Страница - 158Страница - 160- Naples, earthquake in, in 1857, [98]
- Nassau, iron manufacture of, [357]
- Nativity, grotto of the, at Bethlehem, [188]
- Nauheim[Nauheim], carbonic acid gas spring of, [88]
- Naxos, consecrated caves to Dionysos in, [187]
- Naxos, emery of the island of, [463]
- Neilson, Mr., his discovery of the hot blast for iron furnaces, [353]
- Nemi, Lake of, the crateriform hollow forming the, [132]
- Nent Force Level, great drain of, [270]
- Nertschinsk, in Transbaikalia, copper mines of, [326]
- Nettuno, Antro di, in Sardinia, [144]
- Nettuno, Grotta di, in Sicily, [145]
- Neusalzwerk, temperature of the well of, at various depths, [32]
- Nevada, state of silver mines of the, [314]
- Newcastle, coal-fields of, [407]
- their extent, [408]
- the various seams of coal, [408]
- human activity of the coal-fields, [411], [412]
- appearance of the town, [413]
- first licence to dig coals given to the town, [419]
- Newfoundland, gradual upheaval of the land of, [36]
- fountains of marine caverns in, [146]
- Niagara, carburetted hydrogen evolved near the falls of, [93]
- Nicaragua, Lake of, volcanoes near the, [61]
- Nicaragua, mud-volcanoes of, [93]
- Nicholas, St., rock-chapel of, in Crete, [189]
- Nickel, name of, [384]
- uses of, and whence obtained, [384]
- Nicolas d’Aliermont, St., aquiferous layers or beds of stone at, [40]
- Noises, subterranean, accompanying earthquakes, [103]
- Normandy, traces of depression of the land on the coast of, [37]
- Norr Lake, emptied by a landslip, [130]
- Northumberland, coal-fields of, [403]
- Northwich, salt mines of, [431]
- Norway, copper mines of, [324]
- Noss, islet of, its marine caves, [142]
- Notornis, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, [217]
- Nuovo, Monte, in the Bay of Baiæ, volcanic formation of the, [67]
- Oberstein, rock-chapel of, [190]
- Obregon works the silver mine of Guanaxuato, [301], [302]
- his title and urbanity of character, [302]
- Obu, eruption of the, [95]
- Oche, Dent d’, landslip of the, [127]
- Oesterby, iron-works of, [360]
- Ohio, ancient mounds in the valley of the, [224]
- ‘Oil harvest’ of Caripe, [161]
- Olm, or Proteus, discovery of the, [164], [165]
- various places in which it has been found, [166]
- description of the animal, [165]-167
- Olonne, Island of, upheaval of the land round the, [36]
- Onyx, the, [497]
- Ontanagon district, in America, ancient copper mines, [327]
- Oolite rocks, their thickness, [2]
- Oolitic period, fossils of the, [19], [22]
- Opal, precious, [495]
- mines of, in Hungary, [495]
- Ophir, seat of, [287]
- Ores, how generally found in mines, [246]
- how they have been collected or precipitated, [247]
- ‘Orkneyman’s Harbour, The,’ the marine cavern so called, [143]
- Oroomiah, Lake, in Persia, salt of the hills and plains of, [437]
- Orthoceratites of the primitive seas, [18]
- Oscillatory movements of the earth, [34]-37
- Otero, a shopkeeper, joins in working the mine of Guanaxuato, [302]
- Owen, Professor, his memoir and skeleton of the great Moa of New Zealand, [217]
- Owls, cave-haunting, [160]
- Pachuca, silver mines of, [304]
- Pachyderms, remains of large extinct, [26], [27]
- Palæotheriums, size and characteristics of, [23]
- Palæopteryx, Professor Owen’s reconstruction of the, [217]
- Palladium, discovery and uses of, [388]
- Palestine, Southern, hermits in, [179]
- Palomba, Fossa della, on Etna, [147]
- Papalardo, Baron, his efforts to divert the lava-stream from Catania, [72], [73]
- Parian marble, or Lychnites, [466]
- Paris, artificial mushroom-beds near, [168]
- Parsees, their worship of fire, [91]
- their legend of the devil, [91]
- their occupation and abandonment of Baku, [92]
- Pasco, Cerro di, silver mines of, [309]
- Pasco, mining town of, [310]
- Patmos, cave and church of St. John the Evangelist, [188]
- Paul, St., of Thebes, the first hermit, his cave, [178]
- Pausilippo, Grotto of, [241]
