
Bobé, Louis, ii. 126
Borderie, A. de la, i. [234]
Borgia mappamundi, ii. 284-5
Bornholm, i. [169], [180]; ii. 204, 265
Bothnia, Gulf of, i. [169], [187]; ii. 269;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 219
“Boti,” i. [87]
Bran, Voyage of, i. [198], [354], [356], [365], [370]; ii. 56
Brandan, Legend of, i. [281-2], [334], [337], [344], [345], [358-364], [366], [376]; ii. 9, 10, 13, 18, 19, 43-5, 50, 51, 61, 64, 75, 151, 206, 214, 228-9, 234
Brattalid, in Greenland, i. [268], [270], [271], [275], [317], [319], [320], [331]
Brauns, D., i. [377]; ii. 56
“Brazil,” Isle of (Hy Breasail, O’Brazil, &c.), i. [3], [357], [379]; ii. 30, 228-30, 279, 294-5, 318;
expeditions to find, ii. 294-5, 301, 325
Breda, O. J., ii. 31
Brenner, O., i. [58]
Brinck (Descriptio Loufodiæ), i. [378]
Bristol, trade with Iceland, ii. 119, 279, 293;
Norwegians living at, ii. 119, 180;
expeditions sent out from, ii. 294-5, 298, 301, 304, 325, 326, 327, 330, 331
Britain, i. [193], [234], [240], [241];
visited by Pytheas, i. [49], [50-3];
Cæsar on, i. [79-80];
Mela on, i. [97];
Pliny on, ii. 106;
Ptolemy on, i. [117];
in mediæval cartography, ii. 220, 227
Brittany, cromlechs in, i. [22];
tin in, i. [23], [26], [27], [29-31], [38-42]
Broch, Prof. Olaf, ii. 142, 175, 176
Brögger, A. W., i. [14]
Brönlund, Jörgen, i. [2-3]
Bruun, D., i. [164], [270], [271], [274], [275]
Bugge, Prof. A., i. [136], [137], [138], [146], [163], [164], [166], [170], [173], [234], [245], [246], [258], [297], [304]; ii. 7, 55, 80, 168, 201
Bugge, Sophus, i. [93], [94], [103], [132], [134], [135], [136], [138], [146], [148], [207], [273]; ii. 27, 28, 175
Bulgarians of the Volga, ii. 142-5, 195, 200, 210
Bunbury, E. H., i. [30], [107]
“Burgundians” (== Bornholmers ?), i. [169], [180]
Burrough, Stephen, ii. 173
Cabot, John, i. [3], [115], [312]; ii. 130, 295-330, 333, 343, 374, 377;
settles at Bristol, ii. 297;
voyage of 1496, ii. 299-301;
voyage of 1497, ii. 301-23;
voyage of 1498, ii. 311, 324-8, 349;
his discovery premature, ii. 343
Cabot, Sebastian, ii. 129, 130, 295-6, 299, 301-2, 308, 319, 326, 329, 330, 332, 333, 336-43;
reported voyage of 1508-9, ii. 336-40;
doubtful voyage of 1516 or 1517, ii. 340-2;
his credibility, ii. 296, 298, 303, 329, 338-40;
map of 1544, attributed to, ii. 303, 309, 310, 314-5, 319-20
Cæsar, C. Julius, i. [39], [40], [79-80], [92], [242]
Callegari, G. V., i. [43], [58], [59]
Callimachus, i. [375]
Callisthenes (Pseudo-), ii. 213, 234
Calypso, i. [347], [355], [370]; ii. 43
“Cananei,” i. [154-5]
Canary Isles, i. [117], [348-50], [362], [376]; ii. 2
Canerio map (1502-07), ii. 368
Cannibalism, among the Irish, Scythians, Celts, Iberians, i. [81];
Issedonians, i. [81];
Massagetæ, i. [81], [148];
in Scandinavia, i. [149]
Cantino, Alberto, his map of 1502, ii. 316, 350-1, 355, 361, 362, 364, 365, 368-74;
his letter of Oct. 1501, ii. 349-52, 360, 361, 362, 363, 367, 372
Canto, Ernesto do, ii. 331
Cape Breton, i. [324], [329], [335]; ii. 309, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 321, 322;
John Cabot’s probable landfall in 1497, ii. 314-15
Capella, Marcianus, i. [123],

[126], [184], [188], [195], [197], [334]
Carignano, Giovanni da, compass-chart by, ii. 220-2, 227, 235
“Carte Pisane,” ii. 220
Carthage, Sea-power of, i. [45], [75]
Caspian Sea, i. [10], [74], [76], [122]; ii. 142, 183, 195, 197, 213
Cassiodorus, i. [120], [128-30], [132], [137], [138], [142], [154], [155], [203]
Cassiterides, i. [23], [24], [25], [27-9], [89]; ii. 47, 48
Catalan Atlas, mappamundi of 1375, ii. 233, 266, 292
Catalan compass-chart at Florence, ii. 231, 232-3, 235
Catalan compass-chart (15th century) at Milan, ii. 279, 280
Catalan sailors and cartographers (see [Compass-charts]), ii. 217
Catapult, used by the Skrælings, i. [327]; ii. 6-8, 92
Cattegat, The, i. [93], [100], [101], [102], [105], [169], [180]
“Cauo de Ynglaterra” on La Cosa’s map, ii. 314-5, 317, 321-2;
probably Cape Breton, ii. 314;
or Cape Race (?), ii. 321-2
Celts, i. [19], [41], [42], [68], [81], [208];
early Celtic settlement of the Faroes, i. [162-4];
of Iceland, i. [167], [258];
possible Celtic population in Scandinavia, i. [210];
mythology of the, i. [379]
Chaldeans, i. [8], [47]
Chancellor, Richard, ii. 135
Chinese myths of fortunate isles, i. [377]; ii. 213
Christ, The White, ii. 44, 45, 46
Christ, Wilhelm, i. [14], [37]
Christianity introduced in Iceland, i. [260], [332];
introduced in Greenland, i. [270], [272], [357], [332], [380];
decline of, in Greenland, ii. 38, 100-2, 106, 113, 121
Christian IV. of Denmark, ii. 124, 178
Christiern I. of Denmark, ii. 119, 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 345
Chukches, i. [212]
Church, ii. 301
Cimbri, i. [14], [21], [82], [85], [91], [94], [99], [100], [101], [118], [145]
Cimmerians, i. [13], [14], [21], [79], [145]
Circumnavigation, Idea of, i. [77], [79]; ii. 271, 291-3, 296-7
Clavering, ii. 73
Clavus, Claudius, i. [226], [303]; ii. 11, 17, 85, 86, 89, 117, 248-76, 284;
his Nancy map and text, ii. 249, 250, 253, 255-69;
his later map and Vienna text, ii. 250, 251, 252-3, 254, 265-76;
his methods, ii. 252-3, 259-61;
his influence on cartography, ii. 276-9, 335, 368, 369, 370, 371
Cleomedes, i. [44], [52], [53], [55], [57], [134]
Codanovia, island, i. [91], [93-4], [103]
Codanus, bay, i. [90-5], [101], [102], [103], [105], [118]
Collett, Prof. R., i. [345]; ii. 91
Collinson, R., ii. 129
Columbus, i. [3], [77], [79], [115], [116], [312], [376]; ii. 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 300, 307, 310, 325
Compass, Introduction of, i. [248]; ii. 169, 214, 215-6;
variation of, ii. 217, 307-8, 370-1
Compass-charts, ii. 215-36, 265, 279, 280, 282, 308, 313;
development of, ii. 215-8;
