Page.
Pl. I-XI.Petroglyphs in Owens Valley, California[56]-[76]
XII.Petroglyph in Maine[82]
XIII.Petroglyphs in Nebraska[92]
XIV.The Stone of the Giants. Mexico[134]
XV.Powhatan’s mantle[210]
XVI.Peruvian quipu and birch-bark drawings[226]
XVII.Order of songs. Ojibwa[232]
XVIII.Mnemonic songs. Ojibwa[236]
XIX.Mnemonic songs. Ojibwa[244]
XX.Lone-Dog’s winter count[266]
XXI.Battiste Good’s cycles. A. D. 901-1000[290]
XXII.Battiste Good’s cycles. A. D. 1141-1280[292]
XXIII.Battiste Good’s cycles. A. D. 1421-1700[294]
XXIV.Haida double thunder-bird[400]
XXV.Haida dog-fish[402]
XXVI.Oglala chiefs[420]
XXVII.Oglala subchiefs[422]
XXVIII.Mexican military insignia[432]
XXIX.Mexican military insignia[434]
XXX.Hidatsa dancers bearing exploit marks[440]
XXXI.Petroglyph in rock shelter, West Virginia[476]
XXXII.Wasko and mythic raven, Haida[480]
XXXIII.Mantle of invisibility[504]
XXXIV.Mexican treatment of new-born children[542]
XXXV.Education of Mexican children. Three to six years[544]
XXXVI.Education of Mexican children. Seven to ten years[546]
XXXVII.Education of Mexican children. Eleven to fourteen years[548]
XXXVIII.Adoption of profession and marriage. Mexican[550]
XXXIX.Map of Little Bighorn battlefield[564]
XL.Battle of Little Bighorn. Indian camp[566]
XLI.Battle of Little Bighorn. Soldiers charging Indian camp[568]
XLII.Battle of Little Bighorn. Sioux charging soldiers[570]
XLIII.Battle of Little Bighorn. Sioux fighting Custer’s battalion[572]
XLIV.Battle of Little Bighorn. The dead Sioux[574]
XLV.Battle of Little Bighorn. The dead Sioux[576]
XLVI.Battle of Little Bighorn. Custer’s dead cavalry[578]
XLVII.Battle of Little Bighorn. Indians leaving battle-ground[580]
XLVIII.Battle of Little Bighorn. Indians leaving battle-ground[582]
XLIX.Mexican symbols[614]
L.Tablets at Ancon, Peru[706]
LI.Thruston tablet, Tennessee[734]
LII.Pictures on Dōtaku, Japan[736]
LIII.German knights and Apache warriors[740]
LIV.Dighton rock[762]
Fig. 1-2.Palimpsests on Fairy rocks, Nova Scotia[40]-[41]
3.Petroglyph on Vancouver island[44]
4.Petroglyphs in Alaska[47]
5-8.Petroglyphs in Arizona[48]-[50]
9.Petroglyph in Shinumo canyon, Arizona[51]
10.Petroglyph in Mound canyon, Arizona[52]
11.Petroglyphs near Visalia, California[53]
12-16.Petroglyphs at Tule river, California[54]-[57]
17.View of Chalk grade petroglyphs, Owens valley, California[59]
18.Petroglyphs in Death valley, California[60]
19.Rattlesnake rock, Mojave desert, California[61]
20.Petroglyph near San Marcos pass, California[62]
21-22.Petroglyphs near San Marcos pass, California[62]-[63]
23-28.Petroglyphs in Najowe valley, California[63]-[67]
29-30.Petroglyphs near Santa Barbara, California[67]-[68]
31.Petroglyphs in Azuza canyon, California[69]
32-33.Petroglyphs in Santa Barbara county, California[70]-[71]
34-35.Petroglyphs on the Rio Mancos, Colorado[73]
36-37.Petroglyphs on the Rio San Juan[74]-[75]
38.Petroglyphs in Georgia[76]
39.Petroglyphs in Idaho, Shoshonean[77]
40-41.The Piasa Petroglyph[78]-[79]
42.Petroglyph on the Illinois river[79]
43.Petroglyph near Alton, Illinois[80]
44.Petroglyphs in Kansas[81]
45.Bald Friar rock, Maryland[84]
46.Slab from Bald Friar rock[85]
47.Top of Bald Friar rock[85]
48.Characters from Bald Friar rock[86]
49.Dighton rock, Massachusetts[86]
50.Petroglyphs at Pipestone, Minnesota[88]
51.Petroglyphs in Brown’s valley, Minnesota[89]
52-53.Characters from Nebraska petroglyphs[91]-[92]
54.Petroglyphs on Carson river, Nevada[92]
