In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times (Volume 2 of 2)

by Fridtjof Nansen

1893 ZIMMER (H.): Nennius Vindicatus. Über Entstehung, Geschichte und Quellen der Historia Brittonum. Berlin, 1893.

1909 ZIMMER (H.): Über direkte Handelsverbindungen Westgalliens mit Irland im Altertum und frühen Mittelalter. “Sitzüngsber. d. Kgl. Preussischen Akad. d. Wissenschaften.” Berlin, 1909.

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INDEX

Aasen, I., i. 352; ii. [9]
Abalus, Island of, i. 70, 71, 72, 73, 118, 365
Ablabius, i. 129, 142, 144, 155
Abû Hâmid, ii. [145], [146]
Abyss, at the edge of the world, i. 12, 84, 157-9, 195, 199; ii. [150], [154], [240]
Adam of Bremen, i. 21, 59, 84, 112, 135, 159, 179, 182, 183, 184-202, 204, 206, 229, 252, 258, 303, 312, 353, 362, 363, 365, 367, 382-4; ii. [2], [11], [26], [29], [31], [32], [58], [63], [64], [65], [101], [143], [147-54], [165], [168], [177], [192], [214], [224], [237], [238], [240], [243], [278], [284]
“Adogit,” Northern people, i. 131-3, 143, 194
Ææa, Isle of, i. 13
Ælian, i. 12, 16, 17
Æningia, i. 101, 104
Æstii (see [Esthonians])
Æthicus Istricus, i. 154-5, 187, 188
“Ætternis stapi” (the tribal cliff), i. 18-9
Africa, Supposed connection with Wineland, i. 326; ii. [1-2], [29], [61], [240], [248], [280]
Agathemerus, i. 44
Agricola, i. 107-8, 117
Agrippa, i. 97, 106
Ahlenius, K., i. 43, 93, 104, 112, 131
Aithanarit, i. 144, 153, 154
Alani, i. 188, 383
Albertus Magnus, ii. [158], [163], [178], [234]
Albi, mappamundi at, ii. [183]
Albion (see [Britain]), i. 38, 39, 117
Aleutians, ii. [69], [71]
Alexander the Great, i. 19, 182, 363; ii. [57], [206], [207], [213]
Alexander VI., Pope, Letter from, on Greenland (1492-3), ii. [106], [121-2]
Alexander, Sir William, ii. [3]
Alfred, King, i. 104, 160, 169-81, 204, 252; ii. [156], [243]
Al-Gazâl, voyage to the land of the Magǵûs, ii. [200-2]
Algonkin tradition, ii. [7-8], [93];
lacrosse among, ii. [40]
Alociæ, i. 118, 119, 132
Amalcium (northern sea), i. 98-9, 105
Amazons, i. 20, 87, 88, 112, 114, 150, 154, 159, 160, 186, 187, 189, 198, 356, 383; ii. [64], [188], [197], [206], [209], [214]
Amber, i. 14, 19, 22, 23, 27, 31-4, 70, 71, 72, 96, 101, 106, 109-10; ii. [207]
Amdrup, Captain, i. 290
America, discovered by the Norsemen, i. 234, 248, 312; ii. [22], [61], [63]
Ammianus Marcellinus, i. 44, 123
Anaxagoras, i. 12
Anaximander of Miletus, i. 11
Anaximenes, i. 11, 128
Angles, i. 180
Anglo-Portuguese expeditions of 1501, ii. [331-2], [357];
of 1502, ii. [332-4];
of 1503, ii. [334-5];
of 1504, ii. [335]
Angmagsalik, Greenland, i. 261, 263, 282, 290, 291; ii. [73]
“Anostos,” The gulf, i. 17, 158; ii. [150], [240]
Ants, fabulous, i. 154, 336; ii. [197]
Apollo, worshipped among the Hyperboreans, i. 16, 18, 19
Apollonius of Rhodes, i. 19, 44
Appulus, Guillelmus, ii. [162]
Arabs, i. 362, 366; ii. [57];
their trade with North Russia, ii. [143-7], [194];
their culture, ii. [194-5];
possible exchange of ideas with the Irish, ii. [207];
Arab geographers, ii. [194-214]
Arab myths, i. 382; ii. [10], [51], [197], [206-8], [213-4];
affinity to Irish, ii. [207]
Arctic, origin of the word, i. 8;
Arctic Circle, i. 53, 55-7, 62, 76, 117
Arctic Ocean, Voyages in, i. 287; ii. [177] (see also [Polar Sea])
Are Frode (Islendingabók), i. 165-6, 201, 253-4, 257, 258-60, 312, 313, 331, 332, 353, 354, 366, 367, 368; ii. [11], [16], [26], [58], [60], [77-8], [82], [86], [91]
Are Mársson, voyage to Hvítramannaland, i. 331-2, 353-4, 377; ii. [42], [43], [46], [50]
Argippæans, i. 23, 88, 114, 155
Arimaspians, i. 16, 19, 98
Arimphæi, i. 88; ii. [188]
Aristarchus of Samos, i. 47, 77
Aristeas of Proconnesus, i. 19
Aristotle, i. 28, 40, 41, 44, 76, 182; ii. [48], [194]
Arnbjörn Austman, lost in Greenland, i. 283
Arngrim Jónsson, i. 263; ii. [79]
“Arochi” (or “Arothi”; see [Harudes]), i. 136, 148
Asbjörnsen, i. 381
Askeladden, Tale of, i. 341
Assaf Hebræus, ii. [200]
Assyria, supposed communication with the North, i. 35, 36
“Astingi,” or “Hazdingi” (Haddingjar, Hallinger), i. 104
Athenæus, i. 46, 351
Atlamál en grœnlenzku, i. 273
Atlantic Ocean, i. 10, 39, 40, 77, 78, 252, 315, 316, 346; ii. [154], [293], [307], [308]
Atlantis, i. 376; ii. [293]
Aubert, Karl, ii. [253]
“Augandzi,” i. 136
Austlid, Andreas, i. 340
Avallon, Isle of, i. 72, 365-6, 379; ii. [20]
d’Avezac, M. P., i. 362; ii. [216], [290]
Avienus, Rufus Festus, i. 37-42, 68, 83, 123, 128, 130
Aviones, i. 95, 118
Ayala, Pedro de, adjunct to the Spanish Ambassador in London, ii. [295], [297], [298], [299], [301], [310], [311], [324], [325-6]
Azores, discovered, ii. [292];
expeditions from, ii. [293], [345], [346], [347]
“Bacallaos,” name for Newfoundland, ii. [329], [337], [339]
Bacon, Roger, ii. [215], [249]
Baffin Land, i. 322, 323; ii. [41]
Baffin’s Bay, i. 248, 250, 304, 305, 308, 309; ii. [41], [72]
Bahlûl, Ibn al-, ii. [197]
Balcia, Island of, i. 71, 72, 99, 100, 101, 185
Balder, i. 372
Baltic, amber from, i. 14, 22, 32, 34, 35, 96;
ancient names for, and ideas of, i. 93, 99, 100, 105, 109, 121, 131, 167, 169, 185; ii. [210], [211], [219];
representation of in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [224], [227], [257], [269], [284], [286];
overland communication with the Black Sea, i. 244; ii. [199]
Basilia, island, i. 70, 71, 99
Basques, as whalers, ii. [159-62]
Bastarni (Bastarnæ), i. 111, 112, 113, 114
Batûta, Ibn, ii. [144], [145]
Baumgartner, A., i. 193
Baumstark, A., i. 113
Baunonia, Island of, i. 70, 98
Bavarian geographer, The, i. 167
Bayeux tapestry, i. 239, 248, 249; ii. [237], [239]
Bears, Polar, i. 191, 192, 323; ii. [72], [112], [177], [191]
Beatus map, i. 198, 199; ii. [184], [185-6]
Beauvois, E., ii. [40], [90]
Beazley, C. R., ii. [215], [295]
Bede, i. 151, 184, 193, 194, 199; ii. [20], [156]
Behaim, Martin, ii. [86], [287-9], [359], [372]
Beheim, Michel, i. 226; ii. [85], [86], [111], [117], [144], [270]
Belcæ, or “Belgæ,” i. 89, 92
Benedikson, E., i. 59
Beormas, i. 171, 173-5, 214, 218, 219, 222; ii. [135] (see also [Bjarmas])
Beowulf, i. 234, 372
Bérard, V., i. 348, 371, 379
Bergen, ii. [80], [120], [122], [125], [157], [169], [178], [210], [220], [221], [222], [260], [261], [264], [265], [266], [281], [286]
Berger, H., i. 11, 12, 43, 75
“Bergos,” island, i. 106, 107
Bering Strait, i. 212, 223; ii. [68], [69], [84]
Berneker, Prof., ii. [175-6]
“Berricen” (or “Nerigon”), i. 53, 57-8, 106, 107
Bethmann and Waitz, i. 139
Bexell, ii. [56]
Bianco, Andrea, map of Europe (1436), ii. [267], [282]
Bible, The, i. 125, 126, 153, 184, 338, 358, 363; ii. [45], [46], [184], [185]
Birds, used to find position at sea, i. 250-1, 257, 318
Bîrûnî, ii. [199], [200]
Bishops of Greenland, i. 273, 283; ii. [29], [30-1], [98-9], [106], [108], [113-4], [121], [122], [134]
Biskupa Sögur, i. 284; ii. [8]
Bjarmas (see also [Beormas]), ii. [135-40], [167]
Bjarmeland (Northern Russia), i. 173-5, 288; ii. [135-42], [154], [164], [165], [166], [168], [172], [237], [268];
“Farther Bjarmeland,” ii. [165-6]