- Paviland, ossiferous caves of, [215]
- Peak, in the Island of Timor, blown up and replaced by a cavity, [68]
- Pecopteris adiantoides, [391]
- Peniscola, fountains of marine caverns in, [146]
- Pennsylvania, copper mines of, [328]
- Pentacrinus briareus, fossil, [17], [18]
- Pentelikon, or Mount Penteles, marble of, [466]
- Pepandajan, in Java, the volcanic cone of, blown to pieces, [67]
- Percy, Dr. John, his discovery of aluminium-bronze, [387]
- Perdix, Bartholomew, his manufacture of alum, [458]
- Permian period, fishes of the, [13]
- Peroxide of tin, or tinstone, [335]
- richest deposits of, [335]
- Perticara di Talamella in Italy, sulphur mines of, [444]
- Peru, active volcanoes of, [61]
- earthquakes of, [100]
- indifference of man in, to earthquakes, [113]
- silver mines of, [300]
- iron furnaces of, [353]
- Peter’s Mount, St., near Maestricht, quarries of, [470]
- visit of Faujas de Saint-Fond, [472]
- Petroleum, formation of, [426]
- old springs of, in Europe, [426], [427]
- production of the springs of America, [427]
- Petrospongidæ, or stone sponges, [17]
- Pfeiffer, Ida, her visit to the diamond mines of Borneo, [480]
- Pharaohs, rock-tombs of the, in Thebes, [202]-204
- Philip II. of Spain, his destruction of the Moors of Granada, [173]
- Philip, Port, town of, [290]
- Philotheus, St., his cave on Mount Penteles, [466]
- Phœnicians, their tin-trade, [333]
- their traffic in and uses of lead, [364]
- Pietra Mala, burning springs of, [90]
- Pigeons, cave-haunting, [160]
- Pilot Knob ‘iron mountain,‘ 362
- Pines, black, of Trinidad, [429]
- Pitt, or Regent, diamond, [485]
- Pittasphalte, formation of, [426]
- Piuka Jama, cave of, [154], [155]
- the River Poik flowing below the, [154]
- Piz Mountain, destructive effects of a landslip of the, [127]
- Planina, river traversing the Cave of, [150]
- explored by Adolph Schmidl, [151]
- abundance of Protei in the, [166]
- Platinum, discovery of, [382]
- Playfair, his observations as to the rise of the land in Sweden, [35]
- Plesiosaurus, size and characteristics of the, [21]
- Pleurotomaria carinata, fossils of, [15]
- Pliny the Elder, death of, as described by his nephew, [82]-84
- Pliocene period, animals of the, [24]
- Plumbago, graphite, or black lead, former trade in, in Cumberland, [462]
- the mine exhausted, [462]
- places where found at present, [462]
- Plürs, town of, buried by a landslip, [127]
- Polistena, effects of an earthquake at, [98]
- Poik River, engulfment and re-appearance of the, [150]
- a subterranean canoe voyage on the, [151]-154
- the river flowing beneath the Piuka Jama, [154]
- Pombal, Marquis of, his conduct in the great earthquake of Lisbon, [116], [117]
- Pompeii, destruction of the town of, [81]-85
- the mud-stream which effected the destruction, [85]
- present state of the Roman town of, [87]
- Pontus, hermits in, [179]
- Popocatepetl, depth of the crater of, [54]
- Montaño’s visit to the crater of, [446]
- Porphyry of Elfdal, [467]
- Portugal earthquakes of, [100]
- Potosi, San Luis de, silver mines of, [303], [309]
- Precious stones, [477]
- Proteus anguinus, discovery of the, [164], [165]
- description of the animal, [165]-167
- its abundance in the Cave of Planina, [166]
- different caverns in which it has been found, [166]
- Prussia, iron manufacture of, [357]
- Pterichthys Milleri of the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, [13], [14]
- Pterodactyli, size and characteristics of the, [21]
- Pterygotus acuminatus, [12]
- Pulvermaar of Grillenfeld, lake or maare of, [132]
- Puzzuoli, solfatara of, [444]
- Quarries, celebrated, [464]
- those of France, [464]
- those of England and Germany, [464]
- of Carrara and the Pentelikon, [465], [466]
- porphyry, [467], [468]
- alabaster and plaster of Paris, [468]
- slate, [469]
- of St. Peter’s Mount, near Maestricht, [470]
- of Egypt, [474]
- Quicksilver. See [Mercury].