limits of, ii. 218
Congealed or curdled sea, beyond Thule, i. [65-9], [70], [100], [106], [121], [165], [181], [195], [363], [376]; ii. 149, 200, 231
Connla the Fair, Tale of, i. [371]
Contarini, G., ii. 303, 336, 337, 338, 342, 343
Converse, Harriet Maxwell, i. [377]
Cornwall, Tin in, i. [23], [29], [31]
Corte-Real, Gaspar, ii. 130, 328, 330, 331, 332, 347-53, 354, 357, 358-66, 373;
letters patent to (1500), ii. 347;
voyage of 1500, ii. 360;
voyage of 1501, ii. 347-53, 360-75;
his fate, ii. 353, 375;
his discoveries, ii. 354-5, 362, 364
Corte-Real, João Vaz, unhistorical expedition attributed to, ii. 359
Corte-Real, Miguel, ii. 353, 360, 361;
letters patent to, ii. 353, 355, 376;
voyage of 1502 or 1503, ii. 353, 376;
probably reached Newfoundland, ii. 376;
his fate, ii. 376
Corte-Real, Vasqueanes, refused leave to search for his brothers, ii. 377
Corte-Real, Vasqueanes IV., reported expedition of, in 1574, ii. 378
Cosa, Juan de la, map by, ii. 302, 309-18, 321, 374;
represents Cabot’s discoveries of 1497, ii. 311-2
Cosmas Indicopleustes, i. [126], [127], [128]; ii. 183
Costa, B. T. de, ii. 129, 214
“Cottoniana” mappamundi, i. [180], [182], [183]; ii. 192-3, 208, 220, 284
Cottonian Chronicle, ii. 303, 324, 326
Crassus, Publius, visits the Cassiterides, i. [27]
Crates of Mallus, i. [44], [78-9]
Croker, T. Crofton, i. [379]
Cromlechs, Distribution of, i. [22], [239]
Cronium, Mare, i. [65], [100], [106], [121], [182], [363], [376]
Crops, in Thule, i. [63];
in Britain, i. [63];
in Greenland, i. [277]
Cuno, J. G., i. [59]
Cwên-sæ̂, i. [169]
Cyclopes, i. [189], [196]; ii. 10, 147, 148, 238
Cylipenus, i. [101], [104], [105]
Cynocephali, i. [154-5], [159], [187], [189], [198], [383]
Cystophora cristata (bladder-nose seal), i. [276], [286]
Daae, L., i. [226]; ii. 125, 129
Dalorto (or Dulcert), Angellino, ii. 226-30;
his map of 1325, ii. 177, 219, 226, 229, 235, 236;
his map of 1339 (Dulcert), ii. 229, 230, 235, 265, 266
Damastes of Sigeum, i. [16]
Danes, i. [94], [121], [136], [139], [142], [143], [145], [146], [153], [167], [169], [180], [188], [245]; ii. 115, 161
Darkness, Sea of, i. [40-1], [192], [195], [199], [363], [382]; ii. 149, 204, 206, 212
Dauciones, i. [120], [121]
Davis Strait, i. [269]
Dawson, S. E., ii. 295, 307, 319, 321
Debes, Lucas, i. [375]
Delisle, L., ii. 161
Delos, i. [375]
Delphi, i. [18], [19]
Democritus, i. [127]
Denmark, i. [82], [94], [180], [185], [234]; ii. 179, 201, 204, 205, 208, 237;
called “Dacia” on mediæval maps, ii. 188, 190, 222, 225;
representation of, in mediæval cartography, ii. 219, 225, 235, 250, 286
Denys, Nicolas, ii. 3
Desimoni, C., ii. 325
Deslien’s map of 1541, ii. 322
Detlefsen, D., i. [43], [70], [71], [72], [83], [84], [85], [93], [97], [99], [102], [119]
Dicæarchus, i. [44], [73]
Dicuil, i. [58], [160], [162-7], [252], [362]; ii. 43, 51, 229
Dihya, Ibn, ii. 200-1, 209
Dimashqî, ii. 212-3
Diodorus Siculus, i. [23], [29-30], [44], [50], [51], [52], [58], [63], [71], [80], [87], [90], [346]; ii. 48
Dionysius Periegetes, i. [114-5], [123], [356]; ii. 47, 48, 192
Dipylon vases, i. [236-7]
Disappearing (fairy) islands, i. [370], [378-9]; ii. 213
Disc, Doctrine of the earth as a, i. [8], [12], [126], [127], [153], [198]; ii. 182
Disco Bay, Greenland, i. [298], [300], [301], [302], [306], [307]; ii. 72
“Dœgr” (== half a 24 hours’ day), used as a measure of distance, i. [287], [310], [322], [335]; ii. 166, 169, 170, 171
Dogs as draught-animals, ii. 69, 72, 145, 146
Down Islands (Duneyiar), i. [285], [286]
Dozy, R., ii. 55, 200, 201
Dozy and de Goeje, ii. 51, 204
Drapers’ Company, Protest of, against Sebastian Cabot, ii. 302, 330, 338, 342
Draumkvæde, i. [367], [381]
Driftwood, in Greenland, i. [299], [305], [307], [308]; ii. 37, 96
Drusus (The elder Germanicus), i. [83]
“Dumna,” island, i. [106], [117]; ii. 257
Dumont d’Urville, i. [376]
Dvina, river, i. [173], [174], [222]; ii. 135, 136, 137, 142, 146, 164, 176
Eastern Settlement of Greenland, i. [263], [265], [267], [271], [272], [274], [275], [276], [296], [301], [302], [307], [310], [311], [321]; ii. 71, 82, 90, 107, 108, 112, 116;
decline of, ii. 95-100, 102
Ebstorf map, i. [102], [191]; ii. 187
Edda, The older (poetic), i. [273]
Edda, the younger (Snorra-Edda), i. [273], [298], [304], [342], [364]
Eden, Richard, ii. 341
Edrisi, i. [182], [382]; ii. 51-53, 202-8, 209, 210, 216;
his map, ii. 192, 203, 208, 220, 284
Egede, Hans, ii. 40, 41, 74, 101, 104, 105, 106
Egil Skallagrimsson’s Saga, i. [175], [218]
Egyptian myths, i. [347]
Einar Sokkason, i. [283], [294]
Einar Thorgeirsson, lost in Greenland, i. [284]
Einhard, i. [167], [179], [180], [185]
Elk (achlis), i. [105], [191]
Elymus arenarius (lyme-grass), ii. 5
Elysian Fields, i. [347], [349], [351]
Empedocles, i. [12], [127]
England (see [Britain]), Arab geographers on, ii. 204, 211;
maritime enterprise of, ii. 180, 294-5, 343;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 218
English State document (1575) on North-West Passage, ii. 129-30, 132
“Engronelant,” ii. 277, 279, 373
d’Enjoy, Paul, i. [377]
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, i. [20], [29], [44], [47], [52], [55], [61], [73], [75-7], [78], [82], [115]; ii. 292
Eric Blood-Axe, ii. 136
Eric of Pomerania, ii. 118, 119
Eric the Red, i. [252], [256], [259], [262], [280], [288], [293], [318-21], [324], [330], [337], [344], [368]; ii. 22, 77, 88;
discovers Greenland, i. [260], [263], [266-70]
Eric the Red, Saga of, i. [260], [266], [273], [291], [292], [293], [296], [310], [313], [314], [318], [322], [331], [332-5], [337], [338], [342], [343], [367], [382]; ii. 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 42, 43, 50, 59, 61, 89, 91, 206;
its value as a historical document, ii. 62