Bjarne Grimolfsson, Wineland voyager, i. 319, 320, 326, 329, 330; ii. [20]
Bjarne Herjulfsson, traditional discoverer of Wineland, i. 314, 317, 334; ii. [21]
Bjarneyjar (Bear-islands), Greenland, i. 301, 302, 304, 321, 322, 323, 335, 336
Björn Breidvikingekjæmpe, i. 360; ii. [49-50], [53], [54], [56]
Björn Einarsson Jorsalafarer, ii. [82], [106], [112], [113]
Björn Jónsson of Skardsá (Annals of Greenland), i. 263, 282-3, 288, 292, 295, 299, 301, 308, 309, 321, 377; ii. [35], [37], [82], [83], [239]
Björn Thorleifsson, shipwrecked in Greenland, ii. [82]
Björnbo, Dr. A. A., i. 200, 201, 202, 297; ii. [2], [31], [32], [116], [123], [127], [132], [147], [154], [193], [220], [221], [223], [224], [225], [226], [233], [234], [240], [249], [250], [253], [261], [262], [264], [273], [277], [278], [281], [283], [284], [287], [289], [332], [353], [368], [369], [370], [374], [375]
Björnbo and Petersen, i. 226; ii. [85], [123], [124], [127], [219], [231], [234], [249], [250], [252], [253], [254], [255], [256], [258], [262], [263], [267], [273], [275], [277], [377]
Bláserkr (Greenland), i. 267, 291-6
Blom, O., ii. [8]
Boas, F., ii. [69], [70]
Boats of hides (coracles, &c.), in the Œstrymnides, i. 38, 39;
Scythians, Saxons, &c., i. 154, 242;
Greenlanders’, i. 305;
Irish, ii. [92];
Skrælings’, in Wineland, i. 327; ii. [10], [19];
in Trondhjem cathedral, ii. [85], [89], [117], [269], [270];
in Irish tales, i. 336; ii. [20];
in Newfoundland (?), ii. [367];
Eskimo, see [Kayaks] and [Women’s Boats]
Bobé, Louis, ii. [126]
Borderie, A. de la, i. 234
Borgia mappamundi, ii. [284-5]
Bornholm, i. 169, 180; ii. [204], [265]
Bothnia, Gulf of, i. 169, 187; ii. [269];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219]
“Boti,” i. 87
Bran, Voyage of, i. 198, 354, 356, 365, 370; ii. [56]
Brandan, Legend of, i. 281-2, 334, 337, 344, 345, 358-364, 366, 376; ii. [9], [10], [13], [18], [19], [43-5], [50], [51], [61], [64], [75], [151], [206], [214], [228-9], [234]
Brattalid, in Greenland, i. 268, 270, 271, 275, 317, 319, 320, 331
Brauns, D., i. 377; ii. [56]
“Brazil,” Isle of (Hy Breasail, O’Brazil, &c.), i. 3, 357, 379; ii. [30], [228-30], [279], [294-5], [318];
expeditions to find, ii. [294-5], [301], [325]
Breda, O. J., ii. [31]
Brenner, O., i. 58
Brinck (Descriptio Loufodiæ), i. 378
Bristol, trade with Iceland, ii. [119], [279], [293];
Norwegians living at, ii. [119], [180];
expeditions sent out from, ii. [294-5], [298], [301], [304], [325], [326], [327], [330], [331]
Britain, i. 193, 234, 240, 241;
visited by Pytheas, i. 49, 50-3;
Cæsar on, i. 79-80;
Mela on, i. 97;
Pliny on, ii. [106];
Ptolemy on, i. 117;
in mediæval cartography, ii. [220], [227]
Brittany, cromlechs in, i. 22;
tin in, i. 23, 26, 27, 29-31, 38-42
Broch, Prof. Olaf, ii. [142], [175], [176]
Brögger, A. W., i. 14
Brönlund, Jörgen, i. 2-3
Bruun, D., i. 164, 270, 271, 274, 275
Bugge, Prof. A., i. 136, 137, 138, 146, 163, 164, 166, 170, 173, 234, 245, 246, 258, 297, 304; ii. [7], [55], [80], [168], [201]
Bugge, Sophus, i. 93, 94, 103, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 146, 148, 207, 273; ii. [27], [28], [175]
Bulgarians of the Volga, ii. [142-5], [195], [200], [210]
Bunbury, E. H., i. 30, 107
“Burgundians” (== Bornholmers ?), i. 169, 180
Burrough, Stephen, ii. [173]
Cabot, John, i. 3, 115, 312; ii. [130], [295-330], [333], [343], [374], [377];
settles at Bristol, ii. [297];
voyage of 1496, ii. [299-301];
voyage of 1497, ii. [301-23];
voyage of 1498, ii. [311], [324-8], [349];
his discovery premature, ii. [343]
Cabot, Sebastian, ii. [129], [130], [295-6], [299], [301-2], [308], [319], [326], [329], [330], [332], [333], [336-43];
reported voyage of 1508-9, ii. [336-40];
doubtful voyage of 1516 or 1517, ii. [340-2];
his credibility, ii. [296], [298], [303], [329], [338-40];
map of 1544, attributed to, ii. [303], [309], [310], [314-5], [319-20]
Cæsar, C. Julius, i. 39, 40, 79-80, 92, 242
Callegari, G. V., i. 43, 58, 59
Callimachus, i. 375
Callisthenes (Pseudo-), ii. [213], [234]
Calypso, i. 347, 355, 370; ii. [43]
“Cananei,” i. 154-5

Canary Isles, i. 117, 348-50, 362, 376; ii. [2]
Canerio map (1502-07), ii. [368]
Cannibalism, among the Irish, Scythians, Celts, Iberians, i. 81;
Issedonians, i. 81;
Massagetæ, i. 81, 148;
in Scandinavia, i. 149
Cantino, Alberto, his map of 1502, ii. [316], [350-1], [355], [361], [362], [364], [365], [368-74];
his letter of Oct. 1501, ii. [349-52], [360], [361], [362], [363], [367], [372]
Canto, Ernesto do, ii. [331]
Cape Breton, i. 324, 329, 335; ii. [309], [312], [314], [315], [316], [317], [319], [321], [322];
John Cabot’s probable landfall in 1497, ii. [314-15]
Capella, Marcianus, i. 123, 126, 184, 188, 195, 197, 334
Carignano, Giovanni da, compass-chart by, ii. [220-2], [227], [235]
“Carte Pisane,” ii. [220]
Carthage, Sea-power of, i. 45, 75
Caspian Sea, i. 10, 74, 76, 122; ii. [142], [183], [195], [197], [213]
Cassiodorus, i. 120, 128-30, 132, 137, 138, 142, 154, 155, 203
Cassiterides, i. 23, 24, 25, 27-9, 89; ii. [47], [48]
Catalan Atlas, mappamundi of 1375, ii. [233], [266], [292]
Catalan compass-chart at Florence, ii. [231], [232-3],

[235]
Catalan compass-chart (15th century) at Milan, ii. [279], [280]
Catalan sailors and cartographers (see [Compass-charts]), ii. [217]
Catapult, used by the Skrælings, i. 327; ii. [6-8], [92]
Cattegat, The, i. 93, 100, 101, 102, 105, 169, 180
“Cauo de Ynglaterra” on La Cosa’s map, ii. [314-5], [317], [321-2];
probably Cape Breton, ii. [314];
or Cape Race (?), ii. [321-2]
Celts, i. 19, 41, 42, 68, 81, 208;
early Celtic settlement of the Faroes, i. 162-4;
of Iceland, i. 167, 258;
possible Celtic population in Scandinavia, i. 210;
mythology of the, i. 379
Chaldeans, i. 8, 47
Chancellor, Richard, ii. [135]
Chinese myths of fortunate isles, i. 377; ii. [213]
Christ, The White, ii. [44], [45], [46]
Christ, Wilhelm, i. 14, 37
Christianity introduced in Iceland, i. 260, 332;
introduced in Greenland, i. 270, 272, 357, 332, 380;
decline of, in Greenland, ii. [38], [100-2], [106], [113], [121]
Christian IV. of Denmark, ii. [124], [178]
Christiern I. of Denmark, ii. [119], [125], [127], [128], [132], [133], [134], [345]
Chukches, i. 212
Church, ii. [301]
Cimbri, i. 14, 21, 82, 85, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 118, 145
Cimmerians, i. 13, 14, 21, 79, 145
Circumnavigation, Idea of, i. 77, 79; ii. [271], [291-3], [296-7]
Clavering, ii. [73]
Clavus, Claudius, i. 226, 303; ii. [11], [17], [85], [86], [89], [117], [248-76], [284];
his Nancy map and text, ii. [249], [250], [253], [255-69];
his later map and Vienna text, ii. [250], [251], [252]-[3], [254], [265-76];
his methods, ii. [252-3], [259-61];
his influence on cartography, ii. [276-9], [335], [368], [369], [370], [371]
Cleomedes, i. 44, 52, 53, 55, 57, 134
Codanovia, island, i. 91, 93-4, 103
Codanus, bay, i. 90-5, 101, 102, 103, 105, 118
Collett, Prof. R., i. 345; ii. [91]
Collinson, R., ii. [129]
Columbus, i. 3, 77, 79, 115, 116, 312, 376; ii. [291], [292], [293], [294], [295], [296], [297], [300], [307], [310], [325]
Compass, Introduction of, i. 248; ii. [169], [214], [215-6];
variation of, ii. [217], [307-8], [370-1]
Compass-charts, ii. [215-36], [265], [279], [280], [282], [308], [313];
development of, ii. [215-8];
limits of, ii. [218]
Congealed or curdled sea, beyond Thule, i. 65-9, 70, 100, 106, 121, 165, 181, 195, 363, 376; ii. [149], [200], [231]
Connla the Fair, Tale of, i. 371
Contarini, G., ii. [303], [336], [337], [338], [342], [343]
Converse, Harriet Maxwell, i. 377
Cornwall, Tin in, i. 23, 29, 31
Corte-Real, Gaspar, ii. [130], [328], [330], [331], [332], [347-53], [354], [357], [358-66], [373];
letters patent to (1500), ii. [347];
voyage of 1500, ii. [360];
voyage of 1501, ii. [347-53], [360-75];
his fate, ii. [353], [375];
his discoveries, ii. [354-5], [362], [364]
Corte-Real, João Vaz, unhistorical expedition attributed to, ii. [359]
Corte-Real, Miguel, ii. [353], [360], [361];
letters patent to, ii. [353], [355], [376];
voyage of 1502 or 1503, ii. [353], [376];
probably reached Newfoundland, ii. [376];
his fate, ii. [376]