- Quito, active volcanoes of, [61]
- tradition respecting them, [67]
- earthquakes of, [100]
- Radoboy, sulphur mines of, [444]
- Rain-prints of former ages, preservation of, [29]
- Rammelsberg, in the Hartz—silver mines of the, [299]
- discovery of the lode of the, [248]
- burning hard mineral stone in, [260], [261]
- copper found in, [325]
- Rat, blind cavern, of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, [167]
- Rathlin, island of, massacre by the English under Sir John Norris in the, [172]
- Ravinazzo Mountain, landslip of the, [127]
- Red-lead, how made, [365]
- Redruth, copper mines of, [317]
- Regla, Conde de la. See [Terreros].
- Reptiles, oldest known fossils of, [14], [15]
- enormous marine fossil reptiles of the Mesozoic ocean, [20]
- footprints of reptiles of the Cambrian formation, [20]
- Rhodium, discovery and uses of, [388]
- Rhosdale, iron manufacture of, [355]
- Riobamba, destruction of the town of, [78], [79]
- destroyed by an earthquake, [104]
- remarkable displacement of objects during the shocks, [104]
- silence during the shocks, [104]
- Ripple-marks of former ages, preservation of, [28], [29]
- Rivers, cave, [149]-151
- explorations of Adolph Schmidl in the Cave of Planina, [151]
- Rochelle, La, upheaval of the land at, [36]
- Rock-tombs and catacombs, [202]
- Rock-crystal, [498]
- the grotto of the Galenstock, [499]
- Roebuck, Dr. John, his improvements in iron manufacture, [350]
- Romanus, the monk, feeds St. Benedict in his cave, [180]
- Rome, wealth of, after the third Punic war and in the time of the Cæsars, [286], [298]
- Ronciglione, Lake of, formed in the extinct crater of a volcano, [57]
- Roquefort cheese, [198]
- Röraas Mountains, copper mines of, in Norway, [324]
- Rosa, Sierra de Santa, [301]
- silver mines of the, [301]
- Rosalia, St., rock-church of, in Sicily, [188], [189]
- story of, and of the discovery of her bones, [188], [189]
- Rossberg, or Rufi, landslip of the, [123]
- causes of the catastrophe, [124]
- Rossi, Monte, height and area of, [71]
- Rossi, Cavaliere de, his researches in the catacombs of Rome, [210]
- Rosso antico, [467]
- Roth, natural ice-cave of, [198]
- Röthen, villages of Upper and Lower, destroyed by a landslip, [124]
- Royale, Isle, ancient copper mines of, [327]
- Ruby, the oriental, [489]
- in the crown of England, [490]
- Rucu-Pinchincha, Humboldt’s view down the volcano of, [55]
- Russia, copper mines of, [326]
- Rutile, or Titanium, discovery and uses of, [386], [387]
- Saarbrück, oldest known reptiles found in the coal-field of, [14]
- other wonders of the coal-field of, [15]
- vast time required for the formation of the coal-fields of the, [397]
- Sable, in Anjou, the Fontaine-sans-fond near, [149]
- Sabrina, island of, volcanic formation of the, [59]
- Sacrée Madame, near Charleroi, depth of the colliery of, [247]
- Sacro, Monte, marble mountain of, [465]
- Safety-cages, used in descending mines, [264], [265]
- Safety-lamp, Davy’s, [280]
- improvements in the, [281]
- Sahara, wells of the inhabitants of the, [48], [50]
- future importance of Artesian wells to, [51]
- Salamis, fleet which gained the battle of, [298]
- Salcedo, silver mine of, [311]
- tragical end of its proprietor, Don José Salcedo, [312]
- Sallee, effects of an earthquake sea-wave at, [118]
- Sallenches, fall of a mountain near, [122]
- Salt, geological position of, [431]
