In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times (Volume 2 of 2)

by Fridtjof Nansen

[204], [205], [208], [210], [211]
Seleucus, i. 77
Semnones, i. 85
Sena, island off Brittany, i. 29, 356; ii. [32], [47]
Seneca, i. 82, 84
Seres, Serica (China), ii. [262], [271]
“Sermende” (== Sarmatians ?), i. 170
Sertorius, i. 349-50
Setälä, Prof. E., i. 219; ii. [175]
Seven Cities, Isle of the, ii. [293], [295], [304], [325]
Seven Sleepers, Legend of the, i. 20, 156, 284
Severianus, i. 127
Shetland Isles, i. 52-3, 57, 58, 67, 90, 106, 107, 117, 161, 163, 179, 192, 234, 257, 292, 374; ii. [207];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [228], [266]
Ship-burials, i. 239, 241
Ships, Egyptian, i. 7, 23, 235, 237, 242, 243;
Greek, i. 48-9, 235, 237, 242, 243, 245;
Phœnician, i. 35, 237, 243, 245;
early Scandinavian, i. 110, 236-44;
Viking, i. 236, 238, 241, 242, 243, 246-7;
in Greenland, i. 305
Shîrazî, ii. [211-2]

“Síd” (Irish fairies), i. 356, 371; ii. [16], [20], [45-6], [60]
Sigurd Stefansson’s map of the North, ii. [7]
Simonssön, Jón, i. 227
Sinclair, Legends of, in Norway, i. 339-41
Sindbad, i. 159; ii. [57], [234]
Siret, L., i. 22, 24, 29
Sitones, i. 111-2
Skaði, Norse goddess, i. 103, 207
Skáld-Helga Rimur, i. 298-9, 300
Skåne, i. 72, 103, 104, 180;
in mediæval cartography, ii. [221], [222], [235], [257], [258], [267], [285]
Skaw, The, i. 85, 100, 105, 186; ii. [204]
Ski-running, i. 149, 157, 158, 203, 223; ii. [139]
Skolte-Lapps, i. 214, 220, 231
Skrælings, in Greenland, i. 260, 298, 308, 312, 327; ii. [17], [77-90], [101], [108], [111], [117];
in Wineland, i. 260, 312, 313, 327-30, 368; ii. [6-11], [26], [60], [90-3], [206], [208];
in Markland, i. 329; ii. [15], [19], [20], [92-3];
in Helluland, ii. [35];
originally mythical beings, ii. [11-20], [26], [60], [75-6];
meaning of the word, ii. [13];
called Pygmæi, ii. [12], [17], [75], [270]
Skridfinns (Screrefennæ, Scrithifini, Rerefeni, Scritobini, Scride-Finnas, Scritefini), i. 131-2, 140, 143, 144, 149-50, 153-4, 156-7, 170, 189, 191, 194, 198, 203-8, 210, 221, 222, 223, 382; ii. [139], [192]
Skull-measurements, of Scandinavians, i. 209, 211;
of Lapps, i. 219-20;
of Eskimo, ii. [67]
Slavs (see also [Sarmatians]), i. 167, 188, 208, 209, 210; ii. [142], [143], [197], [198]
Sleswick, i. 70, 72, 101, 119, 179, 180; ii. [202], [204]
Sluggish sea, outside the Pillars of Hercules, and in the North, i. 38, 40-1, 68, 83, 100, 108, 112-3, 130, 165
Smith Sound, i. 304, 306; ii. [71], [72], [73], [74]
“Smörland” as a name for fairyland, i. 374
Snæbjörn, Galti, i. 264, 280
Snæfell (Greenland), i. 267, 308, 310
Snæfellsnes (Iceland), i. 257, 262, 267, 288, 290, 293, 294, 295
Snedgus and Mac Riagail, Voyage of, ii. [53-4]
Snorre Sturlason, i. 270, 273; ii. [18], [64], [137], [239]
Snorre Thorbrandsson, Wineland voyager, i. 313, 319, 320, 326, 327, 333
Söderberg, Prof. Sven, on Wineland, ii. [63-5]
Solberg, Dr. O., i. 213, 214, 217, 219, 230, 306; ii. [72], [73], [103]
Soleri map (1385), ii. [229]
Solinus, C. Julius, i. 52, 55, 57, 64, 66, 99, 123, 126, 151, 160, 184, 189, 193, 348
Soncino, Raimondo di, Milanese Minister in London, ii. [296-7], [298], [301], [302], [303-5], [306], [307], [308], [309], [312], [314], [316], [323]
Sörensen, S. A., i. 179
Spain, tin in, i. 23, 31;
suggested origin of the name of, i. 380;
Viking raids in, ii. [199], [200]
Spherical form of the earth, Doctrine of, i. 11, 97, 126, 127, 151, 194, 199; ii. [185], [247]
Spies, in land of Canaan, i. 339
Spitzbergen, i. 248; ii. [165], [168], [170], [172], [173], [179], [238]
Steensby, H. P., ii. [69], [70]
Steenstrup, Japetus, i. 172
Steenstrup, Johannes, ii. [161], [162]
Stenkyrka (Gotland), Stone from, i. 239, 243
Stjórn (Norwegian version of Old Testament), i. 338; ii. [4]
Stokes, Whitley, i. 357
Storm, Gustav, i. 132, 174, 196, 218, 228, 254, 255, 260, 284, 285, 292, 301, 305, 313, 314, 317, 321, 322, 324, 329, 333, 369; ii. [1], [2], [3], [7], [11], [14], [17], [19], [22], [23], [25], [27], [29], [30], [35], [36], [43], [47], [48], [75], [79], [82], [86], [90], [93], [99], [100], [101], [107], [111], [112], [114], [117], [118], [121], [122], [124], [129], [131], [136], [137], [141], [147], [150], [153], [158], [167], [168], [229], [235], [237], [240], [242], [249], [250], [256], [257], [258], [262], [267], [268], [270], [272], [279], [289], [294]
Stow, John, Chronicle, ii. [333]
Strabo, i. 14, 15, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80-2, 87, 111, 112, 161, 187, 349; ii. [47], [75], [160], [201]
Straumsfjord (Wineland), i. 325, 326, 329, 330, 337, 343, 345
Ström, Han (Description of Söndmör), i. 370, 375
Strong Men, Island of, ii. [43], [46], [50], [61]
Sturlubók, i. 255, 256, 257, 261, 262, 293, 331, 354, 367, 368; ii. [169], [261]
Styx, i. 359, 372
“Suehans” (see [Svear]), i. 135, 137
Sueones (see [Svear]), i. 188-9