Corte-Real, Vasqueanes, refused leave to search for his brothers, ii. [377]
Corte-Real, Vasqueanes IV., reported expedition of, in 1574, ii. [378]
Cosa, Juan de la, map by, ii. [302], [309-18], [321], [374];
represents Cabot’s discoveries of 1497, ii. [311-2]
Cosmas Indicopleustes, i. 126, 127, 128; ii. [183]
Costa, B. T. de, ii. [129], [214]
“Cottoniana” mappamundi, i. 180, 182, 183; ii. [192-3], [208], [220], [284]
Cottonian Chronicle, ii. [303], [324], [326]
Crassus, Publius, visits the Cassiterides, i. 27
Crates of Mallus, i. 44, 78-9
Croker, T. Crofton, i. 379
Cromlechs, Distribution of, i. 22, 239
Cronium, Mare, i. 65, 100, 106, 121, 182, 363, 376
Crops, in Thule, i. 63;
in Britain, i. 63;
in Greenland, i. 277
Cuno, J. G., i. 59
Cwên-sæ̂, i. 169
Cyclopes, i. 189, 196; ii. [10], [147], [148], [238]
Cylipenus, i. 101, 104, 105
Cynocephali, i. 154-5, 159, 187, 189, 198, 383
Cystophora cristata (bladder-nose seal), i. 276, 286
Daae, L., i. 226; ii. [125], [129]
Dalorto (or Dulcert), Angellino, ii. [226-30];
his map of 1325, ii. [177], [219], [226], [229], [235], [236];
his map of 1339 (Dulcert), ii. [229], [230], [235], [265], [266]
Damastes of Sigeum, i. 16
Danes, i. 94, 121, 136, 139, 142, 143, 145, 146, 153, 167, 169, 180, 188, 245; ii. [115], [161]
Darkness, Sea of, i. 40-1, 192, 195, 199, 363, 382; ii. [149], [204], [206], [212]
Dauciones, i. 120, 121
Davis Strait, i. 269
Dawson, S. E., ii. [295], [307], [319], [321]
Debes, Lucas, i. 375
Delisle, L., ii. [161]
Delos, i. 375
Delphi, i. 18, 19
Democritus, i. 127
Denmark, i. 82, 94, 180, 185, 234; ii. [179], [201], [204], [205], [208], [237];
called “Dacia” on mediæval maps, ii. [188], [190], [222], [225];
representation of, in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [225], [235], [250], [286]
Denys, Nicolas, ii. [3]
Desimoni, C., ii. [325]
Deslien’s map of 1541, ii. [322]
Detlefsen, D., i. 43, 70, 71, 72, 83, 84, 85, 93, 97, 99, 102, 119
Dicæarchus, i. 44, 73
Dicuil, i. 58, 160, 162-7, 252, 362; ii. [43], [51], [229]
Dihya, Ibn, ii. [200-1], [209]
Dimashqî, ii. [212-3]
Diodorus Siculus, i. 23, 29-30, 44, 50, 51, 52, 58, 63, 71, 80, 87, 90, 346; ii. [48]
Dionysius Periegetes, i. 114-5, 123, 356; ii. [47], [48], [192]
Dipylon vases, i. 236-7
Disappearing (fairy) islands, i. 370, 378-9; ii. [213]
Disc, Doctrine of the earth as a, i. 8, 12, 126, 127, 153, 198; ii. [182]
Disco Bay, Greenland, i. 298, 300, 301, 302, 306, 307; ii. [72]
“Dœgr” (== half a 24 hours’ day), used as a measure of distance, i. 287, 310, 322, 335; ii. [166], [169], [170], [171]
Dogs as draught-animals, ii. [69], [72], [145], [146]
Down Islands (Duneyiar), i. 285, 286
Dozy, R., ii. [55], [200], [201]
Dozy and de Goeje, ii. [51], [204]
Drapers’ Company, Protest of, against Sebastian Cabot, ii. [302], [330], [338], [342]
Draumkvæde, i. 367, 381
Driftwood, in Greenland, i. 299, 305, 307, 308; ii. [37], [96]
Drusus (The elder Germanicus), i. 83
“Dumna,” island, i. 106, 117; ii. [257]
Dumont d’Urville, i. 376
Dvina, river, i. 173, 174, 222; ii. [135], [136], [137], [142], [146], [164], [176]
Eastern Settlement of Greenland, i. 263, 265, 267, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 296, 301, 302, 307, 310, 311, 321; ii. [71], [82], [90], [107], [108], [112], [116];
decline of, ii. [95-100], [102]
Ebstorf map, i. 102, 191; ii. [187]
Edda, The older (poetic), i. 273
Edda, the younger (Snorra-Edda), i. 273, 298, 304, 342, 364
Eden, Richard, ii. [341]
Edrisi, i. 182, 382; ii. [51-53], [202-8], [209], [210], [216];
his map, ii. [192], [203], [208], [220], [284]
Egede, Hans, ii. [40], [41], [74], [101], [104], [105], [106]
Egil Skallagrimsson’s Saga, i. 175, 218
Egyptian myths, i. 347
Einar Sokkason, i. 283, 294
Einar Thorgeirsson, lost in Greenland, i. 284

Einhard, i. 167, 179, 180, 185
Elk (achlis), i. 105, 191
Elymus arenarius (lyme-grass), ii. [5]
Elysian Fields, i. 347, 349, 351
Empedocles, i. 12, 127
England (see [Britain]), Arab geographers on, ii. [204], [211];
maritime enterprise of, ii. [180], [294-5], [343];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [218]
English State document (1575) on North-West Passage, ii. [129-30], [132]
“Engronelant,” ii. [277], [279], [373]
d’Enjoy, Paul, i. 377
Eratosthenes of Cyrene, i. 20, 29, 44, 47, 52, 55, 61, 73, 75-7, 78, 82, 115; ii. [292]
Eric Blood-Axe, ii. [136]
Eric of Pomerania, ii. [118], [119]
Eric the Red, i. 252, 256, 259, 262, 280, 288, 293, 318-21, 324, 330, 337, 344, 368; ii. [22], [77], [88];
discovers Greenland, i. 260, 263, 266-70
Eric the Red, Saga of, i. 260, 266, 273, 291, 292, 293, 296, 310, 313, 314, 318, 322, 331, 332-5, 337, 338, 342, 343, 367, 382; ii. [4], [6], [8], [10], [11], [14], [15], [22], [23], [24], [42], [43], [50], [59], [61], [89], [91], [206];
its value as a historical document, ii. [62]
Eric’s fjord (Greenland), i. 267, 268, 271, 275, 317, 318, 319, 321; ii. [112]
Eric Upsi, bishop of Greenland, ii. [29-31]
Eridanus, river, i. 31, 32, 34, 42
Eruli, i. 21, 94, 136, 137-8, 139-49, 153, 235, 245
Erythea, i. 9
Erythræan Sea, i. 10
Eskimo, i. 19, 51, 150, 212, 215, 216, 223, 231-2, 260, 298, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 368; ii. [10], [12], [16], [17], [19], [66-94], [102-6], [107], [111-2], [113-6], [333], [366-7];
fairy-tales and legends of, ii. [8], [105], [115];
ball-game among, ii. [40-1];
distribution of, ii. [66-74];
racial characteristics of, ii. [67-8];
their culture, ii. [68-9], [91-2];
Norse settlers absorbed by, ii. [100], [102-105], [106], [107-11], [117];
unwarlike nature of, ii. [114], [115-6]
Esthonians (Æstii, Osti), Esthonia, i. 69, 72, 104, 109, 131, 167, 169, 170, 181, 186; ii. [205]
“Estotiland,” fictitious northern country, ii. [131]
Eudoxus, i. 46
Eyrbyggja-saga, i. 313, 376; ii. [42], [46], [48], [50]
Fabricius, A., ii. [55]
Fabyan, Robert, Chronicle (quoted by Hakluyt), ii. [303], [324], [326], [333]
Fadhlân, Ibn, ii. [143]
Fairies, Names for, i. 372-3
Fairylands, Irish, i. 357, 370-1, 379; ii. [60];
Norwegian, i. 369-70, 378; ii. [60], [213];
laudatory names for, i. 374;
characteristics of, i. 375-9; ii. [213-4]
Faqîh, Ibn al-, ii. [197]
Farewell, Cape, i. 261, 267, 280, 282, 284, 288, 291, 295, 307, 316; ii. [73]
Faroes, The, i. 254, 255, 257, 316, 324, 362; ii. [51], [229], [262];
discovered by the Irish, i. 162-4, 233;
Irish monks expelled from, i. 252, 253;
early Celtic population in, i. 164, 253
Felix, The monk, in mediæval legend, i. 381
Fenni (Finns), i. 109, 112, 113, 114, 120, 149, 203
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, letter from, ii. [300]
Fernald, M. L., ii. [3], [5-6]
Fernandez, João (called “Lavorador”), ii. [331-2], [356];
letters patent to (1499), ii. [346], [356];
probably sighted Greenland (1500), ii. [356], [357], [375];
took part in Bristol expedition (1501), ii. [331], [356], [357];
Greenland (Labrador) named after him, ii. [358]
Filastre, Cardinal, ii. [249-50], [278]
Finland (see [Kvænland]), i. 206, 209, 210, 214;
the name confused with Vinland, i. 198, 382; ii. [31], [191];
and with Finmark, i. 382; ii. [191], [205];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [224]
Finmark, i. 61, 173, 175, 177, 191, 198, 204, 210, 213, 220, 222, 225; ii. [86], [141], [163], [164], [172], [178], [179], [205], [211], [237];
the name confused with Finland, i. 382; ii. [32], [191], [205];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [221]
“Finn,” The name, i. 198, 205-7, 210
“Finnaithæ” (Finnédi, Finvedi) (see [Finns]), i. 135, 137, 189, 198, 203, 204, 206, 382
Finn mac Cumhaill, i. 363; ii. [45]
Finns, i. 109, 112, 113, 114, 120, 135, 136, 137, 149, 171, 173-8, 189, 198, 203-32, 382; ii. [68], [143];
Horned Finns, ii. [167]
“Finns,” in southern Scandinavia, i. 103, 203, 205, 206-11; ii. [159]
Finn’s booths (Finnsbuðir), in Greenland, i. 283, 296, 305