- the mines of Northwich, [431]
- those of Droitwich and Stoke, [432]
- that of Wieliczka, [433]-436
- in other places, [436]-439
- method of preparing it, [439]
- origin of rock-salt, [440]
- Salza, manufacture of salt at, [439]
- Salzburg, salt mines of, [436]
- San Francisco, its rapid rise, [289]
- Santorin, submarine volcano of, [60], [61]
- Sapphire, red, [489]
- Sardinia, cave-dwellers of, [234]
- the dwellings of the Sarde shepherds of the present day, [234]
- lead mines of, [366]
- Saviour’s, Our, tomb at Jerusalem, church built over the, [188]
- Saxony, tin mines of, [336]
- Schafloch[Schafloch], ice-cave of, [194], [195]
- Schmerling, Dr., his investigations respecting the antiquity of man, [226]
- Schemnitz, fungi of the mines of, [158]
- discovery of the rich mines of, [248]
- produce of silver in the mines of, [300]
- Schmidl, Adolph, his explorations of the subterranean river Poik and Cave of Planina, [151]
- Schneeberg, large block of silver found at, [299]
- use made of the burning vapours, [283]
- bismuth of, [383]
- Scilano, village of, buried by a landslip, [127]
- Scilla, Prince of, his death, [107], [108]
- Scopoli, his description of subterranean fungi, [157]
- Scoriæ, length of time the liquid fire is retained in the interior of a lava-stream, [73]
- Scotland, lead mines of, [366]
- Scott, Sir Walter, his visit to ‘The Orkneyman’s Harbour,’ 143
- and to Fingal’s Cave, [143]
- Scrope, Mr. Poulett, his description of the Volcano of Stromboli, [62]
- Sea-shells found on the Andes and Alps, [34], [37]
- and in other places at present removed from the sea, [34]
- Sea, movements of the, in earthquakes, [106], [107]
- extent of the wave-motion, [105], [106]
- cases of the destructive effects of the earthquake waves, [107]-109, [117]-119
- Segeberg, deposit of salt at, [439]
- Senegal, deposits of the Arca senilis on the banks of the river inland, [34]
- Sequoia, gigantic trees of the, [28]
- Seven Pagodas, rock-temples near Madras so called, [184]
- Seville, effects of the earthquakes of 1755 at, [118]
- Shelas, cave of, Colonel St. Arnaud’s massacre in the, [176]
- ‘Shell-mounds’ of Denmark, [222]
- those of the Fuegians, [222]
- Shetland, marine caves of, [142]
- Shields inlaid with silver in Homer’s time, [298]
- Siberia, auriferous land of, [288]
- Sicanians, cave-dwellings of the ancient, [232]
- Sicily, earthquakes of, [100]
- Sickingen, Count, his experiments with platinum, [382]
- Sidi Rascheed, in Algeria, Artesian well of, [51]
- Sigillaria oculata, [392]
- Silurian period, crustacea of the, [10]-12
- Silver, discoveries of lodes of, [248]
- antiquity of the discovery of, [297]
- most ancient silver mines, [298]
- European silver-fields, [299], [300]
- mines of Mexico and Peru, [300]-314
- mode of crushing and decomposing the ores, [306]-307
- law of Peru respecting the silver mines, [311]
- mines of Chili and Nevada, [313], [314]
- Singapore, antimony of, [383]
- Siphnos, ancient silver mines of, [298]
- Siphon, principle of a, [44 note]
- Siphonia costata, fossil, [16]
- Sioa, constant state of eruption of the volcano of, [63]
- Sivatherium giganteum, size and characteristics of, [27], [28]
- Skaptar Jökul, in Iceland, lava-stream of the eruption of, in 1783, [70]
- Skerries, water-spouts or fountains of the, [146]
- Slate quarries of North Wales, [469]