“Suetidi,” i. 136, 137
Suevi (Suebi), i. 87, 108-9
Suhm (Historie af Danmark), ii. [154]
Suiones (see [Svear]), i. 110-2, 236, 238, 244, 245
Sun-dial, i. 46-7
Sun’s altitude, measurement of, i. 249, 250, 309-11; ii. [307]
Svalbard (Spitzbergen ?), ii. [165], [166-73], [238]
Svear (Swedes, Suiones, Suehans, Sveones, Sueones), i. 110-2, 135, 137, 167, 170, 188-9; ii. [190]
Svein Estridsson, King of Denmark, i. 184, 188, 189, 195, 201, 383; ii. [148]
Sverdrup, Otto, i. 306; ii. [70], [71]
Sviatoi Nos, promontory, i. 171, 174; ii. [136], [138], [140], [155]
Svinöi, name of island off Sunnmör, i. 369-70, 378;
island off Nordland, i. 378;
island in the Faroes, i. 375, 378;
probable origin of the name, i. 378
Sweden, i. 71, 101, 112, 134-5, 178, 187, 188-9, 210, 381, 383; ii. [190], [205], [237];
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [221], [222], [223]
Swedes (see [Svear] and [Göter])
Swedish legends and fairy-tales, ii. [55-6]
Sydow, C. W. von, i. 342, 364
Tacitus, i. 69, 71, 83, 95, 104, 107-14, 131, 144, 149, 150, 203, 236, 238, 244, 245; ii. [47]
Tanais (the Don), i. 66, 70, 78, 88, 151; ii. [186]
Tarducci, F., ii. [295], [304], [319]
Tarsis (Tarshish, Tartessos), i. 24, 28, 31, 38
Tartarus, i. 11, 68, 158; ii. [150], [240]
Tartûshi, at-, i. 187; ii. [202]
Tastris, promontory, i. 101, 105
Terfinnas, i. 171, 173-5, 204, 213, 218; ii. [146]
“Terra del Rey de portuguall” on Cantino map, ii. [352], [363], [372];
== Newfoundland, ii. [363], [370]
“Terra Repromissionis Sanctorum,” i. 357, 358, 359, 363, 364; ii. [19], [228]
Teutones, i. 70, 72, 91, 93, 94
Thalbitzer, W., ii. [19], [67], [70], [73], [88], [90], [93]
Thales of Miletus, i. 12, 33, 34, 47
Theodoric, King of the Goths, i. 128, 129, 136, 137, 138, 147
Theopompus, i. 12, 16, 17, 355
Thietmar of Merseburg, i. 229
Thomsen, V., ii. [175], [198], [199]
Thor, i. 325, 333, 341, 343, 364;
“Thor-” names, i. 332-3; ii. [51]
Thorbjörn Vivilsson, i. 318, 319, 320, 332
Thorbrand Snorrason, killed in Wineland, i. 313, 328, 333; ii. [10]
Thore Hund’s expedition to Bjarmeland, ii. [137-8]
Thorfinn, Earl of Orkney, i. 354; ii. [50]
Thorgils Orrabeinsfostre, sails to Greenland, i. 280-2; ii. [81], [89]
Thorgunna, Leif’s mistress, i. 316, 333
Thorhall Gamlason, Wineland voyager, i. 313, 319, 320, 333, 367
Thorhall the Hunter, i. 296, 320, 321, 325-6, 329, 333, 338, 343-4; ii. [24]
Thorkel Gellisson, i. 253, 258, 260, 313, 354, 366, 367, 368; ii. [42]
Thormod Kolbrunarskald, i. 276; ii. [18]
Thorne, Robert, ii. [324], [341];
map by, [334], [335]
Thoroddssen, Th., i. 262; ii. [225]
Thorolf Kveldulfsson, i. 175, 231
Thorolf Smör, i. 257, 374
Thorsdrápa, i. 219
Thorstein Ericson, i. 249, 317-9, 320, 321, 331, 333;
attempts to find Wineland, i. 318
Thorvald Ericson, i. 318, 320, 329, 332; ii. [4], [13], [17-8]
Thorvard, Wineland voyager, i. 320, 332
Three Brethren, Strait of the, ii. [130], [133]
Thue, H. J., i. 60
Thule (Tyle, Thyle, Ultima Tile, &c.), i. 123, 134, 147; ii. [75], [149], [188], [192], [197], [198], [200];
visited by Pytheas, i. 53-64;
derivation of, i. 58-9;
== Norway, i. 60;
Mela on, i. 92;
Pliny on, i. 106;
Tacitus, i. 108;
Ptolemy, i. 117, 120, 121;
Jordanes, i. 130;
Procopius, i. 140-4;
Solinus MSS., i. 160-1;
Adam of Bremen, i. 193-4;
Dicuil on (== Iceland), i. 164-7;
Tjodrik Monk (== Iceland), i. 254;
Historia Norwegiæ (== Iceland), i. 255;
in mediæval cartography, ii. [219], [228], [257], [266], [268], [269]
Thyssagetæ, i. 88
Tides, on W. coast of France, i. 40;
observed by Pytheas, i. 50;
on coast of N. America, ii. [316]
Timæus, i. 44, 51, 70, 71