55.Petroglyphs at Reveillé, Nevada[94]
56.Petroglyphs at Dead mountain, Nevada[95]
57.Inscription rock, New Mexico[96]
58-59.Petroglyphs at Ojo de Benado, New Mexico[97]-[98]
60.Petroglyph at Esopus, New York[98]
61.Paint rock, North Carolina[100]
62.Petroglyphs on Paint rock, North Carolina[100]
63.Newark Track rock, Ohio[101]
64.Independence stone, Ohio[102]
65.Barnesville Track rock, Ohio[103]
66.Characters from Barnesville Track rock[103]
67.Barnesville Track rock, No. 2[104]
68.Petroglyphs, Wellsville, Ohio[104]
69.Petroglyphs in Lake county, Oregon[106]
70.Big Indian rock, Pennsylvania[107]
71.Little Indian rock, Pennsylvania[108]
72.Petroglyph at McCalls ferry, Pennsylvania[108]
73.Petroglyph near Washington, Pennsylvania[109]
74.Petroglyphs on “Indian God Rock,” Pennsylvania[110]
75.Petroglyph at Millsboro, Pennsylvania[111]
76.Petroglyphs near Layton, Pennsylvania[112]
77-78.Glyphs in Fayette county, Pennsylvania[112]-[113]
79.Petroglyphs in Roberts county, South Dakota[114]
80.Petroglyphs near El Paso, Texas[116]
81.Petroglyphs near Manti, Utah[118]
82-85.Petroglyphs on Colorado river, Utah[118]-[120]
86.Petroglyphs at Pipe Spring, Utah[120]
87-88.Petroglyphs on Colorado river, Utah[120]
89.Petroglyphs in Shinumo canyon, Utah[121]
90.Petroglyphs in Tazewell county, Virginia[121]
91.Petroglyphs in Browns cave, Wisconsin[126]
92.Petroglyphs at Trempealeau, Wisconsin[127]
93-95.Petroglyphs in Wind river valley, Wyoming[128]-[129]
96-97.Petroglyphs near Sage creek, Wyoming[130]
98.Petroglyphs in Mexico[132]
99.The emperor Ahuitzotzin[134]
100-102.Petroglyphs in the Bahamas[138]-[139]
103.Petroglyph in Guadeloupe[140]
104.Petroglyphs in Nicaragua[141]
105.Petroglyphs in Colombia[144]
106.Shallow carvings in Guiana[145]
107.Sculptured rock in Venezuela[147]
108.Rock near Caïcara, Venezuela[148]
109.Petroglyphs of Chicagua rapids, Venezuela[149]
110.Petroglyphs on the Cachoeira do Ribeirão, Brazil[151]
111.The rock Itamaraca, Brazil[151]
112.Petroglyphs on the Rio Negro, Brazil[152]
113.Petroglyphs at Caldierão do Inferno, Brazil[152]
114.Petroglyphs at the falls of Girão, Brazil[153]
115.Petroglyphs at Pederneira, Brazil[153]
116.Petroglyphs at Araras rapids, Brazil[154]
117.Petroglyphs at Ribeirão, Brazil[154]
118.Character at Madeira rapid, Brazil[155]
119.Petroglyphs at Pao Grande, Brazil[155]
120.Petroglyph in Ceará, Brazil[156]
121-122.Petroglyphs in Morcego, Brazil[156]
123.Petroglyphs in Inhamun, Brazil[157]
124.Petroglyphs Pedra Lavrada, Brazil[158]
125.Inscribed rock at Bajo de Canota, Argentine Republic[158]
126.Petroglyphs near Araquipa, Peru[159]
127.Petroglyph in Huaytara, Peru[159]
128.Sculptured boulder in Chile[160]
129.Petroglyph in Cajon de los Cipreses, Chile[160]
130.Petroglyph on Finke river, Australia[162]
131.Petroglyph in Depuch island, Australia[163]
132.Petroglyph at Bantry bay, Australia[164]
133.Petroglyph in New Zealand[166]
134.Petroglyphs in Kei islands[168]
135.Petroglyphs in Easter island[169]
136.Tablet from Easter island[170]
137-138.Petroglyph in Bohuslän, Sweden[174]-[175]
139.Petroglyph in Épone, France[176]
140.Petroglyphs at Tyout, Algeria[179]
141.Petroglyphs at Moghar, Algeria[180]
142.Petroglyph in Léribé, South Africa[182]
143.Petroglyphs in Basutoland, South Africa[183]
144-145.Petroglyphs in the Canary islands[183]-[184]
145a.Petroglyph in Yezo, Japan[185]
146.Petroglyphs at Chandeshwar, India[187]
147.Types of cup sculptures[190]
148.Variants of cup sculptures[191]