Eric’s fjord (Greenland), i. [267], [268], [271], [275], [317], [318], [319], [321]; ii. 112
Eric Upsi, bishop of Greenland, ii. 29-31
Eridanus, river, i. [31], [32], [34], [42]
Eruli, i. [21], [94], [136], [137-8], [139-49], [153], [235], [245]
Erythea, i. [9]
Erythræan Sea, i. [10]
Eskimo, i. [19], [51], [150], [212], [215], [216], [223], [231-2], [260], [298], [306], [307], [308], [309], [310], [368]; ii. 10, 12, 16, 17, 19, 66-94, 102-6, 107, 111-2, 113-6, 333, 366-7;
fairy-tales and legends of, ii. 8, 105, 115;
ball-game among, ii. 40-1;
distribution of, ii. 66-74;
racial characteristics of, ii. 67-8;
their culture, ii. 68-9, 91-2;
Norse settlers absorbed by, ii. 100, 102-105, 106, 107-11, 117;
unwarlike nature of, ii. 114, 115-6
Esthonians (Æstii, Osti), Esthonia, i. [69], [72], [104], [109], [131], [167], [169], [170], [181], [186]; ii. 205
“Estotiland,” fictitious northern country, ii. 131
Eudoxus, i. [46]
Eyrbyggja-saga, i. [313], [376]; ii. 42, 46, 48, 50
Fabricius, A., ii. 55
Fabyan, Robert, Chronicle (quoted by Hakluyt), ii. 303, 324, 326, 333
Fadhlân, Ibn, ii. 143
Fairies, Names for, i. [372-3]
Fairylands, Irish, i. [357], [370-1], [379]; ii. 60;
Norwegian, i. [369-70], [378]; ii. 60, 213;
laudatory names for, i. [374];
characteristics of, i. [375-9]; ii. 213-4
Faqîh, Ibn al-, ii. 197
Farewell, Cape, i. [261], [267], [280], [282], [284], [288], [291], [295], [307], [316]; ii. 73
Faroes, The, i. [254], [255], [257], [316], [324], [362]; ii. 51, 229, 262;
discovered by the Irish, i. [162-4], [233];
Irish monks expelled from, i. [252], [253];
early Celtic population in, i. [164], [253]
Felix, The monk, in mediæval legend, i. [381]
Fenni (Finns), i. [109], [112], [113], [114], [120], [149], [203]
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, letter from, ii. 300
Fernald, M. L., ii. 3, 5-6
Fernandez, João (called “Lavorador”), ii. 331-2, 356;
letters patent to (1499), ii. 346, 356;
probably sighted Greenland (1500), ii. 356, 357, 375;
took part in Bristol expedition (1501), ii. 331, 356, 357;
Greenland (Labrador) named after him, ii. 358
Filastre, Cardinal, ii. 249-50, 278
Finland (see [Kvænland]), i. [206], [209], [210], [214];
the name confused with Vinland, i. [198], [382]; ii. 31, 191;
and with Finmark, i. [382]; ii. 191, 205;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 224
Finmark, i. [61], [173], [175], [177], [191], [198], [204], [210], [213], [220], [222], [225]; ii. 86, 141, 163, 164, 172, 178, 179, 205, 211, 237;
the name confused with Finland, i. [382]; ii. 32, 191, 205;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 221
“Finn,” The name, i. [198], [205-7], [210]
“Finnaithæ” (Finnédi, Finvedi) (see [Finns]), i. [135], [137], [189], [198], [203], [204], [206], [382]
Finn mac Cumhaill, i. [363]; ii. 45
Finns, i. [109], [112], [113], [114], [120], [135], [136], [137], [149], [171],

[173-8], [189], [198], [203-32], [382]; ii. 68, 143;
Horned Finns, ii. 167
“Finns,” in southern Scandinavia, i. [103], [203], [205], [206-11]; ii. 159
Finn’s booths (Finnsbuðir), in Greenland, i. [283], [296], [305]
“Finnur hinn Friði,” Faroese lay of, ii. 33-4
Fisher, J., ii. 33, 121, 229, 249, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281
Fischer, M. P., ii. 161
Fischer, Theobald, ii. 216, 220, 230, 234
Fishing Lapps, i. [204], [205], [207], [218], [221], [223-32]
Flateyjarbók, i. [254], [283], [313], [304], [317], [318], [324], [329], [331], [334], [338], [340], [343], [344], [359], [360]; ii. 4, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 59, 61
Fletcher, Giles, i. [226]
Floamanna-Saga, i. [280], [281]; ii. 46, 81
Floating islands, Legends of, i. [375-7]; ii. 213-4
Floki Vilgerdarson, sails to Iceland, i. [255], [257], [269]
Florus, L. Annæus, i. [350]
Forbiger, A., i. [58], [102]
Forster, i. [179]
Fortunate Isles (Insulæ Fortunatæ), i. [117], [198], [334], [345-53], [367], [370], [372], [373], [382-4]; ii. 1-6, 24, 31, 42, 55, 59-61, 64, 191, 228, 280, 304
Fortunate Lake, Irish myth of, ii. 229-30
Foster-Brothers’ Saga, i. [276], [320]; ii. 9, 18
Frähn, C. M., ii. 143, 145
Franks Casket, The, i. [176]
Freydis, daughter of Eric the Red, i. [320], [328], [332], [333]; ii. 11, 51
Friesland, Frisians, i. [95], [153], [205]
Friis, J. A., i. [372]
Friis, Peder Claussön, i. [224], [227-9], [232], [369]; ii. 153, 158, 178, 268
Frisian noblemen’s polar expedition, i. [195-6], [200], [383]; ii. 147-8
Frisius, Gemma, ii. 129, 132
Frisland, fabulous island south of Iceland, i. [377]; ii. 131
Fritzner, ii. 9
Furðustrandir, i. [273], [312], [313], [322], [323], [324], [325], [326], [334], [336], [337], [339], [357]; ii. 24, 36
Fyldeholm (island of drinking), i. [352]
Gadir (Gadeira, Gades, Cadiz), i. [24], [27], [28], [30], [36], [37], [66], [79]
Galvano, Antonio, ii. 336, 337, 338, 354, 364, 376
Gandvik (the White Sea), i. [218-9], [228]; ii. 136-8, 164, 223, 237, 239
Gardar, discoverer of Iceland, i. [255-7], [263]
Garðar, Greenland, i. [272], [273], [275], [311]; ii. 106, 107, 108, 121, 122
“Gautigoth” (see [Goths]), i. [135]
Gautrek’s Saga, i. [18-9]
Geelmuyden, Prof. H., i. [52], [54], [311]; ii. 23
Geijer, E. G., i. [60], [102], [111], [131], [205], [207]
Gellir Thorkelsson, i. [366]
Genoese mappamundi (1447 or 1457), ii. 278, 286, 287
Geminus of Rhodes, i. [43], [44], [53], [54], [57], [63], [64]
Geographia Universalis, i. [382]; ii. 32, 177, 188-91, 220, 227, 339
Gepidæ, i. [139], [142], [153]
Gerfalcons, Island or land of, ii. 208, 227, 266, 289
Germania, i. [69], [71], [73], [87], [90], [95], [101], [108-14], [154], [169];
Roman campaigns in, i. [81], [83], [85], [97]
Germanicus, The younger, i. [83]
Germanus, Nicolaus, ii. 251, 276-9, 288, 290, 373