Tin in ancient times, i. 23-31;
derivation of Greek, Celtic and Latin words for, i. 25-7;
tin-trade in southern Britain, i. 68
“Tír fo-Thuin” (Land under Wave), i. 358, 370, 373
“Tír Mor” (The Great Land), i. 357, 367; ii. [48]
“Tír na Fer Finn” (the White Men’s Land), ii. [44]
“Tír na m-Ban” (Land of Women), i. 354, 355
“Tír na m-Beo” (Land of the Living), i. 357, 371
“Tír na n-Ingen” (Land of Virgins), i. 355, 356, 363; ii. [45]
“Tír na n-Og” (Land of Youth), i. 357
“Tír Tairngiri” (Promised Land), i. 357; ii. [228]
Tjodhild, wife of Eric the Red, i. 267, 270, 318, 331
Tjodrik Monk, i. 166, 254, 255, 256, 257
Toby, Maurice, Bristol chronicle, ii. [302], [305-6]
Torfæus, Tormodus, ii. [7], [32], [34], [154], [241]
Torlacius (Gudbrand Torlaksson), ii. [241]
Torp, Prof. Alf, i. 25, 26, 27, 58, 59, 94, 107, 148, 181, 183, 210, 304, 361, 371; ii. [13], [14], [228]
Toscanelli, ii. [287], [292], [296], [372]
Trade-routes to the North in ancient times, i. 14, 21-2, 28, 31, 36, 75, 96
“Trág Mór” (the Great Strand), i. 339, 357, 371; ii. [48]
Triads, in legend, i. 337-8; ii. [6]
Triquetrum (regula Ptolemaica), i. 47
Trolls, attributes of, i. 327, 344; ii. [10], [14-6], [19], [76]
Trondhjem, i. 192; ii. [85], [117], [177], [205], [227], [235], [264], [265], [266], [267], [268], [269], [270]
Troy, Bronze in, i. 24, 25
Turcæ, i. 88
Tylor, E. B., i. 380
Tyrker (in Wineland story), i. 341, 343-4, 360; ii. [4]
Ua Corra, Navigation of the Sons of, i. 338-9, 355, 361; ii. [20]
Unger, C. R., i. 331, 338, 360
Unipeds (Einfötingar, Ymantopodes), i. 189, 329; ii. [11], [13], [17], [263]
Urus (aurochs), i. 191
“Uttara Kuru,” i. 19, 351
Vandals, i. 247
Vangensten, O., i. 226; ii. [85], [111], [233], [268], [286]
Van Linschoten, i. 376
Varanger Fjord, i. 213, 214, 217, 219, 220; ii. [178], [210-11]
Varangians’ Sea (see [Warank]), ii. [210], [211], [212], [213]
Vardöhus fortress, ii. [126], [127], [141]
Varzuga, river, i. 174; ii. [135]
Vaux, C. de, ii. [213]
Velleius, i. 85
Venedi (Wends), i. 101, 113
Vener, Lake, i. 131; ii. [266]
Veneti, i. 39, 40, 242
Venusberg myth, i. 355, 371
Verrazano’s map of 1529, ii. [335]
Vesconte, Perrinus, map of 1327, ii. [229];
atlas of 1321, ii. [230]
Vesconte, Pietro, ii. [222-5], [230], [255], [257], [258], [259], [276], [282], [283], [284], [285]
Vigfússon, Gudbrand, i. 258, 314
Viking expeditions, the earliest, i. 234-5;
in Spain, ii. [200]
Vikings, origin of the name, i. 244, 245
Viladeste, Mecia de, compass-chart of 1413, ii. [234]
“Villuland” (Norse land of glamour), i. 377; ii. [206]
Vincent of Beauvais, ii. [158]
Vine, Wild, (Vitus vulpina), in N. America, i. 317; ii. [3-4]
“Vinili,” i. 136
“Vinoviloth,” i. 136, 203
Virgil, i. 130, 157, 159, 363
Vistula, i. 71, 75, 95, 96, 101, 104, 119, 120, 121, 130, 131, 181
Vogel, i. 235
Volga, ii. [142], [143], [144], [146], [197]
Voyage of 1267, to the north of Baffin’s Bay, i. 250, 307-11; ii. [82], [83], [88]
Wackernagel, W., ii. [32], [189]
Walkendorf, Archbishop Eric, ii. [86], [112], [117], [163], [174]
Walrus, ii. [112], [155], [163], [165], [243];
hunting, i. 172, 176-8, 212, 216, 221, 276-8, 287, 300; ii. [72], [163-4], [173-8];
tusks, i. 172, 176, 192, 212, 217, 277, 300, 303; ii. [163], [174];
hide for ropes, i. 172, 176, 212, 277, 303; ii. [164], [178]
Walsperger, Andreas, mappamundi by, ii. [283], [284], [286]
Warank, Varyag, Varangi (Arab, Russian and Greek name for Scandinavians), ii. [196], [199], [200], [210-1]
Wattenzone, Die, i. 68
Welcher, F. G., i. 371