“Finnur hinn Friði,” Faroese lay of, ii. [33-4]
Fisher, J., ii. [33], [121], [229], [249], [276], [277], [278], [279], [281]
Fischer, M. P., ii. [161]
Fischer, Theobald, ii. [216], [220], [230], [234]
Fishing Lapps, i. 204, 205, 207, 218, 221, 223-32
Flateyjarbók, i. 254, 283, 313, 304, 317, 318, 324, 329, 331, 334, 338, 340, 343, 344, 359, 360; ii. [4], [14], [15], [18], [21], [22], [23], [25], [59], [61]
Fletcher, Giles, i. 226
Floamanna-Saga, i. 280, 281; ii. [46], [81]
Floating islands, Legends of, i. 375-7; ii. [213-4]
Floki Vilgerdarson, sails to Iceland, i. 255, 257, 269
Florus, L. Annæus, i. 350
Forbiger, A., i. 58, 102
Forster, i. 179
Fortunate Isles (Insulæ Fortunatæ), i. 117, 198, 334, 345-53, 367, 370, 372, 373, 382-4; ii. [1-6], [24], [31], [42], [55], [59-61], [64], [191], [228], [280], [304]
Fortunate Lake, Irish myth of, ii. [229-30]
Foster-Brothers’ Saga, i. 276, 320; ii. [9], [18]
Frähn, C. M., ii. [143], [145]
Franks Casket, The, i. 176
Freydis, daughter of Eric the Red, i. 320, 328, 332, 333; ii. [11], [51]
Friesland, Frisians, i. 95, 153, 205
Friis, J. A., i. 372
Friis, Peder Claussön, i. 224, 227-9, 232, 369; ii. [153], [158], [178], [268]
Frisian noblemen’s polar expedition, i. 195-6, 200, 383; ii. [147-8]
Frisius, Gemma, ii. [129], [132]
Frisland, fabulous island south of Iceland, i. 377; ii. [131]
Fritzner, ii. [9]
Furðustrandir, i. 273, 312, 313, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 334, 336, 337, 339, 357; ii. [24], [36]
Fyldeholm (island of drinking), i. 352
Gadir (Gadeira, Gades, Cadiz), i. 24, 27, 28, 30, 36, 37, 66, 79
Galvano, Antonio, ii. [336], [337], [338], [354], [364], [376]
Gandvik (the White Sea), i. 218-9, 228; ii. [136-8], [164], [223], [237], [239]
Gardar, discoverer of Iceland, i. 255-7, 263
Garðar, Greenland, i. 272, 273, 275, 311; ii. [106], [107], [108], [121], [122]
“Gautigoth” (see [Goths]), i. 135
Gautrek’s Saga, i. 18-9
Geelmuyden, Prof. H., i. 52, 54, 311; ii. [23]
Geijer, E. G., i. 60, 102, 111, 131, 205, 207
Gellir Thorkelsson, i. 366
Genoese mappamundi (1447 or 1457), ii. [278],

[286], [287]
Geminus of Rhodes, i. 43, 44, 53, 54, 57, 63, 64
Geographia Universalis, i. 382; ii. [32], [177], [188-91], [220], [227], [339]
Gepidæ, i. 139, 142, 153
Gerfalcons, Island or land of, ii. [208], [227], [266], [289]
Germania, i. 69, 71, 73, 87, 90, 95, 101, 108-14, 154, 169;
Roman campaigns in, i. 81, 83, 85, 97
Germanicus, The younger, i. 83
Germanus, Nicolaus, ii. [251], [276-9], [288], [290], [373]
Germany, coast of, in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [257]
Gesta Francorum, i. 234
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, ii. [340]
Gildas, i. 234, 364
Ginnungagap, i. 12, 84, 158; ii. [35], [150], [154], [239-41]
Giraldus Cambrensis, i. 379; ii. [151], [220], [245]
Gisle Oddsson’s Annals, ii. [82], [100-2], [109]
Gissur Einarsson, Bishop, i. 285
Gjessing, H., ii. [31]
Glæsaria, island, i. 101, 106
Glastonbury, Legend of sow at, i. 378-9
“Gli,” mythical island, i. 364
Globes, used by the Greeks, i. 78;
introduced by Toscanelli, ii. [287];
Behaim’s, ii. [287-9];
Laon globe, ii. [290];
used by Columbus, ii. [287];
and Cabot, ii. [304], [306]
Gnomon, The, i. 11, 45-6
Godthaab, Greenland, i. 271, 304, 307, 321; ii. [73], [74]
Goe, month of, i. 264, 265
Goeje, M. de, i. 344, 362; ii. [51], [194], [197], [198]
Goes, Damiam de, ii. [354], [366], [376], [377]
Gokstad ship, i. 246
Gomara, Francesco Lopez de, ii. [129], [130], [131], [336], [337], [354], [364]
Gongu-Rólv’s kvæði, i. 356
Göta river, i. 131; ii. [190], [205]
Göter (Gauter), i. 120, 135, 141, 144, 147; ii. [190]
Goths (Gytoni, Gythones, Getæ), i. 14, 21, 71, 120, 129, 130, 135, 137, 139, 145, 147, 153; ii. [143], [190]

Gotland, i. 121, 180, 378; ii. [125], [237];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [221], [224], [233], [265]
Gourmont, Hieronymus, map of Iceland, ii. [122-3], [127]
Graah, Captain, i. 297; ii. [104]
Grail, Legends of the, i. 382
Grampus, i. 50-1
Granii, i. 136
Grape Island (Insula Uvarum), i. 358, 361, 363, 365, 366
Greenland, i. 184, 192, 194, 197, 199, 200, 201, 215, 223, 252, 315-21, 322; ii. [1], [5], [12], [25], [36], [38], [40-2], [66-94], [95-134], [167], [169], [177], [244], [345], [366];
Eskimo of, ii. [71-5];
discovered and settled by Norwegians, i. 258-78;
estimated population of settlements, i. 272;
conditions of life in i. 274-8, 319; ii. [96-7];
voyages along the coasts of, i. 279-311;
glaciers (inland ice) of, i. 288-95, 301, 308; ii. [246-7];
decline of Norse settlements in, ii. [90], [95-100];
last voyage to (from Norway), ii. [117];
last ship from, ii. [118];
geographical ideas of, ii. [237-40], [246-8], [254-5], [259-62], [270-6], [278], [279], [280];
east coast of, i. 271-2, 279-96, 308; ii. [168], [170], [171], [238];
uninhabited parts (ubygder) of, i. 279-311, 320, 321; ii. [28], [166], [172];
sixteenth-century discovery of, ii. [315], [332], [335], [352], [363], [364], [375];
called Labrador, ii. [129], [132], [133], [315], [335], [353];
in sixteenth-century maps, ii. [368-75]
Gregory of Tours i. 234
“Greipar,” in Greenland, i. 298, 299, 300-1, 304
Grettis-saga, i. 313, 367
Griffins, i. 19, 254; ii. [263]
Grim Kamban, i. 253
Grimm, J., i. 18, 94, 95, 355, 372; ii. [45], [56]
Grimm, W., i. 373
Grip, Carsten, letter to Christiern III., ii. [126-8]
Gripla, i. 288; ii. [35-6], [237], [239], [241]
Gröndal, B., i. 371, 375
Grönlands historiske Mindesmærker, i. 262, 263, 271, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 288, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 305, 311, 333, 359, 377; ii. [1], [9], [14], [17], [22], [25], [31], [35], [46], [79], [82], [86], [100], [102], [106], [108], [112], [113], [117], [119], [120], [125], [127], [172], [237], [278]
Grönlendinga-þáttr (see [Flateyjarbók])
Groth, Th., ii. [103]
Grottasongr, i. 159
Gudleif’ Gudlaugsson, story of his voyage, ii. [49-50], [53-4];
compared with Leif Ericson, ii. [50-1]
Gudmund Arason’s Saga, i. 284
Gudmundsson, Jón, map by, ii. [34], [241]
Gudmundsson, V., ii. [25]
Gudrid, wife of Karlsevne, i. 318, 319, 320, 321, 329, 330, 333; ii. [14-5], [51]
Guichot y Sierra, A., i. 376
Gulathings Law, ii. [140]
Gulf Stream, i. 251; ii. [54]
Gunnbjörnskerries, i. 256, 261-4, 267, 280; ii. [276]
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, i. 256, 261-4, 267, 280, 296
Gustafson, Prof. G., i. 237, 240
Gutæ, i. 120
Guta-saga, i. 378
Gutones (see [Goths]), i. 70, 71, 72, 72, 93
Gytoni (see [Goths]), i. 71
Hægstad, Prof. M., ii. [242]
Hægstad and Torp (Gamal-norsk Ordbog), ii. [9]
Hæmodæ (“Acmodæ,” “Hæcmodæ”), i. 90, 106
“Hafsbotn” (the Polar Sea), i. 283, 303; ii. [137], [151], [165], [166], [167], [168], [171], [172], [237], [240]
Hakluyt. R., i. 226; ii. [129], [132], [152], [261], [319], [321], [326], [333]
Håkon Håkonsson’s Saga, i. 299; ii. [139], [141]
Halichoerus grypus (grey seal), i. 217; ii. [91], [155]
Halli Geit, Tale of, ii. [239]
Hallinger, i. 104, 247
Hallstatt, i. 24, 36
Hâlogaland (Hålogaland, Hâlogi, Halgoland, Halagland, Halogia, Helgeland), i. 61, 62, 64, 132, 135, 138, 175, 179, 194, 197, 200, 231, 247, 264, 381, 383; ii. [64], [137], [139], [140], [142], [165], [168], [172];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [227], [236]
Halsingia, or Alsingia, i. 104
Hamberg, Axel, ii. [69]
Hammershaimb, V. U., i. 356, 375; ii. [33]
Hamy, ii. [220], [223], [229], [230], [234]
Hanno, i. 37, 88, 350; ii. [45]
Hans (John), king of Denmark, ii. [125], [128]
Hanseatic League, ii. [99], [119], [125], [179], [218]
Hansen, Dr. A. M., i. 149, 192, 206, 207, 208, 218, 221, 222, 228, 229, 230, 236-7, 239
Harold Fairhair, i. 253-4, 255, 258