Germany, coast of, in mediæval cartography, ii. 219, 257
Gesta Francorum, i. [234]
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, ii. 340
Gildas, i. [234], [364]
Ginnungagap, i. [12], [84], [158]; ii. 35, 150, 154, 239-41
Giraldus Cambrensis, i. [379]; ii. 151, 220, 245
Gisle Oddsson’s Annals, ii. 82, 100-2, 109
Gissur Einarsson, Bishop, i. [285]
Gjessing, H., ii. 31
Glæsaria, island, i. [101], [106]
Glastonbury, Legend of sow at, i. [378-9]
“Gli,” mythical island, i. [364]
Globes, used by the Greeks, i. [78];
introduced by Toscanelli, ii. 287;
Behaim’s, ii. 287-9;
Laon globe, ii. 290;
used by Columbus, ii. 287;
and Cabot, ii. 304, 306
Gnomon, The, i. [11], [45-6]
Godthaab, Greenland, i. [271], [304], [307], [321]; ii. 73, 74
Goe, month of, i. [264], [265]
Goeje, M. de, i. [344], [362]; ii. 51, 194, 197, 198
Goes, Damiam de, ii. 354, 366, 376, 377
Gokstad ship, i. [246]
Gomara, Francesco Lopez de, ii. 129, 130, 131, 336, 337, 354, 364
Gongu-Rólv’s kvæði, i. [356]
Göta river, i. [131]; ii. 190, 205
Göter (Gauter), i. [120], [135], [141], [144], [147]; ii. 190
Goths (Gytoni, Gythones, Getæ), i. [14], [21], [71], [120], [129], [130], [135], [137], [139], [145], [147], [153]; ii. 143, 190
Gotland, i. [121], [180], [378]; ii. 125, 237;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 219, 221, 224, 233, 265
Gourmont, Hieronymus, map of Iceland, ii. 122-3, 127
Graah, Captain, i. [297]; ii. 104
Grail, Legends of the, i. [382]
Grampus, i. [50-1]
Granii, i. [136]
Grape Island (Insula Uvarum), i. [358], [361], [363], [365], [366]
Greenland, i. [184], [192], [194], [197], [199], [200], [201], [215], [223], [252], [315-21], [322]; ii. 1, 5, 12, 25, 36, 38, 40-2, 66-94, 95-134, 167, 169, 177, 244, 345, 366;
Eskimo of, ii. 71-5;
discovered and settled by Norwegians, i. [258-78];
estimated population of settlements, i. [272];
conditions of life in i. [274-8], [319]; ii. 96-7;
voyages along the coasts of, i. [279-311];
glaciers (inland ice) of, i. [288-95], [301], [308]; ii. 246-7;
decline of Norse settlements in, ii. 90, 95-100;
last voyage to (from Norway), ii. 117;
last ship from, ii. 118;
geographical ideas of, ii. 237-40, 246-8, 254-5, 259-62, 270-6, 278, 279, 280;
east coast of, i. [271-2], [279-96], [308]; ii. 168, 170, 171, 238;
uninhabited parts (ubygder) of, i. [279-311], [320], [321]; ii. 28, 166, 172;
sixteenth-century discovery of, ii. 315, 332, 335, 352, 363, 364, 375;
called Labrador, ii. 129, 132, 133, 315, 335, 353;
in sixteenth-century maps, ii. 368-75
Gregory of Tours i. [234]
“Greipar,” in Greenland, i. [298], [299], [300-1], [304]
Grettis-saga, i. [313], [367]
Griffins, i. [19], [254]; ii. 263
Grim Kamban, i. [253]
Grimm, J., i. [18], [94], [95], [355], [372]; ii. 45, 56
Grimm, W., i. [373]
Grip, Carsten, letter to Christiern III., ii. 126-8
Gripla, i. [288]; ii. 35-6, 237, 239, 241
Gröndal, B., i. [371], [375]
Grönlands historiske Mindesmærker, i. [262], [263], [271], [281], [282], [283], [284], [285], [288], [292], [294], [295], [296], [297], [298], [299], [300], [301], [302], [304], [305], [311], [333], [359], [377]; ii. 1, 9, 14, 17, 22, 25, 31, 35, 46, 79, 82, 86, 100, 102, 106, 108, 112, 113, 117, 119, 120, 125, 127, 172, 237, 278
Grönlendinga-þáttr (see [Flateyjarbók])
Groth, Th., ii. 103
Grottasongr, i. [159]
Gudleif’ Gudlaugsson, story of his voyage, ii. 49-50, 53-4;
compared with Leif Ericson, ii. 50-1
Gudmund Arason’s Saga, i. [284]
Gudmundsson, Jón, map by, ii. 34, 241
Gudmundsson, V., ii. 25
Gudrid, wife of Karlsevne, i. [318], [319], [320], [321], [329], [330], [333]; ii. 14-5, 51
Guichot y Sierra, A., i. [376]
Gulathings Law, ii. 140
Gulf Stream, i. [251]; ii. 54
Gunnbjörnskerries, i. [256], [261-4], [267], [280]; ii. 276
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, i. [256], [261-4], [267], [280], [296]
Gustafson, Prof. G., i. [237], [240]
Gutæ, i. [120]
Guta-saga, i. [378]
Gutones (see [Goths]), i. [70], [71], [72], [72], [93]
Gytoni (see [Goths]), i. [71]
Hægstad, Prof. M., ii. 242
Hægstad and Torp (Gamal-norsk Ordbog), ii. 9
Hæmodæ (“Acmodæ,” “Hæcmodæ”), i. [90], [106]
“Hafsbotn” (the Polar Sea), i. [283], [303]; ii. 137, 151, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 237, 240
Hakluyt. R., i. [226]; ii. 129, 132, 152, 261, 319, 321, 326, 333
Håkon Håkonsson’s Saga, i. [299]; ii. 139, 141
Halichoerus grypus (grey seal), i. [217]; ii. 91, 155
Halli Geit, Tale of, ii. 239
Hallinger, i. [104], [247]
Hallstatt, i. [24], [36]
Hâlogaland (Hålogaland, Hâlogi, Halgoland, Halagland, Halogia, Helgeland), i. [61], [62], [64], [132], [135], [138], [175], [179], [194], [197], [200], [231], [247], [264], [381], [383]; ii. 64, 137, 139, 140, 142, 165, 168, 172;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 227, 236
Halsingia, or Alsingia, i. [104]
Hamberg, Axel, ii. 69
Hammershaimb, V. U., i. [356], [375]; ii. 33
Hamy, ii. 220, 223, 229, 230, 234
Hanno, i. [37], [88], [350]; ii. 45
Hans (John), king of Denmark, ii. 125, 128
Hanseatic League, ii. 99, 119, 125, 179, 218
Hansen, Dr. A. M., i. [149], [192], [206], [207], [208], [218], [221], [222], [228], [229], [230], [236-7], [239]
Harold Fairhair, i. [253-4], [255], [258]
Harold Gråfeld, ii. 136, 153, 154
Harold Hardråde, i. [185], [195], [201], [283], [383]; ii. 147, 199;
his voyage in the Polar Sea, i. [195]; ii. 148-54
Harpoons, i. [214-7], [277]; ii. 145-6, 156-63
Harrisse, Henry, ii. 132, 230, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 309, 314, 315, 319, 320, 326, 327, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 341, 347, 348, 349, 353, 358, 359, 360, 365, 374
Harudes (Charydes, Charudes, Horder), i. [85], [118], [136], [143], [148], [246]