149.Cup sculptures at Auchnabreach, Scotland[192]
150.Cup sculptures at Ballymenach, Scotland[193]
151.Cup sculptures in Chiriqui[194]
152-153.Cup sculptures in Venezuela[195]
154-155.Cup sculptures in Brazil[195]-[196]
156.Cup sculptures in India[197]
157.Comanche drawing on shoulder blade[206]
158.Quill pictograph[208]
159.Pictograph on gourd[208]
160.Pictographs on wood, Washington[214]
161.Haida basketry hat[216]
162.Tshimshian blanket[217]
163.Wampum strings[228]
164.Penn wampum belt[230]
165.Song for medicine hunting[247]
166.Song for beaver hunting[249]
167.Osage chart[251]
168.Midē' record[252]
169.Midē' records[253]
170.Minabō'zho[254]
171.Midē' practicing incantation[254]
172.Jĕssakkī'd curing a woman[254]
173.The origin of the Indians[256]
174.Record of treaty[257]
175-177.Shop account[259]-[261]
178-180.Book account[262]
181.Notched sticks[263]
182.Device denoting the succession of time. Dakota[265]
183-196.Lone-Dog’s Winter Count[273]-[276]
197.Whooping-cough. The-Flame’s Winter Count, 1813-’14[276]
198.Whooping-cough. The-Swan’s Winter Count, 1813-’14[276]
199-255.Lone-Dog’s Winter Count[276]-[286]
256.Battiste Good’s Revelation[289]
257-436.Battiste Good’s Winter Count[293]-[328]
437.Petroglyphs at Oakley Springs, Arizona[329]
438.Hunting notices[331]
439.Alaskan notice of hunt[332]
440.Alaskan notice of departure[332]
441.Alaskan notice of hunt[333]
442-444.Alaskan notice of direction[333]-[334]
445.Abnaki notice of direction[335]
446.Amalecite notice of trip[336]
447-448.Ojibwa notice of direction[337]-[338]
449.Penobscot notice of direction[338]
450.Passamaquoddy notice of direction[339]
451.Micmac notice of direction[341]
452.Lean-Wolf’s map. Hidatsa[342]
453.Chart of battlefield[343]
454.Topographic features[344]
455.Greenland map[345]
456-458.Passamaquoddy wikhegan[348]-[350]
459.Alaskan notice of distress[351]
460.Alaskan notice of departure and refuge[351]
461.Alaskan notice of departure to relieve distress[351]
462.Ammunition wanted. Alaskan[352]
463.Assistance wanted in the hunt. Alaskan[352]
464-465.Starving hunters. Alaskan[352]-[353]
466.No thoroughfare[354]
467.Rock paintings in Azuza canyon, California[354]
468.Site of paintings in Azuza canyon, California[355]
469.Sketches from Azuza canyon[355]
470.West African message[361]
471.Ojibwa love letter[363]
472.Cheyenne letter[364]
473.Ojibwa invitations[365]
474.Ojibwa invitation sticks[366]
475.Summons to Midé ceremony[367]
476.Passamaquoddy wikhegan[367]
477.Australian message sticks[370]
478-479.West African aroko[371]
480-481.Jebu complaint[375]
482.Samoyed requisition[375]
483.Eastern Algonquian tribal designations[379]
484-487.Absaroka tribal designations[380]-[381]
488.Arapaho tribal designation[381]
489-490.Arikara tribal designations[381]
491.Assiniboin tribal designation[381]
492-493.Brulé tribal designations[382]
494-497.Cheyenne tribal designations[382]-[383]
498.Dakota tribal designation[383]
499.Hidatsa tribal designation[384]
500-501.Kaiowa tribal designations[384]
502.Mandan tribal designation[385]
503.Mandan and Arikara tribal designations[385]
504-506.Omaha tribal designations[385]
507-509.Pawnee tribal designations[386]
510-512.Ponka tribal designations[386]-[387]
513.Tamga of Kirghise tribes[387]
514.Dakota gentile designations[389]
515.Kwakiutl carvings[390]
516.Virginia tattoo designs[393]
517.Haida tattooing. Sculpin and dragon-fly[397]
518.Haida tattooing. Thunder-bird[398]
519.Haida tattooing. Thunder-bird and tshimos[399]