Harold Gråfeld, ii. [136], [153], [154]
Harold Hardråde, i. 185, 195, 201, 283, 383; ii. [147], [199];
his voyage in the Polar Sea, i. 195; ii. [148-54]
Harpoons, i. 214-7, 277; ii. [145-6], [156-63]
Harrisse, Henry, ii. [132], [230], [293], [294], [295], [296], [297], [300], [302], [303], [304], [305], [309], [314], [315], [319], [320], [326], [327], [329], [331], [332], [333], [334], [336], [341], [347], [348], [349], [353], [358], [359], [360], [365], [374]
Harudes (Charydes, Charudes, Horder), i. 85, 118, 136, 143, 148, 246
Hauksbók, i. 188, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262, 264, 268, 286, 291, 293, 308, 309, 322, 327, 331, 333, 353, 367, 369; ii. [10], [11], [166], [169], [172], [216], [261]
Hebrides (Ebudes, Hebudes), i. 57, 90, 106, 117, 123, 158, 159, 160, 161, 234, 273, 316; ii. [151], [200]
Hecatæus of Abdera, i. 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 98
Heffermehl, A. V., ii. [242]
Heiberg, Prof. J., i. 219, 220
Heimskringla, i. 270, 313, 331; ii. [59], [137], [171], [239]
Heiner, i. 138
Heinrich of Mainz, map by, ii. [185], [187]
Helge Bograngsson, killed in Bjarmeland, ii. [139-40]
Heligoland, i. 197
Helland, A., i. 226, 231, 369, 372, 373, 378, 381; ii. [46], [152], [177], [228]
Helluland, i. 312, 313, 322, 323, 334, 336, 357; ii. [1], [23], [35-6,] [61], [237]
Helm, O., i. 14
Helsingland, Helsingers, i. 189; ii. [237]
Henry V. of England, ii. [119]
Henry VI. of England, ii. [119]
Henry VII. of England, ii. [130], [298], [299], [302], [303], [322], [324], [326], [327], [331], [332], [333], [334], [337], [338], [340]
Henry VIII. of England, ii. [319], [330], [334], [338], [341], [342], [343]
Heraclitus, i. 12
“Herbrestr” (war-crash), ii. [8-9]
Hereford map, i. 91, 92, 102, 154, 157, 190; ii. [186], [187]
Hergt, G., i. 43, 51, 60, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72
Herla, mythical king of Britain, ii. [76]
Hermiones, i. 91, 104
Hermits, in Irish legends, ii. [19], [43-6], [50]
Herodotus, i. 9, 12, 20, 23, 24, 27, 31-2, 46, 76, 78, 81, 88, 114, 148, 155, 156, 161, 187
Hertzberg, Ebbe, ii. [38], [39], [40], [61], [93]
Hesiod, i. 9, 11, 18, 42, 84, 348
Hesperides, i. 9, 161, 334, 345, 376; ii. [2], [61]
Heyman, i. 342; ii. [8]
Hielmqvist, Th., i. 381
Hieronymus, i. 151, 154
Higden, Ranulph (Polychronicon), i. 346, 382; ii. [31-2], [288-92], [220];
his mappamundi, ii. [188], [189], [192]
Hilleviones, i. 101, 104, 121
Himilco’s voyage, i. 29, 36-41, 68, 83
Himinrað (Hunenrioth, &c.), mountain in Greenland, i. 302-4; ii. [108]
Hipparchus, i. 44, 47, 52, 56, 57, 73, 77-8, 87, 116; ii. [197]
Hippocrates, i. 13, 88
Hippopods, i. 91
Hirri, i. 101
Historia Norwegiæ, i. 204, 229, 252, 255, 256, 257, 298; ii. [1], [2], [17], [29], [61], [79], [87], [88], [135], [151], [167], [168], [172], [222], [227], [235], [239], [240], [280]
Hjorleif, settles in Iceland with Ingolf, i. 166, 252, 254, 255
Hoegh, K., ii. [31]
Hoffmann, W. J., ii. [39], [40]
Hofmann, C., i. 59
Holand, H. R., ii. [31]
Holberg, Ludvig, ii. [118]
Holm, G. F., i. 271, 274
Holz, G., i. 85, 102
Homer, i. 8, 10-11, 13, 14, 25, 33, 77, 78, 196, 347, 348, 371; ii. [53], [54], [160]
Homeyer, C. G., i. 214
Hönen, Ringerike, Runic stone from, ii. [27-9], [58]
Honorius Augustodunensis, i. 375
Honorius, Julius, i. 123; ii. [183]
Horace, i. 349, 350-1
Horaisan, Japanese fortunate isle, ii. [56-7], [213]
Horder (see [Harudes]), i. 85, 118, 136, 138, 143, 147, 209, 246
Horn, Georg, (Ulysses peregrinans), ii. [132], [133]
Horses, Swedish, i. 135;
in Greenland, i. 276
Hrabanus Maurus, i. 159, 167, 184
“Huldrefolk” (Norwegian fairies), i. 355, 356, 370-3, 381; ii. [12], [60]
“Huldrelands” (see [Fairylands])
Humboldt, i. 363
Huns, i. 188
Hvarf point, in Greenland, i. 263, 267, 269, 279, 288, 290, 292, 294, 295, 303, 310, 315; ii. [169], [171], [261]
Hvergelmer, i. 158, 159
Hvítramanna-land (the White Men’s Land), i. 312, 313, 330, 353, 366, 368, 376; ii. [2], [19], [42-56], [60], [61], [92];
called Great Ireland, i. 330, 353, 366; ii. [42], [48];
Are Mársson’s voyage to, i. 331-2, 353-4; ii. [42], [46], [50]
Hvitserk glacier, in Greenland, i. 283, 286, 288, 291, 292, 294-5, 303; ii. [122], [123], [124], [127], [128]
Hyperboreans, i. 13, 15-21, 79, 81, 88, 89, 98, 128, 187, 188, 348; ii. [188]
Iberians, in British Isles, i. 26;
in Brittany, i. 30;
cannibalism among, i. 81
Ibrâhîm ibn Ja’qûb, i. 187
Iceland, i. 181-4, 192, 193-4, 197, 201, 248, 251, 262, 263, 267, 278, 285, 286, 289, 295, 305, 308, 324, 337, 353, 362, 374; ii. [43], [49], [102], [112], [169], [170], [191], [211], [242], [244], [245], [281];
discovered by Irish monks, i. 59, 164-7, 233, 258;
identified with Thule, i. 59-60, 164, 193;
fables of ice in, i. 181, 183-4, 193; ii. [191];
Norwegian settlement of, i. 252-8;
called “Gardarsholm,” i. 255;
called “Snowland,” i. 255;
in mediæval cartography, ii. [225], [230], [231], [250], [262], [275], [279], [284], [286]
Icelandic Annals (Islandske Annaler), i. 282, 284, 285, 305; ii. [25], [29], [36], [37], [82], [88], [99], [111], [112], [117], [118], [166], [172]
Ictis, i. 29
“Illa verde,” on fifteenth and sixteenth century maps, ii. [279-81], [294], [318]
Indian myths, i. 19, 92, 351, 356, 363; ii. [57], [213], [214]
Indiana, North American, i. 327, 377; ii. [7], [12], [16], [23], [25], [68], [69], [90], [92], [93], [334], [367];
lacrosse among, ii. [39-41], [93]
Ingævones, i. 101
Ingimund Thorgeirsson, lost in Greenland, i. 284
Ingolf Arnarson, first Norse settler in Iceland, i. 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 267
Ingolf’s Fjeld, Greenland, i. 291, 293, 294, 296
Ingram, Dr., i. 179
Ireland (Hierne, Hibernia, Juverna, Ivernia, Ibernia), i. 38, 57, 80, 81, 90, 117, 179, 192, 234, 253, 326; ii. [201], [211], [244], [245];
connection with Iceland, i. 167, 258, 353;
whaling in, ii. [156]
Irgens, O., i. 248, 250
Irish monks, i, 162-7, 362; ii. [43];
(“Papar”) in Iceland, i. 254, 258; ii. [77], [78]
Irish myths, i. 281-2, 334, 336-9, 353-64, 370, 371; ii. [18], [19], [20], [43-5], [50], [53-4], [56], [60-1], [206], [207], [228-9], [234]
Iroquois myth of floating island, i. 377
Isachsen, G., i. 300, 304, 306; ii. [168], [171]
Isidorus Hispalensis, i. 44, 102, 151, 159, 160, 167, 184, 187, 345, 346, 347, 352, 353, 367, 382-4; ii. [2], [3-4], [58], [59], [64], [75], [183], [184], [185], [189], [247]
Isles of the Blest, The, i. 9, 84, 348, 349, 351, 363, 370; ii. [59]

Issedonians, i. 16, 19, 81
Italian sailors and cartographers (see [Compass-charts]), ii. [217]
Itinéraire Brugeois, ii. [250], [256], [262], [263], [272]
Itineraries, Roman, i. 116, 123, 153
Ivar Bárdsson’s description of Greenland, i. 262-3, 290, 292, 295, 302, 304; ii. [82], [87], [88], [102], [106], [107-11], [126], [166], [171], [241], [256], [261], [276]
Ivar Bodde, probable author of the King’s Mirror, ii. [242]
Jacob, G., i. 187, 284; ii. [145], [157], [202]
Jakobsen, Dr. J., i. 163, 293, 374
Jan Mayen, i. 287; ii. [168], [169], [171]
Japanese myth, ii. [56-8], [213]
Jaqût, ii. [143], [144]
Jaubert, P. A., ii. [204]
Jenkinson, Anthony, ii. [152]
Jensen, A. S., ii. [104]
Jomard, ii. [220], [229]
Jones Sound, i. 304, 306
Jónsbók, Icelandic MS., i. 316, 320, 329; ii. [24]
Jónsson, Finnur, i. 166, 198, 256, 258, 260, 262, 265, 266, 273, 301, 305, 314, 331, 367; ii. [79], [107], [108], [167], [237]
Jordanes, i. 104, 120, 129-38, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 153, 154, 155, 194, 203, 206; ii. [211]
Jörgensen, N. P., i. 272, 274-5
Jotunheim, i. 303; ii. [147], [172], [238]
Jovius, Paulus, ii. [111]
Joyce, P. W., i. 360, 379
Julianehaab, Greenland, i. 267, 271, 274
Jutland, i. 69, 71, 72, 82, 85, 93, 94, 101, 102, 105, 117, 139, 144, 143, 147, 169, 180, 185, 246; ii. [192];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [224], [225], [235], [257], [265]
Kähler, F., i. 43, 68
Kandalaks, river and gulf, i. 174, 218-9, 222