Hauksbók, i. [188], [251], [256], [257], [261], [262], [264], [268], [286], [291], [293], [308], [309], [322], [327], [331], [333], [353], [367], [369]; ii. 10, 11, 166, 169, 172, 216, 261
Hebrides (Ebudes, Hebudes), i. [57], [90], [106], [117], [123], [158], [159], [160], [161], [234], [273], [316]; ii. 151, 200
Hecatæus of Abdera, i. [8], [9], [10], [15], [16], [98]
Heffermehl, A. V., ii. 242
Heiberg, Prof. J., i. [219], [220]
Heimskringla, i. [270], [313], [331]; ii. 59, 137, 171, 239
Heiner, i. [138]
Heinrich of Mainz, map by, ii. 185, 187
Helge Bograngsson, killed in Bjarmeland, ii. 139-40
Heligoland, i. [197]
Helland, A., i. [226], [231], [369], [372], [373], [378], [381]; ii. 46, 152, 177, 228
Helluland, i. [312], [313], [322], [323], [334], [336], [357]; ii. 1, 23, 35-6, 61, 237
Helm, O., i. [14]
Helsingland, Helsingers, i. [189]; ii. 237
Henry V. of England, ii. 119
Henry VI. of England, ii. 119
Henry VII. of England, ii. 130, 298, 299, 302, 303, 322, 324, 326, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337, 338, 340
Henry VIII. of England, ii. 319, 330, 334, 338, 341, 342, 343
Heraclitus, i. [12]
“Herbrestr” (war-crash), ii. 8-9
Hereford map, i. [91], [92], [102], [154], [157], [190]; ii. 186, 187
Hergt, G., i. [43], [51], [60], [65], [66], [67], [71], [72]
Herla, mythical king of Britain, ii. 76
Hermiones, i. [91], [104]
Hermits, in Irish legends, ii. 19, 43-6, 50
Herodotus, i. [9], [12], [20], [23], [24], [27], [31-2], [46], [76], [78], [81], [88], [114], [148], [155], [156], [161], [187]
Hertzberg, Ebbe, ii. 38, 39, 40, 61, 93
Hesiod, i. [9], [11], [18], [42], [84], [348]
Hesperides, i. [9], [161], [334], [345], [376]; ii. 2, 61
Heyman, i. [342]; ii. 8
Hielmqvist, Th., i. [381]
Hieronymus, i. [151], [154]
Higden, Ranulph (Polychronicon), i. [346], [382]; ii. 31-2, 288-92, 220;
his mappamundi, ii. 188, 189, 192
Hilleviones, i. [101], [104], [121]
Himilco’s voyage, i. [29], [36-41], [68], [83]
Himinrað (Hunenrioth, &c.), mountain in Greenland, i. [302-4]; ii. 108
Hipparchus, i. [44], [47], [52], [56], [57], [73], [77-8], [87], [116]; ii. 197
Hippocrates, i. [13], [88]
Hippopods, i. [91]
Hirri, i. [101]
Historia Norwegiæ, i.

[204], [229], [252], [255], [256], [257], [298]; ii. 1, 2, 17, 29, 61, 79, 87, 88, 135, 151, 167, 168, 172, 222, 227, 235, 239, 240, 280
Hjorleif, settles in Iceland with Ingolf, i. [166], [252], [254], [255]
Hoegh, K., ii. 31
Hoffmann, W. J., ii. 39, 40
Hofmann, C., i. [59]
Holand, H. R., ii. 31
Holberg, Ludvig, ii. 118
Holm, G. F., i. [271], [274]
Holz, G., i. [85], [102]
Homer, i. [8], [10-11], [13], [14], [25], [33], [77], [78], [196], [347], [348], [371]; ii. 53, 54, 160
Homeyer, C. G., i. [214]
Hönen, Ringerike, Runic stone from, ii. 27-9, 58
Honorius Augustodunensis, i. [375]
Honorius, Julius, i. [123]; ii. 183
Horace, i. [349], [350-1]
Horaisan, Japanese fortunate isle, ii. 56-7, 213
Horder (see [Harudes]), i. [85], [118], [136], [138], [143], [147], [209], [246]
Horn, Georg, (Ulysses peregrinans), ii. 132, 133
Horses, Swedish, i. [135];
in Greenland, i. [276]
Hrabanus Maurus, i. [159], [167], [184]
“Huldrefolk” (Norwegian fairies), i. [355], [356], [370-3], [381]; ii. 12, 60
“Huldrelands” (see [Fairylands])
Humboldt, i. [363]
Huns, i. [188]
Hvarf point, in Greenland, i. [263], [267], [269], [279], [288], [290], [292], [294], [295], [303], [310], [315]; ii. 169, 171, 261
Hvergelmer, i. [158], [159]
Hvítramanna-land (the White Men’s Land), i. [312], [313], [330], [353], [366], [368], [376]; ii. 2, 19, 42-56, 60, 61, 92;
called Great Ireland, i. [330], [353], [366]; ii. 42, 48;
Are Mársson’s voyage to, i. [331-2], [353-4]; ii. 42, 46, 50
Hvitserk glacier, in Greenland, i. [283], [286], [288], [291], [292], [294-5], [303]; ii. 122, 123, 124, 127, 128
Hyperboreans, i. [13], [15-21], [79], [81], [88], [89], [98], [128], [187], [188], [348]; ii. 188
Iberians, in British Isles, i. [26];
in Brittany, i. [30];
cannibalism among, i. [81]
Ibrâhîm ibn Ja’qûb, i. [187]
Iceland, i. [181-4], [192], [193-4], [197], [201], [248], [251], [262], [263], [267], [278], [285], [286], [289], [295], [305], [308], [324], [337], [353], [362], [374]; ii. 43, 49, 102, 112, 169, 170, 191, 211, 242, 244, 245, 281;
discovered by Irish monks, i. [59], [164-7], [233], [258];
identified with Thule, i. [59-60], [164], [193];
fables of ice in, i. [181], [183-4], [193]; ii. 191;
Norwegian settlement of, i. [252-8];
called “Gardarsholm,” i. [255];
called “Snowland,” i. [255];
in mediæval cartography, ii. 225, 230, 231, 250, 262, 275, 279, 284, 286
Icelandic Annals (Islandske Annaler), i. [282], [284], [285], [305]; ii. 25, 29, 36, 37, 82, 88, 99, 111, 112, 117, 118, 166, 172
Ictis, i. [29]
“Illa verde,” on fifteenth and sixteenth century maps, ii. 279-81, 294, 318
Indian myths, i. [19], [92], [351], [356], [363]; ii. 57, 213, 214
Indiana, North American, i. [327], [377]; ii. 7, 12, 16, 23, 25, 68, 69, 90, 92, 93, 334, 367;
lacrosse among, ii. 39-41, 93
Ingævones, i. [101]
Ingimund Thorgeirsson, lost in Greenland, i. [284]
Ingolf Arnarson, first Norse settler in Iceland, i. [252], [253], [254], [255], [257], [267]
Ingolf’s Fjeld, Greenland, i. [291], [293], [294], [296]
Ingram, Dr., i. [179]
Ireland (Hierne, Hibernia, Juverna, Ivernia, Ibernia), i. [38], [57], [80], [81], [90], [117], [179], [192], [234], [253], [326]; ii. 201, 211, 244, 245;
connection with Iceland, i. [167], [258], [353];
whaling in, ii. 156
Irgens, O., i. [248], [250]
Irish monks, i, [162-7], [362]; ii. 43;
(“Papar”) in Iceland, i. [254], [258]; ii. 77, 78
Irish myths, i. [281-2], [334], [336-9], [353-64], [370], [371]; ii. 18, 19, 20, 43-5, 50, 53-4, 56, 60-1, 206, 207, 228-9, 234
Iroquois myth of floating island, i. [377]