- Smeaton, John, his improvements in iron manufacture, [350]
- Sodium, discovery and uses of, [388]
- Solway Moss, appearance and area of the, [130]
- Sommatino, conflagration of the solfatera of, [443]
- Somme, flint implements of the Valley of the, [230], [231]
- Spain, gold coins of the Visigoths of, [287]
- Spartacus, revolt of, [82]
- his defeat of Clodius at Vesuvius, [82]
- Speerenberg, deposit of salt at, [439]
- Sphenopteris affinis, [391]
- Spider, eyeless, of the Cave of Adelsberg, [163]
- Spinel, the, [490]
- Spirifer princeps, [12]
- Spiriferidæ, [13]
- Sponges, fossil, of the primitive seas, [16]
- Springs, always warmer than the air in the locality where they gush forth, [32]
- hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of, [40]-42
- temperature of the water of, [43]
- geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, [43]
- mineral particles in springs, [43], [44]
- intermittent springs, [44]
- geysirs of Iceland, [45]-48
- Artesian wells, [48]-52
- carbonic acid gas springs, [88]-90
- of carburetted hydrogen, [90]-93
- Staffordshire, burning mines of, [283]
- Stag, Professor Owen’s skeleton of the primeval, [217]
- Stalactites and stalagmites, formation of, [139], [140]
- their varieties of form and slow formation, [140]
- Dr. Schmidl’s ‘Stalactital Paradise,’ [152]
- in the Cave of Guacharo, [162]
- of the Cave of Melidoni, [176]
- in the Norwegian copper mine of Röraas, [325]
- Stalita tænaria, the eyeless cavern spider, [163], [164]
- Stamping-mill in the silver mines of Mexico, [306]
- Star fish, of the Chalk group, [18]
- Stassfurt, mines of, [438]
- Steam, important part played by, in volcanic phenomena, [41]
- Steam-jets, or fumaroles, of volcanoes, [63]
- those of the eruption of Jorullo in 1759, seen in 1803, [74]
- Stephenson, George, a coal-trapper in life, [419]
- Stikeen, gold-fields of, [293]
- Stockton-on-Tees, export of coal from, [413]
- Stoke, in Worcestershire, salt mines of, [432]
- Stone implements of Denmark, [222]
- of the Brixham caverns, [227]
- of the Valley of the Somme, [230]
- Stromboli, diameter of the crater of, [54]
- constant activity of the volcano of, [62]
- Mr. Poulett Scrope’s description of it, [62]
- Stromeyer, his discovery of cadmium, [386]
- Strontian, in Argyleshire, lead mines of, [366]
- Styria, iron of, [358]
- Subiaco, St. Benedict’s Cave near, [180]
- Suffioni of the Florentine lagoons, [460]
- Sulphur of the mines of Sicily, [441]
- exports of, [443]
- conflagration of a sulphur mine, [443]
- mines of Ternel and Lorca, [444]
- combinations of sulphur with metals, [447]
- Sumatra, deposits of tinstone in, [335]
- Sunderland, export of coal from, [413]
- Superior, Lake, copper scattered near the shore of, [325], [327]
- ancient copper mines near, [327]
- Surtshellir, in Iceland, formation of the, [148]
- Sutherland, gold-fields of, [293]
- Swallows, cave-haunting, [160]
- Swansea, copper-works of, [320], [321]
- Sweden, effect of the great earthquake of 1755 in, [118]
- mode of descending mines in, [264]
- copper mines of, [322]
- Swifts, cave-haunting, [160]
- Switzerland, subterranean relics of prehistoric man in, [223]
- ancient iron implements found in, [347]
- Swoszwice, sulphur mines of, [444]
- Syene, rock-hewn cemeteries of, [205]
- Syracuse, catacombs of, [210]
- Syria, earthquakes of, in the reign of Tiberius, [97], [100]
- Syout, in Upper Egypt, rock-hewn cemeteries of, [205]