Wends, i. 101, 113, 169, 180
Western Settlement of Greenland, i. 266, 271, 272, 300, 301, 302, 307, 311, 321, 322, 334; ii. [71], [90];
decline of, ii. [95-100], [102], [106], [107-111];
visit of Ivar Bárdsson to, ii. [108]
West-sæ̂, i. 169, 170
Whales, Whaling, i. 251; ii. [145], [173];
in Bay of Biscay, i. 39; ii. [159], [161];
in Normandy, ii. [159], [161];
Norwegian, i. 172; ii. [155-9], [178], [243];
in Greenland, i. 276, 277; ii. [72];
in Ireland, ii. [156];
in the Mediterranean, ii. [162];
in legend, i. 325-6, 344, 363, 364; ii. [213], [234]
Whirlpools (see [Maelstrom])
White Men’s Land, The (see [Hvítra-manna-land], and [Tír na Fer Finn])
White Sea, i. 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 218-9, 222; ii. [135-42], [164], [173], [179], [237]
Wichmann, Prof., i. 219
Wîdsîð, i. 234
Wieland, C. M., i. 352, 362; ii. [54], [150]
Wieser, von, ii. [249]
Wiklund, K. B., i. 112; ii. [175]
“Wildlappenland,” i. 226; ii. [256], [263], [268];
“Wildlappmanni,” ii. [269], [270]
Wilhelmi, ii. [366]
Wille, Prof. N., ii. [3]
William of Malmesbury, i. 378
Wilse, J. N., i. 352
Wineland (Vínland, Vinland, Vindland, Winland, Wyntlandia, etc.), i. 184, 195, 196-8, 201, 249, 260, 273, 312-84; ii. [1-65], [90-3], [110], [154], [188], [190-1], [228], [239], [240], [293], [294], [304];