Kara Sea, i. 212
Karelians (Kirjals), Karelia, i. 175, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223; ii. [85], [137], [140], [146], [167], [173], [174];
“Kareli infideles,” ii. [85], [117], [224], [225], [255], [262], [270], [271], [272]
Karlsevne, Thorfinn, i. 260, 313, 318, 319, 331, 333, 336, 346, 354; ii. [14], [15], [18], [23], [25], [65];
voyage to Wineland, i. 320-30, 334-45;
battle with the Skrælings, i. 328; ii. [6-11]
“Kassiteros,” Derivation of, i. 25-6
Kayaks, Eskimo, ii. [10], [68], [70], [72], [74], [85], [91], [92], [127], [270]
Kemble, John M., i. 364
Kensington stone, Minnesota, ii. [31]
Keyser, R., i. 58, 59, 60, 65, 93, 99, 104, 105, 107
Khordâḏbah, Ibn, ii. [195], [196-7]
Kiær, A., ii. [63]
Kingigtorsuak, Runic stone from, i. 297; ii. [84]
King map (circa 1502), ii. [331], [354], [355], [358], [364], [373], [374]
Kings Mirror, The, (Konungs-Skuggsjá), i. 3, 272-3, 277, 279-80, 300, 352; ii. [1], [2], [29], [87], [88], [95], [96], [98], [155], [157], [172], [193], [234], [242-8];
authorship of, ii. [242]
Kjær, A., i. 324
Kjalarnes, i. 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 329; ii. [23]
Kjelmö, archæological find from, i. 212-9, 224
Kjölen range, i. 102, 224; ii. [222]
Kleiven, Ivar, i. 340
“Knarren,” Royal trading ship to Greenland, ii. [38], [98-9], [106], [122]
Knattleikr, Norse ball-game, ii. [38-9], [61], [93];
similar to lacrosse, ii. [39]
“Kobandoi” (Cobandi), i. 93-4, 118
Koch, J., i. 156
Kohl, J. G., ii. [148], [340], [353]
Kohlmann, P. W., i. 194
Koht, H., i. 247; ii. [43]
Kola peninsula, i. 173, 174, 217, 223; ii. [135], [142], [165], [176]
Koren-Wiberg, Christian, ii. [80]
Krabbo, Hermann, i. 202
Krag, H. P. S., i. 340
Kraken, sea monster, i. 375; ii. [234], [244]
Kretschmer, K., i. 10, 12, 14, 74, 78; ii. [215], [222], [223], [226], [228], [229], [230], [282], [284], [294], [313], [353]
Kristensen, W. Brede, i. 347
Kristni-saga, i. 313, 331, 367; ii. [59]
Kröksfjarðarheiðr (Greenland), i. 267, 299, 300-1, 304, 306, 308, 309, 310; ii. [72], [83], [88]
Kulhwch and Olwen, Tale of, i. 342; ii. [8]
Kunstmann, F., ii. [229], [378]
“Kunstmann, No. 2,” Italian mappamundi, ii. [374]
Kvænland (Cvenland, Cwênland; Finland), i. 155, 170, 175, 178, 198;
the name mistaken for “Land of Women,” i. 112, 186-7, 383; ii. [64], [214], [237]
Kvæns (see [Finns]), Cwênas, i. 178, 191, 206, 207, 220, 223; ii. [137], [141], [167];
their name confused with “cyon” (dog), i. 155, 188
Labrador, i. 322, 323, 334, 335; ii. [5], [23], [41], [68], [105], [106], [131], [133], [308], [314], [335], [338], [352], [358], [364], [370];
== Greenland, ii. [129], [132], [133], [315], [331], [335];
the name of, ii. [331-2], [357-8]
Lacrosse, ii. [38-41];
perhaps derived from Norsemen, ii. [40]
Lactantius, i. 127
Læstrygons, i. 13, 78
Läffler, Prof. L. F., i. 132, 134, 136, 297; ii. [63]
“Lageniensis,” i. 357, 379; ii. [228]
Lagnus, bay, i. 101, 105
Lambert map, ii. [188], [259]
Lampros, S. P., ii. [281]
Landa-Rolf, i. 285-6
Landegode (Landit Góða), island off Bodō, Norway, i. 369-70, 372, 373, 374; ii. [60]
Landnámabók, i. 166, 251, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 266, 273, 288, 291, 293, 313, 324, 330, 332, 353, 366, 367, 368, 369, 377; ii. [21], [42], [58], [60], [62], [166], [168], [169], [170], [172]
Langebek, i. 179
Langobards, i. 138, 139, 155, 156, 159
Laon globe, ii. [290]
Lappenberg, I. M., i. 193, 195, 303
Lapps, i. 61, 113, 150, 171, 173, 177, 190, 191, 203-8, 218, 220, 224-32, 372; ii. [76], [135], [164], [168], [175], [178];
their magic, i. 191, 204, 219, 227, 229; ii. [32], [77], [136], [137];
their archery, i. 227-30;
their languages, i. 228-9
Lascaris, Cananos, travels in the North, ii. [281]
Las Casas, ii. [214]
Latitude, calculation of, i. 46-8, 64, 76, 78, 116-7; ii. [22], [260], [307];
scale of, on Ptolemy’s and other maps, ii. [259], [260-1], [264], [274-5]
Latris, island, i. 101, 105
Laurentius Kálfsson’s saga, ii. [8]
Leardus, Johannes, mappamundi by, ii. [282]

L’Ecuy globe (or Rouen globe), ii. [129], [131-2]
Leem, K., ii. [178], [191]
Leif Ericson, i. 270, 313, 314, 315-8, 321, 331, 332, 338, 339, 343, 346, 359, 380, 384; ii. [4], [21], [22], [25], [50], [51], [59], [65];
called “the Lucky,” i. 270, 313, 317, 331;
meaning of the name, i. 380-2;
discovers Wineland the Good, i. 313, 317, 332;
rescues the shipwrecked crew, i. 317;
introduces Christianity, i. 317, 332, 380
Lelewel, J., ii. [131], [203], [278], [282], [284], [286]
Leucippus, i. 12, 127
Liebrecht, F., ii. [228]
Ligurians, i. 41, 42, 114
Lik-Lodin, i. 282-3
Lillienskiold, Hans Hansen, i. 177
Lind, E. H., i. 332
“Liver Sea” (Lebermeer), i. 69, 181, 363; ii. [20], [51], [231]
Lok, Michael, Map of 1582, ii. [130], [321], [323]
Lönborg, S. E., i. 102, 112, 131, 135, 156, 174, 180, 193, 197; ii. [150]
Longest day, calculation of, ii. [52], [54]
Lot, F., i. 357, 379
Loth, J., i. 342
Lucian, i. 352, 355, 356, 360, 361, 363, 366, 376; ii. [54], [150]
Lugii (Vandal tribe), i. 247
“Lycko-Pār” (“Lykke-Per”), i. 381
“Lykk-Anders,” Tale of, i. 381
Lyschander (Grönlands Chronica), ii. [101], [102], [111]
Lytton, Lord, i. 350
Machutus, St., Voyage of, i. 334, 354, 363
Macrobius, i. 123, 126, 184; ii. [182], [193], [247]
Maelduin, Voyage of, i. 336-7, 338, 355, 356, 358, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 366; ii. [9], [18], [45], [150]
Maelstrom, Legends of the, i. 157-9; ii. [138], [150-3], [241]
Mæotides, i. 88
Mæotis Palus (Sea of Azov), i. 89; ii. [199], [211], [283], [284]
Maggiolo, map by (1527), ii. [321], [335], [358], [359]
“Mag Mell” (the happy plain), i. 355, 357, 365, 370
Magnaghi, A., ii. [227], [230]
Magnus Barfot’s Saga, i. 197
Magnussen, Finn, ii. [102]
Maǵûs, Arab name for Northern Vikings, ii. [55], [196], [200], [201], [209], [210]
Maine, coast of, ii. [316], [317]
Mair, G., i. 35, 36, 37, 43, 47, 59
Manannán mac Lir, i. 363, 370; ii. [45]
Mandeville, Sir John, ii. [271], [292]
Manna, i. 338
Mannhardt, W., i. 365
Manuel, King of Portugal, ii. [346], [347], [352], [353], [375], [376], [377], [378]
Mapes, Walter, ii. [75-6]
Maps (see also [Compass-charts]), earliest Greek, i. 11, 76, 77, 78; ii. [182];
Ptolemy’s, i. 116-22;
wheel-maps, i. 151; ii. [183-8], [193], [218], [222];
T- and OT-maps, i. 151; ii. [183-4], [193];
Arab maps, ii. [203];
15th century mappemundi, ii. [281-7]
Marcianus of Heraclea, i. 123
Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, ii. [118], [132]
Marinus of Tyre, i. 115, 116, 121, 122; ii. [194], [249]
Markham, Sir C. R., i. 43, 58, 64; ii. [295], [336], [373]
Markland, i. 299, 305, 307, 312, 313, 322, 323, 324, 329, 334, 335, 336, 338; ii. [1], [19], [22], [23], [36], [37], [42], [61], [92-93], [96], [229], [279];
ship from M. reaches Iceland, ii. [22], [25], [36-8], [61], [229]
Martellus, Henricus, ii. [276], [279]
Martyr, Peter, ii. [303], [330], [336], [337], [338], [339], [342]
Marx, F., i. 37
Massagetæ, i. 81, 148; ii. [188]
Massalia, i. 31, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 67, 70
Mas’ûdî, ii. [198-9], [207]
Matthew Paris, ii. [281]
Matthias, Franz, i. 36, 43
Maurenbrecher, B., i. 349
Maurer, K., i. 265; ii. [9]
Mauro, Fra, map by, ii. [177], [278], [285], [286]
Medici Atlas (1351), i. 362; ii. [229], [234-6], [236], [240], [255], [256], [257], [258], [259], [260], [261], [262], [263], [264], [265], [272-6]
Mehren, A. F., ii. [143], [145], [212]
Meissner, R., i. 255
Mela, Pomponius, i. 15, 19, 28, 38, 44, 55, 63, 72, 75, 85-96, 97, 101, 103, 114, 118, 131, 144, 155; ii. [32], [192], [208]
Melville Bay, i. 305, 310
Mercator, Gerard, ii. [261];
his map of 1569, ii. [130]
Meregarto, i. 69, 181-4, 193, 252; ii. [51]
Mevenklint (Kolbeins-ey), i. 264, 286, 287; ii. [166], [169], [170], [172]
Meyer, Kuno, i. 198, 354
Michelsen, A. L. J., i. 214
Midgards-worm, i. 364; ii. [234]
Mid-glacier (Miðjǫkull), Greenland, i. 267, 288, 290, 293, 294, 295
Midnight sun (long summer day and winter night in the North), i. 14, 45, 53-4, 62, 79, 92, 98, 106, 131, 133-4, 140, 157, 165, 193, 194, 309-11; ii. [144], [190], [212], [281]
Mikhow, Andrei, ii. [163], [173], [174]
Mikkola, Prof., ii. [175]
Miller, K., i. 77, 87, 90, 109, 115, 123, 150, 152, 180, 182; ii. [185], [186], [187], [192], [193], [223], [226], [282], [284]
Modena compass-chart, ii. [230-1], [235], [266], [282]
Moe, Prof. Moltke, i. 69, 247, 304, 332, 341, 342, 352, 358, 364, 366, 370, 372, 373, 374, 378, 379, 381; ii. [8], [11], [15], [16], [20], [33], [44], [45], [46], [51], [56], [75], [147], [213], [228], [242], [245]
Mommsen, T., i. 57, 123, 129, 136, 137, 193; ii. [143]
Monopoly of trade with Greenland, ii. [98], [118-9], [179-80];
with Finmark, ii. [179]
Montelius, O., i. 239, 241
“Moorbrücken,” i. 36
Mordvins, ii. [142], [143], [199]
Morimarusa, i. 99, 100, 105; ii. [58]
Moskenström (Lofoten), i. 158; ii. [152-3], [154], [241]
“Mǫsurr” (masur), wood from Wineland, i. 317; ii. [5], [25]
Much, R., i. 93, 94, 95, 99, 110, 112, 119, 120, 246, 247
Müllenhoff, K., i. 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 65, 83, 85, 92, 93, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 128, 132, 134, 136, 137, 145, 206, 207, 234, 235, 246, 247
Müllenhoff and Scherer, i. 181
Müller, I., i. 83
Müller, S., i. 22
Munch, P.A., i. 50, 132, 134, 136, 146, 179, 180, 205, 246, 247, 258, 331; ii. [154]
Muratori, ii. [162]
Murman coast, i. 212; ii. [173], [176], [269]
Mylius-Erichsen, i. 2, 3
Naddodd Viking, i. 255-7
Nansen, F., First Crossing of Greenland, i. 281, 293
Nansen, F., Eskimo Life, ii. [72], [73], [105]
Narwhale, i. 300, 303
Natives of North America, brought to England in 1501 or 1502, ii. [333];
probably Eskimo, ii. [334];
brought to Lisbon by Corte-Real’s expedition, ii. [348], [349], [351-2], [366-7];
perhaps Eskimo, ii. [367]
Negri, Francesco, i. 226
Nepos, Cornelius, i. 87
Nestor’s Russian Chronicle, ii. [143]
Newfoundland, i. 248, 322, 323, 324, 334, 335; ii. [23], [91], [308], [309], [312], [313], [314], [315], [317], [318], [321], [322], [329], [335], [337], [355], [362], [363], [364], [376];
discovery of, by Corte-Real, ii. [330], [354], [355], [362];
on 16th century maps, ii. [370-5];
fisheries of, ii. [330-1], [378];
called Terra de Corte-Real, ii. [354], [355], [376], [378]
Newfoundland Banks, ii. [154], [309], [318],