- Tagilsk, Nishne, platinum of, [382]
- Taman, mud-volcanoes of the peninsula of, [93], [95]
- Tamelhat, in Algeria, Artesian well at, [51]
- Tangiers, effects of an earthquake sea-wave in, [118]
- Tap cinders of the iron puddling furnaces, [355]
- Tasmania, coal-fields of, [424]
- Tauretunum, Roman town of, destroyed by a landslip, [127]
- Tees, importance of the river, [407]
- Teir, Djebel, height of the volcano of, [54]
- Temboro, cone of the volcano of, blown to pieces, [67]
- Temenitz, engulfment and reappearance of the river, [150]
- Temples, rock, of India, [181]
- Teneriffe, Peak of, shape of the, [53]
- Tenger, Gunong, in Java, diameter of the crater of the volcano of, [54]
- Terebratulæ of the Silurian seas, [13]
- hastata, fossils of, [15]
- Ternel, sulphur mine of, [444]
- Terni, Æolian caverns of, [198]
- Terranuova, effects of an earthquake at, [98]
- Terreros, Don Pedro, his silver mine of La Regla, [304]
- Tertiary period, mammalia of the, [23]
- Thallium, discovery and uses of, [388]
- Thaur, Mount, Mahomet’s refuge in a cave of, [169]
- Thebes, hermits in the desert of, [179]
- the royal tombs of, [202]-204
- Themud, rock city of the, [236]
- legendary tale respecting the, [236]
- Thomson, Dr., his cave explorations in New Zealand, [218]-220
- Tin, antiquity of the knowledge of, [332]
- mentioned in the Bible, [332]
- Phœnician trade in, [333]
- uses and importance of, [334]
- the two ores of tin, [335]
- lodes of Cornwall, [337]
- number of mines in Devon and Cornwall at work, [338]
- smelting of tin, [342]
- number and wages of the miners, [343]
- nature of the miner’s work, [343]
- Tin-foil, [334]
- Tino, island of, Rosso antico, [467]
- Titanium, or rutile, discovery and uses of, [386], [387]
- Titus, the Emperor, his benevolence to the survivors of Herculaneum and Pompeii, [85]
- Tjerimai, Gunong, in Java, extinct volcano of, [55]
- its height and depth, [55]
- Tlalpujahua, silver mine of, [305]
- Toeplitz, hot springs of, [43]
- Tofua, constant activity of the volcano of, [63]
- lake formed in the crater of the extinct volcano of, [57]
- Tolfa, manufacture of alum at, [458]
- Tombs, rock-hewn, [202]
- Topaz, the, [493]
- Töplitz, effect of the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 on the mineral waters of, [118]
- Torgatten, in Norway, natural tunnel of the grotto of, [134]
- Trajan, the Emperor, in an earthquake at Antioch, [97]
- Transbaikalia, iron of, [357]
- Transgariep country, cannibal caverns of the, [234]
- Transylvania, iron of, [358]
- Travers, Val de, asphalte mine of the, [428]
- Trebich Cave, near Trieste, [134]
- Tresavean Copper Mine, wealth of, [329]
- Treviso, three villages of, buried by a landslip of the Piz Mountain, [127]
- Triassic rocks, their thickness, [2]
- Trilobites, [10], [11]
- eye of, magnified, [11]
- gradually vanish in the Carboniferous period, [14]
- Trinidad, mud volcanoes of, [93], [94]
- Trinidad, the great Pitch Lake of, [428]
- the black pines of, [429]
- Tripolite, its composition and uses, [463]
- Troglodytes, or dwellers in caves, [232]
- Trophonios, Cave of, [187]
- visitors to the cave for information, [188]
- Trou-aux-Moutons, vast ice-cave of the Rothhorn, [194], [195]
- Tschudi, silver ornaments of the, [298]
- Tuileries, principle on which the grand fountain of the, is supplied, [42]