Isachsen, G., i. [300], [304], [306]; ii. 168, 171
Isidorus Hispalensis, i. [44], [102], [151], [159], [160], [167], [184], [187], [345], [346], [347], [352], [353], [367], [382-4]; ii. 2, 3-4, 58, 59, 64, 75, 183, 184, 185, 189, 247
Isles of the Blest, The, i. [9], [84], [348], [349], [351], [363], [370]; ii. 59
Issedonians, i. [16], [19], [81]
Italian sailors and cartographers (see [Compass-charts]), ii. 217
Itinéraire Brugeois, ii. 250, 256, 262, 263, 272
Itineraries, Roman, i. [116], [123], [153]
Ivar Bárdsson’s description of Greenland, i. [262-3], [290], [292], [295], [302], [304]; ii. 82, 87, 88, 102, 106, 107-11, 126, 166, 171, 241, 256, 261, 276
Ivar Bodde, probable author of the King’s Mirror, ii. 242
Jacob, G., i. [187], [284]; ii. 145, 157, 202
Jakobsen, Dr. J., i. [163], [293], [374]
Jan Mayen, i. [287]; ii. 168, 169, 171
Japanese myth, ii. 56-8, 213
Jaqût, ii. 143, 144
Jaubert, P. A., ii. 204
Jenkinson, Anthony, ii. 152
Jensen, A. S., ii. 104
Jomard, ii. 220, 229
Jones Sound, i. [304], [306]
Jónsbók, Icelandic MS., i. [316], [320], [329]; ii. 24
Jónsson, Finnur, i. [166], [198], [256], [258], [260], [262], [265], [266], [273], [301], [305], [314], [331], [367]; ii. 79, 107, 108, 167, 237
Jordanes, i. [104], [120], [129-38], [142], [143], [144], [145], [147], [148], [149], [153], [154], [155], [194], [203], [206]; ii. 211
Jörgensen, N. P., i. [272], [274-5]
Jotunheim, i. [303]; ii. 147, 172, 238
Jovius, Paulus, ii. 111
Joyce, P. W., i. [360], [379]
Julianehaab, Greenland, i. [267], [271], [274]
Jutland, i. [69], [71], [72], [82], [85], [93], [94], [101], [102], [105], [117], [139], [144], [143], [147], [169], [180], [185], [246]; ii. 192;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 219, 224, 225, 235, 257, 265
Kähler, F., i. [43], [68]
Kandalaks, river and gulf, i. [174], [218-9], [222]
Kara Sea, i. [212]
Karelians (Kirjals), Karelia, i. [175], [218], [219], [220], [222], [223]; ii. 85, 137, 140, 146, 167, 173, 174;
“Kareli infideles,” ii. 85, 117, 224, 225, 255, 262, 270, 271, 272
Karlsevne, Thorfinn, i. [260], [313], [318], [319], [331], [333], [336], [346], [354]; ii. 14, 15, 18, 23, 25, 65;
voyage to Wineland, i. [320-30], [334-45];
battle with the Skrælings, i. [328]; ii. 6-11
“Kassiteros,” Derivation of, i. [25-6]
Kayaks, Eskimo, ii. 10, 68, 70, 72, 74, 85, 91, 92, 127, 270
Kemble, John M., i. [364]
Kensington stone, Minnesota, ii. 31
Keyser, R., i. [58], [59], [60], [65], [93], [99], [104], [105], [107]
Khordâḏbah, Ibn, ii. 195, 196-7
Kiær, A., ii. 63
Kingigtorsuak, Runic stone from, i. [297]; ii. 84
King map (circa 1502), ii. 331, 354, 355, 358, 364, 373, 374
Kings Mirror, The, (Konungs-Skuggsjá), i. [3], [272-3], [277], [279-80], [300], [352]; ii. 1, 2, 29, 87, 88, 95, 96, 98, 155, 157, 172, 193, 234, 242-8;
authorship of, ii. 242
Kjær, A., i. [324]
Kjalarnes, i. [322], [323], [324], [325], [326], [329]; ii. 23
Kjelmö, archæological find from, i. [212-9], [224]
Kjölen range, i. [102], [224]; ii. 222
Kleiven, Ivar, i. [340]
“Knarren,” Royal trading ship to Greenland, ii. 38, 98-9, 106, 122
Knattleikr, Norse ball-game, ii. 38-9, 61, 93;
similar to lacrosse, ii. 39
“Kobandoi” (Cobandi), i. [93-4], [118]
Koch, J., i. [156]
Kohl, J. G., ii. 148, 340, 353
Kohlmann, P. W., i. [194]
Koht, H., i. [247]; ii. 43
Kola peninsula, i. [173], [174], [217], [223]; ii. 135, 142, 165, 176
Koren-Wiberg, Christian, ii. 80
Krabbo, Hermann, i. [202]
Krag, H. P. S., i. [340]
Kraken, sea monster, i. [375]; ii. 234, 244
Kretschmer, K., i. [10], [12], [14], [74], [78]; ii. 215, 222, 223, 226, 228, 229, 230, 282, 284, 294, 313, 353
Kristensen, W. Brede, i. [347]
Kristni-saga, i. [313], [331], [367]; ii. 59
Kröksfjarðarheiðr (Greenland), i. [267], [299], [300-1], [304], [306], [308], [309], [310]; ii. 72, 83, 88
Kulhwch and Olwen, Tale of, i. [342]; ii. 8
Kunstmann, F., ii. 229, 378
“Kunstmann, No. 2,” Italian mappamundi, ii. 374
Kvænland (Cvenland, Cwênland; Finland), i. [155], [170], [175], [178], [198];
the name mistaken for “Land of Women,” i. [112], [186-7], [383]; ii. 64, 214, 237
Kvæns (see [Finns]), Cwênas, i. [178], [191], [206], [207], [220], [223]; ii. 137, 141, 167;
their name confused with “cyon” (dog), i. [155], [188]
Labrador, i. [322], [323], [334], [335]; ii. 5, 23, 41, 68, 105, 106, 131, 133, 308, 314, 335, 338, 352, 358, 364, 370;
== Greenland, ii. 129, 132, 133, 315, 331, 335;
the name of, ii. 331-2, 357-8
Lacrosse, ii. 38-41;
perhaps derived from Norsemen, ii. 40
Lactantius, i. [127]
Læstrygons, i. [13], [78]
Läffler, Prof. L. F., i. [132], [134], [136], [297]; ii. 63
“Lageniensis,” i. [357], [379]; ii. 228
Lagnus, bay, i. [101], [105]
Lambert map, ii. 188, 259
Lampros, S. P., ii. 281
Landa-Rolf, i. [285-6]
Landegode (Landit Góða), island off Bodō, Norway, i. [369-70], [372], [373], [374]; ii. 60
Landnámabók, i. [166], [251], [255], [256], [258], [260], [261], [266], [273], [288], [291], [293], [313], [324], [330], [332], [353], [366], [367], [368], [369], [377]; ii. 21, 42, 58, 60, 62, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172
Langebek, i. [179]
Langobards, i. [138], [139], [155], [156], [159]
Laon globe, ii. 290
Lappenberg, I. M., i. [193], [195], [303]
Lapps, i. [61], [113], [150], [171], [173], [177], [190], [191], [203-8], [218], [220], [224-32], [372]; ii. 76, 135, 164, 168, 175, 178;
their magic, i. [191], [204], [219], [227], [229]; ii. 32, 77, 136, 137;
their archery, i. [227-30];
their languages, i. [228-9]
Lascaris, Cananos, travels in the North, ii. 281
Las Casas, ii. 214
Latitude, calculation of, i. [46-8], [64], [76], [78], [116-7]; ii. 22, 260, 307;
scale of, on Ptolemy’s and other maps, ii. 259, 260-1, 264, 274-5
Latris, island, i. [101], [105]