[363]
New Land (Nyaland), i. 285-6
Nicholas V., Pope, Letter to, on Greenland, ii. [17], [86], [112], [116], [256], [270], [288], [366];
Letter from, on Greenland (1448), ii. [113-5], [278]
Nicholas of Lynn, ii. [86], [151], [153], [214], [249], [256], [261], [270], [289]
Nicolayssen, O., i. 375
Nielsen, Prof. Konrad, i. 219, 223; ii. [175]
Nielsen, Prof. Yngvar, i. 369; ii. [29], [39], [90], [92], [154]
Niese, B., i. 14
Nikulás Bergsson, Abbot, of Thverâ, (Icelandic geographical work), i. 198, 313; ii. [1], [2], [237], [256]
Nilsson, Sven, i. 35, 60, 205
“Nisse,” Scandinavian fairy, i. 373, 381; ii. [15]
Njál’s Saga, i. 372
Noel, S. B. J., ii. [160], [173]
“Nordbotn,” (Norderbondt, Nordhindh Bondh, Nordenbodhn), the Polar Sea, i. 303, 304; ii. [171], [256], [259], [267], [268], [269]
Nordenskiöld, A. E., i. 226; ii. [32], [220], [223], [229], [230], [234], [249], [250], [266], [282], [285], [357]
Norðrsetur (Greenland), i. 267, 296, 298-307, 308, 309, 300; ii. [83], [88]
Norðrsetudrápa, i. 273, 298
Normans, i. 145, 146, 153, 188, 234; ii. [159-62], [200-2]
North Cape, i. 171, 172, 174; ii. [124]
North Pole, whirlpool at, i. 159;
land at, ii. [239], [263], [272]
North Sea, amber from, i. 14, 32, 34, 35
North-West Passage, i. 115; ii. [129], [130], [378]
Norway, i. 58, 60-5, 147, 253, 292, 316, 324, 353; ii. [98-100], [169], [170], [204], [237];
the name of, i. 107, 179;
Jordanes on, i. 136-8;
Solinus MSS. on, i. 161;
Ottar on, i. 170-1, 175-80;
Adam of Bremen on, i. 188, 190-2, 194, 200;
anthropological characteristics in, i. 209-10;
fairylands in, i. 369-70;
whaling in, ii. [155-9];
Edrisi on, ii. [205];
Shîrazî on, ii. [211];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [221], [225], [227], [230], [235-6], [257], [258-61], [265-9], [286]
Norwegian seafaring, i. 62, 221, 223, 224, 233-5, 246-52, 287; ii. [135], [140];
decline of, ii. [179-81]
Nova Scotia, i. 329, 335, 345; ii. [3], [5], [90], [91], [309], [314-6], [321];
probably discovered by John Cabot, ii. [314-6]
Novaya Zemlya, i. 212, 248; ii. [165], [166], [173], [238]
Novilara, Carvings on grave-stone at, i. 238, 239
Novgorod, ii. [140], [142]
Nydam, Boat from, i. 110, 238, 241, 244, 246
Oceanus, i. 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 79, 192, 198, 199, 200, 201; ii. [1], [154], [182], [198], [200], [204], [239], [248]
Ochon, King of the Eruli, i. 141, 148
Odysseus, i. 13, 78; ii. [53], [54]
“Œcumene” (the habitable world), i. 8, 10, 12, 45, 55, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 115, 121, 198; ii. [182], [217]
Œneæ, or Œonæ (egg-eaters), i. 91, 92, 95, 131, 155
Œstrymnides, i. 28, 37-41;
== Cassiterides, i. 39
Ogygia, i. 182, 347, 355, 363; ii. [43]
Olaf the Saint, i. 331; ii. [49], [50], [171]
Olaf Tryggvason, i. 270, 316, 321, 339; ii. [50]
Olaus Magnus, i. 205, 211, 228; ii. [17], [89], [111], [123], [124], [125], [127], [128], [129], [131], [139], [141], [152], [163], [173], [178]
Oliveriana map (circa 1503), ii. [358], [369], [370], [374-5]
Olrik, Axel, ii. [252], [253]
Olsen, Gunnar, i. 377
Olsen, Prof. Magnus, i. 228, 219, 246, 297
Omar al ’Udhri, i. 284; ii. [156]
Ongania (reproductions of maps), ii. [221], [234], [278], [282], [287]
Oppert, J., i. 35
Orcades, i. 57, 90, 106, 107, 117, 123, 130, 160, 161, 192, 199, 200; ii. [186], [192], [200]
Ordericus Vitalis, i. 382; ii. [31]
“Orkan” (or “Orkas”), i. 50-3, 58, 90
Orkneys, i. 52-3, 90, 107, 113, 117, 192, 195, 258; ii. [55], [148];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [228]
Orosius, Paulus, i. 38, 44, 123, 151, 169, 184; ii. [183], [192], [193]
Oseberg ship, i. 246, 247
Ostiæi, i. 69, 72
Ostiimans (Ostimnians), i. 38, 69, 72
Ost-sæ̂, i. 169
Ostyaks, i. 207; ii. [147]
Ottar (Ohthere), i. 170-80, 204, 211, 213, 214, 218, 220, 225, 230, 231, 247; ii. [135-6], [142], [156], [159], [164], [173], [243]
Panoti (long-eared), i. 92
Paris, Gaston, i. 359
Parmenides of Elea, i. 12, 123; ii. [182]
Pasqualigo, Lorenzo, ii. [301], [302], [303], [312], [314], [316], [317]
Pasqualigo, Pietro, Venetian Minister at Lisbon, ii. [347-9], [355], [360], [361], [362], [363], [365], [367], [372]
Paulus Warnefridi, i. 136, 139, 155-60, 184, 187, 196, 203, 284; ii. [147], [148], [150], [153]
Pechora, river, ii. [144], [146], [147], [173]
Pedo, Albinovanus, i. 82-4; ii. [148]
“Perdita” (the Lost Isle), i. 376; ii. [213]
Permians, i. 174
Peschel, Johannes, i. 352; ii. [147]
Peucini, i. 111, 112, 113, 114
Peyrere (Relation du Groënland), ii. [120]
Phæacians, i. 347, 371, 378; ii. [53], [54]
Philemon, i. 99, 100
Phoca fœtida, i. 177
Phoca grœnlandica (saddleback seal), i. 217, 276
Phoca vitulina, i. 217
Phœnicians, i. 24, 25, 27, 30, 33, 34-6, 40, 41, 99, 233, 249, 346, 349, 362, 376
Pilestrina, map of 1511, attributed to, ii. [374], [376], [377]
Pindar, i. 18, 348
Pining, Didrik, ii. [123-9], [133], [345]
Pistorius, ii. [173]
Pizigano map (1367), ii. [229], [230], [236]
Plato, ii. [46], [293]
Pliny, i. 15, 19, 20, 26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 38, 44, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 65, 70, 71, 72, 75, 84, 85, 87, 93, 96-107, 118, 121, 123, 126, 134, 155, 162, 185, 334, 348, 349, 362, 376; ii. [48], [55], [59], [214]
Plutarch, i. 156, 182, 187, 349, 363, 376; ii. [43]