- Tungstate of soda, uses of, [385]
- Tungsten, discovery of, [384]
- Tunnels, natural, [113], [34]
- Turks, their atrocities in modern warfare, [176]
- their use of amber in pipes, [456]
- Turquoise, the, [493]
- Turrilites tuberculatus, [19]
- Tuscany, suffioni of the lagoons of, [460]
- Tyne, importance of the river, [407]
- Tynemouth Priory, view from the, [414]
- Ubes, St., nearly destroyed by an earthquake sea-wave, [117]
- United States of America, copper mines of, [328], [329]
- Upheavals, subterranean, [34]
- taking place at the present day, [34]
- slow elevation of the land in Sweden, [35]
- and in other places, [35], [36]
- marks chiselled on the Swedish rocks, [37]
- probable causes of, [38]
- Upsala, iron manufacture of, [360]
- the old city of, and the burial-places of Odin, Thor, and Freya, [360]
- Ural, or Oural, Mountains, the iron of the, [357]
- copper mines of the, [326]
- Uranium, discovery and uses of, [385]
- Valenciana, Conde de, his silver mine and fortune, [302], [304]
- Valenciennes, depth of the coal mines of, [247]
- Valentinus, Basilius, his mention of antimony, [383]
- Valdivia, extent of wave-motion of an earthquake at, [105], [106]
- Valparaiso, upheaval of the land at, [34]
- Valparaiso, copper mines of, [326]
- Vaucluse, celebrated fountain of, [149]
- Vegetation, subterranean, [157]
- mushrooms or fungi, [157]
- Velleja, Roman town of, buried by a landslip, [127]
- Venetian gold coins, [287]
- Ventriculites, fossil, [16]
- Verde antico, [467]
- Vesuvius, its long period of rest, and resumption of its activity, [58]
- the lava-stream of the eruption of 1822, [70]
- lava-fountains of the eruption of 1794, [72]
- advance of a lava-stream into the sea near Torre del Greco, [73]
- vast dimensions of the lava-stream of, [75]
- state of the volcano previous to the eruption of 79 A.C., [81]
- first indication of the catastrophe, [82]
- account of Pliny the Younger, [85]
- Veta madre, silver mine of, [247], [301]
- Victoria, colony of, [290]
- Villaroel Don José, his silver mine of the Cerro di Potosi, [309]
- Vincent, Island of, volcanic eruption on the, [66]
- disappearance of a mountain at, [68]
- Virgil, tomb of, [242]
- belief in his incantations, [242]
- Visigoths of Spain, their gold coins, [287]
- Vivarrais, carbonic acid gas springs of the, [88]
- Vivian’s copper-works at Swansea, [321]
- Volcanoes, heat required for the production of the lava of, [33]
- extent of the action of, [33]
- important part played by steam in volcanic phenomena, [41]
- extinct and active volcanoes, [53]
- their shapes and heights, [53], [54]
- their craters, [54]
- desolation near them, [54]
- dimensions and depths of various craters, [54]
- dangers of crater explorations, [55], [56]
- lakes in the craters of extinct volcanoes, [57]
- line of demarcation between active and extinct volcanoes, [58]
- volcanoes still constantly forming, [58]
- submarine volcanoes, [59]
- formation of volcanic islands, [59]
- number of known volcanoes, [60]
- unequal distribution of, [61]
- in a constant state of activity, [61], [62]
- steam-jets, or fumaroles, [63], [74]
- phenomena of volcanic eruption, [65]
- stones and ashes thrown out, [66]
- explosion of cones, [67]
- disastrous effects of showers of sand, pumice, and lapilli, [68]
- mud-streams formed, [69]
- torrents formed by melted snow, [69]
- formation of fiery streams of liquid lava, [70]