520.Haida tattooing. Bear[399]
521.Haida tattooing. Mountain goat[400]
522.Haida tattooing. Double thunder-bird[401]
523.Haida tattooing. Double raven[401]
524.Haida tattooing. Dog-fish[400]
525-526.Tattooed Haidas[402]-[403]
527.Two forms of skulpin. Haida[404]
528.Frog. Haida[405]
529.Cod. Haida[405]
530.Squid. Haida[405]
531.Wolf. Haida[405]
532.Australian grave and carved trees[408]
533.New Zealand tattooed head and chin mark[409]
534.Tattoo design on bone. New Zealand[409]
535.Tattooed woman. New Zealand[410]
536.Tattoo on Papuan chief[411]
537.Tattooed Papuan woman[412]
538.Badaga tattoo marks[413]
539.Chukchi tattoo marks[414]
540.Big-Road[421]
541.Charging-Hawk[422]
542.Feather-on-his-head[422]
543.White-Tail[423]
544.White-Bear[423]
545.Standing-Bear[423]
546.Four horn calumet[424]
547.Two-Strike as partisan[424]
548.Lean-Wolf as partisan[425]
549.Micmac headdress in pictograph[425]
550.Micmac chieftainess in pictograph[426]
551.Insignia traced on rocks, Nova Scotia[427]
552.Chilkat ceremonial shirt[428]
553.Chilkat ceremonial cloak[429]
554.Chilkat ceremonial blanket[430]
555.Chilkat ceremonial coat[430]
556.Bella Coola Indians[431]
557.Guatemala priest[431]
558.Mark of exploit. Dakota[433]
559.Killed with fist. Dakota[433]
560.Killed an enemy. Dakota[434]
561.Cut throat and scalped. Dakota[434]
562.Cut enemy’s throat. Dakota[434]
563.Third to strike. Dakota[434]
564.Fourth to strike. Dakota[434]
565.Fifth to strike. Dakota[434]
566.Many wounds. Dakota[434]
567-568.Marks of exploits. Hidatsa[437]
569.Successful defense. Hidatsa[438]
570.Two successful defenses. Hidatsa[438]
571.Captured a horse. Hidatsa[438]
572.Exploit marks. Hidatsa[438]
573.Record of exploits[439]
574.Record of exploits[439]
575.Exploit marks as worn[439]
576.Scalp taken[440]
577.Scalp and gun taken[440]
578.Boat paddle. Arikara[442]
579.African property mark[442]
580.Owner’s marks. Slesvick[442]
581.Signature of Running Antelope. Dakota[445]
582.Solinger sword makers’ marks[445]
583-613.Personal names. Objective[447]-[453]
614-621.Personal names. Metaphoric[453]-[454]
622-634.Personal names. Animal[455]-[458]
635-637.Personal names. Vegetable[458]
638.Loud-Talker[459]
639.Mexican names[460]
640-651.Symbols of the supernatural[462]-[466]
652.Dream. Ojibwa[466]
653.Religious symbols[467]
654.Myth of Pokinsquss[469]
655.Myth of Atosis[470]
656.Myth of the Weasel girls[471]
657.The giant bird Kaloo[472]
658.Kiwach, the strong blower[473]
659.Story of Glooscap[474]
660.Ojibwa shamanistic symbols[474]
661.Baho-li-kong-ya. Arizona[476]
662.Mythic serpents. Innuit[476]
663.Haida wind-spirit[477]
664.Orca. Haida[477]
665.Bear mother. Haida[478]
666.Thunder-bird grasping whale[479]
667.Haokah. Dakota giant[480]
668.Ojibwa mánidō[480]
669.Menomoni white bear mánidō[481]
670.Mythic wild cats. Ojibwa[482]
671.Winnebago magic animal[482]
672.Mythic buffalo[482]
673-674.Thunder-birds. Dakota[483]
675.Wingless thunder-bird. Dakota[483]
676-677.Thunder-birds. Dakota[484]
678.Thunder-bird. Haida[485]
679.Thunder-bird. Twana[485]
680.Medicine-bird. Dakota[486]
681.Five-Thunders. Dakota[486]
682.Thunder-pipe. Dakota[486]
683.Micmac thunder-bird[487]
684.Venezuelan thunder-bird[487]
685.Ojibwa thunder-birds[487]
686.Moki rain-bird[488]
687.Ahuitzotl[488]
688.Peruvian fabulous animals[488]
689.Australian mythic personages[489]
690.Ojibwa Midē' wigwam[493]
691.Lodge of a Midē'[493]
692.Lodge of a Jĕssakkī'd[493]
693-697.Making medicine. Dakota[494]
698.Magic killing[495]