Polar Sea, i. 169, 172, 195-6, 213, 283, 303; ii. [145], [164], [165], [166], [171], [173], [174], [176], [177], [238]
Polo, Marco, ii. [288], [289]
Polus (equinoctial dial), i. 46, 48
Polybius, i. 43, 44, 45, 52, 56, 66, 67, 73, 74, 78, 80; ii. [160]
Pontoppidan, Erich, i. 375
Porthan, H. G., i. 179
Portolani, ii. [216]
Portuguese adventurers, Arab tale of, ii. [51-5]
Portuguese chart of about 1520, at Munich, ii. [353], [354], [355], [356]
Portuguese, maritime enterprise of, ii. [292-3], [345], [377]
Posidonius, i. 14, 23, 27, 52, 79, 115; ii. [292], [297]
Pothorst, associate of Pining, ii. [123-9], [133], [345]
Priscianus Cæsariensis, i. 123
Procopius, i. 60, 94, 132, 134, 138, 139-50, 154, 194, 203, 372
Promised Land (see [Tír Tairngiri] and [Terra Repromissionis])
Provisioning of Viking ships, i. 268-9
Psalter map, ii. [187], [188]
Ptolemy, i. 26, 38, 44, 72, 75, 76, 79, 93, 99, 102, 111, 112, 115-22, 128, 130, 131, 132, 142, 143, 144, 246, 349; ii. [182], [194], [195], [197], [206], [208], [210], [211], [212], [220], [236], [249], [250], [254], [255], [256], [257], [258], [259], [260], [261], [262], [263], [264], [265], [266], [267], [275], [277], [278], [279], [280], [292]
Puebla, Ruy Gonzales de, Spanish Ambassador to Henry VII., ii. [300], [324], [325]
Pullè and Longhena, ii. [230]
Purchas his Pilgrimes, ii. [126]
Pygmies, ii. [17], [75], [76], [85], [86], [111], [117], [206], [255], [263], [269], [270]
Pythagoras, i. 11, 12
Pytheas, i. 2, 29, 38, 41, 43-73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 90, 92, 97, 100, 106, 116, 165, 172, 193, 234, 246;
date of his voyage, i. 44;
his astronomical measurements, i. 45;
his ship, i. 48;
in Britain, i. 50;
in Thule, i. 53;
on the sea beyond Thule, i. 65;
voyage along the coast of Germania, i. 69
Qazwînî, i. 187, 284; ii. [57], [144], [156], [202], [209-11], [234]
Qodâma, ii. [198]
Querini’s travels in Norway (1432), ii. [177], [286]
Qvigstad, J. K., i. 173, 220, 221, 226, 228, 229, 372; ii. [210]
Rafn, C., i. 304, 340; ii. [31], [33], [193]
Ragnaricii (see [Ranrike]), i. 136
Râkâ, island in Arab myth, ii. [207-8]
Ramusio, G. B., ii. [298], [303], [337], [338], [339], [340], [341], [354], [364]
Ranii, i. 136, 137
Ranisch, W., i. 18
Ranrike, i. 136
Rask, R., i. 179
Raumarici (see [Romerike]), i. 136
Ravenna geographer, The, i. 144, 152-4, 203
Ravenstein, E. G., ii. [287], [289]
Ravn Hlymreks-farer, i. 354, 366
Reeves, A. M., i. 267, 322; ii. [30]
Reinach, S., i. 26, 27
Reindeer, i. 175, 176, 191, 204, 212, 217, 226, 227, 230, 276, 277
Reindeer-Lapps, i. 61, 190, 204, 205, 207, 218, 220-32; ii. [269]
Reinel, Pedro, map by, ii. [321], [322], [358], [364], [370], [371], [374], [376], [377]
Rheims mappamundi in MS. of Mela, ii. [282-3]
Rhipæan, or Riphæan, Mountains, i. 13, 16, 79, 81, 88, 89, 98, 101, 128, 189, 190, 191, 194, 200; ii. [223]
Riant, Paul, ii. [55]
Ribero, Diego, map of 1529, ii. [315], [335], [356], [357], [359]
Rietz, i. 373
Rimbertus, i. 167
Rink, H., ii. [8], [69], [70], [71], [106]
Rock-carvings, Scandinavian, i. 236-41, 245
Rodulf, Norwegian king, i. 129, 132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 143, 147
Roger II., Norman king of Sicily, ii. [202], [203]
Rohde, E., ii. [57], [58], [234]
Rök-stone, The, i. 138, 148
Rolf of Raudesand, i. 264, 315
Romerike, i. 136
Romsdal, i. 136, 137, 147
Rördan, Holger (Monumenta Historiæ Danicæ), ii. [129]
Ross, H., i. 341, 352; ii. [13], [171]
Rudimentum Novitiorum, Map in, ii. [32];
geography in, ii. [189]
Rûm (Eastern and Central Europe), ii. [197], [209], [211]
Rûs (Scandinavians in Russia), ii. [196], [197], [198], [199]
Rusbeas, or Rubeas, promontory, i. 99-100, 102
Russia (see also [Bjarmeland]), i. 185, 187, 188, 191, 214, 383; ii. [141], [143], [164], [174], [195], [196], [197], [206]
Ruste, Ibn, ii. [146], [198]
Ruysch’s map (1508), i. 262; ii, [289]

Rydberg, Viktor, i. 156, 158
Ryger (Ruger, Rugii), i. 136, 138, 147, 179, 209, 246
Rygh, K., i. 173, 304, 323, 324, 369
Rygh, O., i. 304, 324, 374; ii. [211]
Rymbegla, i. 188, 249, 287, 322, 335; ii. [11], [167], [170], [239], [240], [256], [260], [263], [264], [271], [272]
Sabalingii, i. 72, 118
Sævo, Mons, (or Suevus), i. 85, 101, 102
Sa’id, Ibn, ii. [177], [208-9]
Sailing-directions, Icelandic, i. 262, 285, 288, 290; ii. [166], [168-71], [261]
St. John, Island of, on sixteenth-century maps, ii. [320-1], [377]
St. John, Valley of, New Brunswick, i. 335; ii. [3], [5]
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, ii. [68]
Sallust, i. 349; ii. [183], [186];
“Sallust map” at Geneva, ii. [282], [283]
Samoyeds, i. 212, 223; ii. [143], [146], [175]
Samson Fagre’s Saga, ii. [172]
Sanali (long-eared), i. 91, 92
San-Marte, i. 365
Santa Cruz, Alonso de, ii. [332]
Sanudo, Marino, ii. [222-5], [227], [262], [272], [282]
Sargasso Sea, i. 40
Sarmatia, Sarmatians (Slavs), i. 87, 91, 95, 97, 101, 109, 113, 120, 170
Sars, J. E., i. 234, 258
Säve, P. A., i. 374
Savolotchie (the country on the Dvina), ii. [141-2]
Saxo Grammaticus, i. 193, 206, 355, 364; ii. [101], [147], [165-6], [221], [222-3], [224], [227], [238], [242], [258], [259], [263]
Saxons, i. 145, 153, 154, 180, 235, 242, 245
“Scadinavia,” or “Scatinavia,” i. 93, 101, 102-4, 105, 155, 156
“Scandia” (“Scandza”), i. 102-4, 106, 107, 119, 120, 130-1, 136, 142-4, 153, 155; ii. [254], [257]
Scandinavia, regarded as a peninsula, i. 185; ii. [222];
as an island, ii. [186], [188], [225];
representation of, in mediæval cartography, ii. [221-5], [227], [234-6], [250], [258-69], [285], [286];
geography of, in Northern writers, ii. [237-9]
Schafarik, i. 185
Schanz, M., i. 83
Schiern, F., i. 191
Schirmer, G., ii. [44]
Schlaraffenland, i. 352
Schliemann, H., i. 24
Schönnerböl, ii. [152], [153]
Schoolcraft, H. R., ii. [7]
Schrader, O., i. 24, 34, 36
Schröder, C., i. 360; ii. [9], [19], [43], [44], [50]
Schübeler, Prof., ii. [5]
Schuchhardt, C., i. 14
Schultz-Lorentzen, ii. [73]
Sciringesheal (Skiringssal), i. 179, 247
Scirri (Skirer), i. 101, 179, 247
Scisco, Dr. L. D., ii. [43]
Scolvus, Johannes, ii. [129-33]
Scotland, i. 161; ii. [204];
Pytheas in, i. 53-6;
in mediæval cartography, ii. [221], [257]
Scottish runners, Karlsevne’s, i. 321, 324-5, 337, 339-43; ii. [65]
Scythia, Scythians, i. 13, 16, 19, 20, 23, 69, 70, 71, 81, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 114, 153, 154, 185, 187
Sealand, i. 93, 94, 103, 105, 138;
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [254], [255], [257], [265]
Seals, Sealing, i. 177, 216-9, 224, 276-8, 286-7, 299, 300; ii. [72], [91], [97], [155], [156], [165], [173], [243]
“Sea-lung,” i. 66-7
Sébillot, P., i. 377
Seippel, Prof. Alexander, ii. [143], [196], [197], [198], [199], [200], [202], [203],