- parasitic cones of eruption, [70]
- wooded volcanic craters, [71]
- phenomena attending the flow of a lava-stream, [72], [73]
- effect of the meeting of lava and the sea, [73]
- and of lava and ice, [74]
- vast dimensions of lava-streams, [75], [76]
- waste of desolation in lava-fields, [77]
- considered as safety-valves, [78], [79]
- probable causes of, [79], [80]
- destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii, [81]-87
- mud-volcanoes, [93]-96
- formation of volcanic caves, [146]-148
- Volterra, alabaster of, [468]
- Vultur, Mount, beauty of the forest scenery around the extinct craters of, [57]
- Wales, auriferous veins found in, [293]
- lead mines of, [366]
- time required for the formation of the coal-fields of South, [397]
- their superficial extent, [405]
- the coal-fields of North, [403]
- total number of pits in the South, [406]
- slate quarries of North, [469]
- New South, copper mines of, [329]
- coal-fields of, [424]
- Walker colliery, on the Tyne, disaster in, prevented, [282]
- Wallsend colliery, drowned, [273]
- attempt made to work a part of it, [278]
- Wanlockhead, lead mines at, [366]
- Warburton, his description of the rock-temple of Ipsamboul, [184]-186
- his visit to the tombs of the Pharaohs at Thebes, [202]-204
- Wash, evidences of subsidence of the land on the shores of the, [37]
- Washoe silver mine, [314]
- Water, its eternal strife with fire, [1], [2]
- the waters of the Cambrian or Silurian ocean, [11]
- filtered and made pure by the earth, [40]
- temperature of the water of springs, [43]
- subterranean distribution of the waters, [39]
- hydrostatic laws regarding the flow of springs, [40], [41]
- Bunsen’s theory of the Geysirs, [47]
- geological phenomena favouring the production of thermal springs, [43]
- geysirs of Iceland, [45]-48
- Artesian wells, [48]-52
- effect of the meeting of a lava-stream and the sea, [73]
- movements of the sea in earthquakes, [107]
- action of water in limestone caves, [138], [139]
- and in forming marine caves, [142]
- Water-spouts of caverns in the Skerries, [146]
- Waterfall, a subterranean, [153]
- Watt, James, his invention and its importance in iron manufacture, [351]
- Wear, importance of the river, [407]
- Wermland, iron manufacture of, [360]
- Westphalia, coal-fields of, [405]
- Wheal Cock, copper mine of, [319]
- Wheal, Edward, Cornish copper mine of, [319]
- Wheal Vor, rise and fall of the tin mine of, [339]
- Whitehaven coal-basin, extent of the, [407]
- excavations under the sea at the, [410]
- White-lead manufacture of the Brohl, [89]
- White-lead, how made, [365]
- Wicklow, lead mines of, [366]
- Wielitzka, salt mines of, [262], [433]-435
- method of descending the, [263]
- accident in the, [435]
- Wiesbaden, hot springs of, [43]
- Wind-grottoes, [198]-200
- Wirksworth, ossiferous caves of, [215], [216]
- Wissokaja Gora, the magnetic mountain of, [357]
- Wolfram, discovery of, [384]
- Wollaston, his discovery of palladium, [388]
- Wood, Colonel, his discovery of a bone-cave at Gower, [228]
- Workington Colliery, drowned, [274]
- Worship, subterranean places of, [181]-183
- Worsley, in Lancashire, subterranean canals in, [263]
- Yeermalik, massacre by Genghis Khan in the cave of, [172], [173]
- visit to the cave, [173]
- as a natural ice-cave, [197]
- York, New, copper mines of, [328]
- Yorkshire, lead mines of, [366]