called “the Good,” i. 313, 353, 369, 373; ii. [60];
vines and wheat in, i. 195, 197-8, 317, 325, 326-7, 345-53, 382-3; ii. [3-6], [59];
== the Fortunate Isles, i. 345-53, 382-4; ii. [1-2], [61];
authorities for the Wineland voyages, i. 312-3;
discovered by Leif Ericson, i. 317;
Karlsevne’s voyage, i. 320-30;
Irish origin of ideas of, i. 167, 258, 353-69; ii. [60];
the name of, i. 353, 367; ii. [61];
summary of conclusions on, ii. [58-62]
Winge, Herluf, i. 275
Winship, G. P., ii. [295], [305], [319], [320], [324], [326], [333], [336], [340], [341], [342]
“Wîsu” (or “Isû”), Arabic name for a people in North Russia, ii. [143-6], [200], [270]
Wizzi, i. 188, 383; ii. [64], [143]
Wolf, Jens Lauritzön, i. 364
Wolfenbüttel, Portuguese 16th century map at, ii. [331], [332], [335], [356]
Women, Land of (Terra Feminarum), on the Baltic, i. 186-7, 383; ii. [214]
Women’s boats (umiaks), Eskimo, ii. [19], [70], [72], [74], [85], [92], [269], [270]
Wonders, Book of (Arabic), ii. [207], [213-4]
Worcester, Willemus de, ii. [294]
Wulfstan, i. 104, 180
Wuttke, H., i. 154
Wytfliet, Cornelius, ii. [131]
Xamati, i. 88
Xenophon of Lampsacus, i. 71, 99, 100
Yâǵûǵ and Mâǵûǵ, ii. [144], [212], [213]
Ynglinga Saga, i. 135
York, Cape, i. 306; ii. [71]
Yugrians, ii. [173], [174], [200]
Zarncke, ii. [242]
Zeno map, ii. [131], [132]
Zeuss, K., i. 112, 120, 145, 234, 235
Ziegler, Jacob, i. 294; ii. [17], [86], [106], [111], [127], [128]
Zimmer, H., i. 234, 281, 334, 336, 339, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361, 363, 364, 371; ii. [9], [10], [20], [44], [45], [53], [54], [150], [151]
Zizania aquatica (wild rice), in N. America, ii. [5]
Zones, Doctrine of, i. 12, 76, 86, 123; ii. [182], [193], [247]