Laurentius Kálfsson’s saga, ii. 8
Leardus, Johannes, mappamundi by, ii. 282
L’Ecuy globe (or Rouen globe), ii. 129, 131-2
Leem, K., ii. 178, 191
Leif Ericson, i. [270], [313], [314], [315-8], [321], [331], [332], [338], [339], [343], [346], [359], [380], [384]; ii. 4, 21, 22, 25, 50, 51, 59, 65;
called “the Lucky,” i. [270], [313], [317], [331];
meaning of the name, i. [380-2];
discovers Wineland the Good, i. [313], [317], [332];
rescues the shipwrecked crew, i. [317];
introduces Christianity, i. [317], [332], [380]
Lelewel, J., ii. 131, 203, 278, 282, 284, 286
Leucippus, i. [12], [127]
Liebrecht, F., ii. 228
Ligurians, i. [41], [42], [114]
Lik-Lodin, i. [282-3]
Lillienskiold, Hans Hansen, i. [177]
Lind, E. H., i. [332]
“Liver Sea” (Lebermeer), i. [69], [181], [363]; ii. 20, 51, 231
Lok, Michael, Map of 1582, ii. 130, 321, 323
Lönborg, S. E., i. [102], [112], [131], [135], [156], [174],

[180], [193], [197]; ii. 150
Longest day, calculation of, ii. 52, 54
Lot, F., i. [357], [379]
Loth, J., i. [342]
Lucian, i. [352], [355], [356], [360], [361], [363], [366], [376]; ii. 54, 150
Lugii (Vandal tribe), i. [247]
“Lycko-Pār” (“Lykke-Per”), i. [381]
“Lykk-Anders,” Tale of, i. [381]
Lyschander (Grönlands Chronica), ii. 101, 102, 111
Lytton, Lord, i. [350]
Machutus, St., Voyage of, i. [334], [354], [363]
Macrobius, i. [123], [126], [184]; ii. 182, 193, 247
Maelduin, Voyage of, i. [336-7], [338], [355], [356], [358], [360], [361], [362], [363], [364], [366]; ii. 9, 18, 45, 150
Maelstrom, Legends of the, i. [157-9]; ii. 138, 150-3, 241
Mæotides, i. [88]
Mæotis Palus (Sea of Azov), i. [89]; ii. 199, 211, 283, 284
Maggiolo, map by (1527), ii. 321, 335, 358, 359
“Mag Mell” (the happy plain), i. [355], [357], [365], [370]
Magnaghi, A., ii. 227, 230
Magnus Barfot’s Saga, i. [197]
Magnussen, Finn, ii. 102
Maǵûs, Arab name for Northern Vikings, ii. 55, 196, 200, 201, 209, 210
Maine, coast of, ii. 316, 317
Mair, G., i. [35], [36], [37], [43], [47], [59]
Manannán mac Lir, i. [363], [370]; ii. 45
Mandeville, Sir John, ii. 271, 292
Manna, i. [338]
Mannhardt, W., i. [365]
Manuel, King of Portugal, ii. 346, 347, 352, 353, 375, 376, 377, 378
Mapes, Walter, ii. 75-6
Maps (see also [Compass-charts]), earliest Greek, i. [11], [76], [77], [78]; ii. 182;
Ptolemy’s, i. [116-22];
wheel-maps, i. [151]; ii. 183-8, 193, 218, 222;
T- and OT-maps, i. [151]; ii. 183-4, 193;
Arab maps, ii. 203;
15th century mappemundi, ii. 281-7
Marcianus of Heraclea, i. [123]
Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, ii. 118, 132
Marinus of Tyre, i. [115], [116], [121], [122]; ii. 194, 249
Markham, Sir C. R., i. [43], [58], [64]; ii. 295, 336, 373
Markland, i. [299], [305], [307], [312], [313], [322], [323], [324], [329], [334], [335], [336], [338]; ii. 1, 19, 22, 23, 36, 37, 42, 61, 92-93, 96, 229, 279;
ship from M. reaches Iceland, ii. 22, 25, 36-8, 61, 229
Martellus, Henricus, ii. 276, 279
Martyr, Peter, ii. 303, 330, 336, 337, 338, 339, 342
Marx, F., i. [37]
Massagetæ, i. [81], [148]; ii. 188
Massalia, i. [31], [42], [43], [45], [46], [47], [48], [67], [70]
Mas’ûdî, ii. 198-9, 207
Matthew Paris, ii. 281
Matthias, Franz, i. [36], [43]
Maurenbrecher, B., i. [349]
Maurer, K., i. [265]; ii. 9
Mauro, Fra, map by, ii. 177, 278, 285, 286
Medici Atlas (1351), i. [362]; ii. 229, 234-6, 236, 240, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 272-6
Mehren, A. F., ii. 143, 145, 212
Meissner, R., i. [255]
Mela, Pomponius, i. [15], [19], [28], [38], [44], [55], [63], [72], [75], [85-96], [97], [101], [103], [114], [118], [131], [144], [155]; ii. 32, 192, 208
Melville Bay, i. [305], [310]
Mercator, Gerard, ii. 261;
his map of 1569, ii. 130
Meregarto, i. [69], [181-4], [193], [252]; ii. 51
Mevenklint (Kolbeins-ey), i. [264], [286], [287]; ii. 166, 169, 170, 172
Meyer, Kuno, i. [198], [354]
Michelsen, A. L. J., i. [214]
Midgards-worm, i. [364]; ii. 234
Mid-glacier (Miðjǫkull), Greenland, i. [267], [288], [290], [293], [294], [295]
Midnight sun (long summer day and winter night in the North), i. [14], [45], [53-4], [62], [79], [92], [98], [106], [131], [133-4], [140], [157], [165], [193], [194], [309-11]; ii. 144, 190, 212, 281
Mikhow, Andrei, ii. 163, 173, 174
Mikkola, Prof., ii. 175
Miller, K., i. [77], [87], [90], [109], [115], [123], [150], [152], [180], [182]; ii. 185, 186, 187, 192, 193, 223, 226, 282, 284
Modena compass-chart, ii. 230-1, 235, 266, 282
Moe, Prof. Moltke, i. [69], [247], [304], [332], [341], [342], [352], [358], [364], [366], [370], [372], [373], [374], [378], [379], [381]; ii. 8, 11, 15, 16, 20, 33, 44, 45, 46, 51, 56, 75, 147, 213, 228, 242, 245
Mommsen, T., i. [57], [123], [129], [136], [137], [193]; ii. 143
Monopoly of trade with Greenland, ii. 98, 118-9, 179-80;
with Finmark, ii. 179
Montelius, O., i. [239], [241]
“Moorbrücken,” i. [36]
Mordvins, ii. 142, 143, 199
Morimarusa, i. [99], [100], [105]; ii. 58
Moskenström (Lofoten), i. [158]; ii. 152-3, 154, 241
“Mǫsurr” (masur), wood from Wineland, i. [317]; ii. 5, 25
Much, R., i. [93], [94], [95], [99], [110], [112], [119], [120], [246], [247]
Müllenhoff, K., i. [37], [38], [41], [42], [43], [56], [57], [59], [60], [61], [65], [83], [85], [92], [93], [102], [103], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [120], [128], [132], [134], [136], [137], [145], [206], [207], [234], [235], [246], [247]
Müllenhoff and Scherer, i. [181]
Müller, I., i. [83]
Müller, S., i. [22]
Munch, P.A., i. [50], [132], [134], [136], [146], [179], [180], [205], [246], [247], [258], [331]; ii. 154
Muratori, ii. 162
Murman coast, i. [212]; ii. 173, 176, 269
Mylius-Erichsen, i. [2], [3]
Naddodd Viking, i. [255-7]
Nansen, F., First Crossing of Greenland, i. [281], [293]
