[84] See Jacob Grimm, De l’Origine du Langage, transl., 1859, p. 29.
[85] Father Pardies (S. J.), in a work, otherwise of no great value, Discours de la Connaissance des Bêtes, 1672, p. 39.
[86] Recherches sur les mœurs de fourmis indigènes, Genève, 1810.
[87] We refer our readers for all these questions to the remarkable works of M. Toussenel.
[88] Essai Philosophique sur l’âme des Bêtes, 1728, p. 217.
[89] It may be seen, in analysing these two simple facts, that they lead us to admit the existence of a notion of duty among animals, although, perhaps, an obscure one:—they know that they ought to act as they are doing from fear of a whipping, and this is an operation of the mind which no one, we think, will deny to be complex in its nature, and purely intellectual.
[90] Isid. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, 1860, p. 114. M. Roulin has remarked, that there is something analogous in this as regards the cat, which loses, in the savage state, those troublesome mewings which we hear so often during the night from the European race.—Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. xvii.
[91] It is because there is a sort of capability for education in the animal, and indeed in the whole of his race, placed under certain circumstances; it is because, on the other hand, we refuse to certain human races the “initiative in progress,” (see Broca, Bulletins de la Société d’Anthropologie, May 24 and June 21, 1860), that we cannot accept the “class man” of M. Chevreul, preceding the “class mammalia,” and having, as a characteristic, the capability of perfection in the individual, and in the association of individuals.—See Exposé d’un moyen de Définir et de Nommer les Couleurs, § 185. (Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, vol. xxxiii, 1861.)
[92] See Dr. Gibson, Amer. Assoc. (compare Ami des Sciences, 29 August, 1858.)
[93] It would be a curious study, for instance, to find out if certain noises,—certain sounds which have no signification to our ears, do not produce, among some animals, clearly determined impressions, having their first origin in these animals themselves, or in their mutual relations, the education we give them going for nothing in this sort of evidence.