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Footnotes:

[1] Cf. Grönl. hist. Mind., iii. pp. 216, 220; G. Storm, 1888, p. 12. The latter part (in parenthesis) does not occur in the oldest MS.

[2] Storm thinks that Sir William Alexander’s “red wineberries” from the south-east coast of Nova Scotia (in 1624) would be grapes, but this is uncertain.

[3] “Vínber” (grapes) are mentioned in the whole of Old Norse literature only in the translation of the Bible called “Stjórn,” in the “Grönlendinga-þáttr,” and in a letter (Dipl. Norv.) where they are mentioned as raisins or dried grapes. In addition, “vínberjakǫngull” (a bunch of grapes) occurs in the Saga of Eric the Red.

[4] Schübeler, Christiania Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger for 1858, pp. 21, ff.; Viridarium Norvegium, i. pp. 253, f.

[5] It should be mentioned that the American botanist, M. L. Fernald, has recently [1910] made an attempt to locate the Icelanders’ Wineland the Good in southern Labrador, explaining the “vínber” of the Icelandic sagas as a sort of currant or as whortleberry, the self-sown wheat as the Icelanders’ lyme-grass (Elymus arenarius), and the “másurr” as “valbirch.” By assuming “vinber” to be whortleberries he even thinks he can explain how it was that Leif in the “Grönlendinga-Þáttr” was able to fill the ship with “grapes” in the spring (and what of the vine-trees that he cut down to load his ship, were they whortleberry-bushes?). Apart from the surprising circumstance of the Icelanders having called a country Wineland the Good because whortleberries grew there, the explanation is inadmissible on the ground that whortleberries were never called “vinber” (wineberries) in Old Norse or Icelandic. Currants have in more recent times been called “vinbær” in Norway and Iceland, but were not known there before the close of the Middle Ages. In ancient times the Norse people did not know how to make wine from any berry but the black crowberry; but there are plenty of these in Greenland, and it was not necessary to travel to Labrador to collect them. Fernald does not seem to have remarked that the sagas most frequently use the expression “vínviðr,” or else “vínviðr” and “vínber” together, and this can only mean vines and grapes. His explanation of the self-sown wheat-fields does not seem any happier. That the Icelanders should have reported these as something so remarkable in Wineland is not likely, if it was nothing but the lyme-grass with which they were familiar in Iceland. On the other hand, it is possible that the “másurr” of the sagas only meant valbirch. But apart from this, how can the sagas’ description of Wineland—where no snow fell, where there was hardly any frost, the grass scarcely withered, and the cattle were out the whole winter—be applied to Labrador? Or where are Markland or Helluland to be looked for, or Furðustrandir and Kjalarnes? Nor do we gain any more connection in the voyage as a whole. It will therefore be seen that, even if Professor Fernald had been right in his interpretation of the three words above mentioned, this would not help us much; and when we find that these very features of the vine and the wheat are derived from classical myths, such attempts at explanation become of minor interest.