[187] Ed. Bernhold, Argent. 1786, c. iii. sect. 22.
[188] Lib. iv. c. 65.
[189] Lib. xx. c. 76.
[190] There are no ancient Chinese or Sanskrit names for opium. In the former language the drug is called O-fu-yung from the Arabic. Two other names Ya-pien and O-pien are adaptations to the Chinese idiom of our word opium. There are several other designations which may be translated Smoking dirt, Foreign poison, Black commodity, &c.
[191] Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Soc.), Lond. 1866. 206, 223.
[192] Journ. de Soc. Pharm. Lusit. ii. (1838) 36. Pires, or Pyres, was the first ambassador from Europe to China: Abel Rémusat, Nouv. mélanges asiatiques, ii. (1829) 203. See also Pedro José da Silva, Elogio historico e noticia completa de Thomé Pires, pharmaceutico e primeiro naturalista da India, Lisboa, 1866 (Library of the Pharm. Soc., London, Pamphlets, No. 30).
[193] Aromatum ... Historia, edit Clusius, Antv. 1574. lib. i. c. 4.
[194] Clavis Sanationis, Venet. 1510. 46.
[195] De Medicina Ægyptiorum, Lugd. Bat. 1719. 261.
[196] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de Chypre, iii. 406. 483; Muratori, Rerum Italic. Scriptores, xxii. 1170; Amari, I diplomi Arabi del archivio Fiorentino, Firenze, 1863. 358.