Nansen, F., Eskimo Life, ii. 72, 73, 105
Narwhale, i. [300], [303]
Natives of North America, brought to England in 1501 or 1502, ii. 333;
probably Eskimo, ii. 334;
brought to Lisbon by Corte-Real’s expedition, ii. 348, 349, 351-2, 366-7;
perhaps Eskimo, ii. 367
Negri, Francesco, i. [226]
Nepos, Cornelius, i. [87]
Nestor’s Russian Chronicle, ii. 143
Newfoundland, i. [248], [322], [323], [324], [334], [335]; ii. 23, 91, 308, 309, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 318, 321, 322, 329, 335, 337, 355, 362, 363, 364, 376;
discovery of, by Corte-Real, ii. 330, 354, 355, 362;
on 16th century maps, ii. 370-5;
fisheries of, ii. 330-1, 378;
called Terra de Corte-Real, ii. 354, 355, 376, 378
Newfoundland Banks, ii. 154, 309, 318, 363
New Land (Nyaland), i. [285-6]
Nicholas V., Pope, Letter to, on Greenland, ii. 17, 86, 112, 116, 256, 270, 288, 366;
Letter from, on Greenland (1448), ii. 113-5, 278
Nicholas of Lynn, ii. 86, 151, 153, 214, 249, 256, 261, 270, 289
Nicolayssen, O., i. [375]
Nielsen, Prof. Konrad, i. [219], [223]; ii. 175
Nielsen, Prof. Yngvar, i. [369]; ii. 29, 39, 90, 92, 154
Niese, B., i. [14]
Nikulás Bergsson, Abbot, of Thverâ, (Icelandic geographical work), i. [198], [313]; ii. 1, 2, 237, 256
Nilsson, Sven, i. [35], [60], [205]
“Nisse,” Scandinavian fairy, i. [373], [381]; ii. 15
Njál’s Saga, i. [372]
Noel, S. B. J., ii. 160, 173
“Nordbotn,” (Norderbondt, Nordhindh Bondh, Nordenbodhn), the Polar Sea, i. [303], [304]; ii. 171, 256, 259, 267, 268, 269
Nordenskiöld, A. E., i. [226]; ii. 32, 220, 223, 229, 230, 234, 249, 250, 266, 282, 285, 357
Norðrsetur (Greenland), i. [267], [296], [298-307], [308], [309], [300]; ii. 83, 88
Norðrsetudrápa, i. [273], [298]
Normans, i. [145], [146], [153], [188], [234]; ii. 159-62, 200-2
North Cape, i. [171], [172], [174]; ii. 124
North Pole, whirlpool at, i. [159];
land at, ii. 239, 263, 272
North Sea, amber from, i. [14], [32], [34], [35]
North-West Passage, i. [115]; ii. 129, 130, 378
Norway, i. [58], [60-5], [147], [253], [292], [316], [324], [353]; ii. 98-100, 169, 170, 204, 237;
the name of, i. [107], [179];
Jordanes on, i. [136-8];
Solinus MSS. on, i. [161];
Ottar on, i. [170-1], [175-80];
Adam of Bremen on, i. [188], [190-2], [194], [200];
anthropological characteristics in, i. [209-10];
fairylands in, i. [369-70];
whaling in, ii. 155-9;
Edrisi on, ii. 205;
Shîrazî on, ii. 211;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 219, 221, 225, 227, 230, 235-6, 257, 258-61, 265-9, 286
Norwegian seafaring, i. [62], [221], [223], [224], [233-5], [246-52], [287]; ii. 135, 140;
decline of, ii. 179-81
Nova Scotia, i. [329], [335], [345]; ii. 3, 5, 90, 91, 309, 314-6, 321;
probably discovered by John Cabot, ii. 314-6
Novaya Zemlya, i. [212], [248]; ii. 165, 166, 173, 238
Novilara, Carvings on grave-stone at, i. [238], [239]
Novgorod, ii. 140, 142
Nydam, Boat from, i. [110], [238], [241], [244], [246]
Oceanus, i. [8], [9], [10], [11], [16], [79], [192], [198], [199], [200], [201]; ii. 1, 154, 182, 198, 200, 204, 239, 248
Ochon, King of the Eruli, i. [141], [148]
Odysseus, i. [13], [78]; ii. 53, 54
“Œcumene” (the habitable world), i. [8], [10], [12], [45], [55], [76], [78], [79], [81], [82], [115], [121], [198]; ii. 182, 217
Œneæ, or Œonæ (egg-eaters), i. [91], [92], [95], [131], [155]
Œstrymnides, i. [28], [37-41];
== Cassiterides, i. [39]
Ogygia, i. [182], [347], [355], [363]; ii. 43
Olaf the Saint, i. [331]; ii. 49, 50, 171
Olaf Tryggvason, i. [270], [316], [321], [339]; ii. 50
Olaus Magnus, i. [205], [211], [228]; ii. 17, 89, 111, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 131, 139, 141, 152, 163, 173, 178
Oliveriana map (circa 1503), ii. 358, 369, 370, 374-5
Olrik, Axel, ii. 252, 253
Olsen, Gunnar, i. [377]
Olsen, Prof. Magnus, i. [228], [219], [246], [297]
Omar al ’Udhri, i. [284]; ii. 156
Ongania (reproductions of maps), ii. 221, 234, 278, 282, 287
Oppert, J., i. [35]
Orcades, i. [57], [90], [106], [107], [117], [123], [130], [160], [161], [192], [199], [200]; ii. 186, 192, 200
Ordericus Vitalis, i. [382]; ii. 31
“Orkan” (or “Orkas”), i. [50-3], [58], [90]
Orkneys, i. [52-3], [90], [107], [113], [117], [192], [195], [258]; ii. 55, 148;
in mediæval cartography, ii. 219, 228
Orosius, Paulus, i. [38], [44], [123], [151], [169], [184]; ii. 183, 192, 193
Oseberg ship, i. [246], [247]
Ostiæi, i. [69], [72]
Ostiimans (Ostimnians), i. [38], [69], [72]
Ost-sæ̂, i. [169]
Ostyaks, i. [207]; ii. 147
Ottar (Ohthere), i. [170-80], [204], [211], [213], [214], [218], [220], [225], [230], [231], [247]; ii. 135-6, 142, 156, 159, 164, 173, 243
Panoti (long-eared), i. [92]
Paris, Gaston, i. [359]
Parmenides of Elea, i. [12], [123]; ii. 182
Pasqualigo, Lorenzo, ii. 301, 302, 303, 312, 314, 316, 317
Pasqualigo, Pietro, Venetian Minister at Lisbon, ii. 347-9, 355, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 367, 372
Paulus Warnefridi, i. [136], [139], [155-60], [184], [187], [196], [203], [284]; ii. 147, 148, 150, 153
Pechora, river, ii. 144, 146, 147, 173
Pedo, Albinovanus, i. [82-4]; ii. 148
“Perdita” (the Lost Isle), i. [376]; ii. 213
Permians, i. [174]
Peschel, Johannes, i. [352]; ii. 147
Peucini, i. [111], [112], [113], [114]
Peyrere (Relation du Groënland), ii. 120
Phæacians, i. [347], [371], [378]; ii. 53, 54
Philemon, i. [99], [100]
Phoca fœtida, i. [177]
Phoca grœnlandica (saddleback seal), i. [217], [276]
Phoca vitulina, i. [217]
Phœnicians, i. [24], [25], [27], [30], [33], [34-6], [40], [41], [99], [233], [249], [346], [349], [362], [376]
Pilestrina, map of 1511, attributed to, ii. 374, 376, 377
Pindar, i. [18], [348]
Pining, Didrik, ii. 123-9, 133, 345
Pistorius, ii. 173
Pizigano map (1367), ii. 229, 230, 236
Plato, ii. 46, 293
Pliny, i.