699.Held-a-ghost-lodge[495]
700-701.Muzzin-ne-neence. Ojibwa[495]-[496]
702.Ojibwa divination. Ojibwa[497]
703.Shaman exorcising demon. Alaska[497]
704.Supplication for success. Alaska[499]
705.Skokomish tamahous[498]
706.Mdewakantawan fetich[500]
707.Medicine bag, as worn[501]
708.Medicine bag, hung up[502]
709-711.Magic arrows[503]
712.Hunter’s charm. Australia[504]
713.Moki masks traced on rocks. Arizona[506]
714.Shaman’s lodge. Alaska[507]
715.Ah-tón-we-tuck[509]
716.On-sáw-kie[510]
717.Medicine lodge. Micmac[510]
718.Juggler lodge. Micmac[511]
719.Moki ceremonial[511]
720.Peruvian ceremony[513]
721-723.Tartar and Mongol drums[515]-[517]
724.Votive offering. Alaska[519]
725-726.Grave posts. Alaska[520]
727.Village and burial ground. Alaska[520]
728.Menomoni grave post[521]
729.Incised lines on Menomoni grave post[522]
730.Grave boxes and posts[523]
731.Commemoration of dead. Dakota[523]
732.Ossuary ceremonial. Dakota[523]
733.Kalosh grave boxes[524]
734.New Zealand grave effigy[525]
735.New Zealand grave post[526]
736.Nicobarese mortuary tablet[526]
737.The policeman[529]
738.Ottawa pipestem[530]
739-740.Shooting fish. Micmac[531]
741.Lancing fish. Micmac[531]
742.Whale hunting. Innuit[531]
743.Hunting in canoe. Ojibwa[532]
744.Record of hunting. Ojibwa[532]
745.Fruit gatherers. Hidatsa[533]
746.Hunting antelope. Hidatsa[533]
747.Hunting buffalo. Hidatsa[534]
748.Counting coups. Dakota[534]
749-750.Counting coup. Dakota[535]
751-752.Scalp displayed. Dakota[535]-[536]
753.Scalped head. Dakota[536]
754.Scalp taken. Dakota[536]
755-757.Antelope hunting. Dakota[536]-[537]
758.Wife’s punishment. Dakota[537]
759.Decorated horse. Dakota[537]
760.Suicide. Dakota[537]
761.Eagle hunting. Arikara[537]
762.Eagle hunting. Ojibwa[538]
763.Gathering pomme blanche[538]
764.Moving tipi[538]
765.Claiming sanctuary[538]
766-769.Raising war party. Dakota[540]
770.Walrus hunting. Alaska[541]
771.Records carved on ivory. Alaska[541]
772-773.Haka game. Dakota[547]
774.Haida gambling sticks[548]
775.Pebbles from Mas d’Azil[549]
776-781.Records of expeditions. Dakota[553]-[554]
782-783.Records of battles[556]
784.Battle of 1797. Ojibwa[557]
785.Battle of Hard river. Winnebago[559]
786.Battle between Ojibwa and Sioux[559]
787.Megaque’s last battle[560]
788-795.Records of battles. Dakota[561]-[563]
796.Record of Ojibwa migration[566]
797.Origin of Brulé. Dakota[567]
798.Kiyuksas[568]
799-802.First coming of traders[568]
803.Boy scalped[568]
804.Boy scalped alive[569]
805.Horses killed[569]
806-808.Annuities received[569]
809.Mexican blankets bought[569]
810.Wagon captured[570]
811.Clerk killed[570]
812.Flagstaff cut down[570]
813.Horses taken[570]
814.Killed two Arikara[571]
815.Shot and scalped an Arikara[572]
816.Killed ten men and three women[572]
817.Killed two chiefs[573]
818.Killed one Arikara[573]
819.Killed two Arikara hunters[574]
820.Killed five Arikara[574]
821.Peruvian biography[575]
822.Hunting record. Iroquois[575]
823.Martial exploits. Iroquois[576]
824.Cross-Bear’s death[576]
825.A dangerous trading trip[577]
826.Shoshoni raid for horses[578]
827.Life risked for water[578]
828.Runs by the enemy[579]
829.Runs around[579]
830.Goes through the camp[579]
831.Cut through[579]
832.Killed in tipi[579]
833.Killed in tipi[579]
834.Took the warpath[579]
835.White-Bull killed[580]
836.Brave-Bear killed[580]
837.Brave-man killed[580]
838.Crazy Horse killed[580]
839.Killed for whipping wife[580]
840.Killed for whipping wife[580]
841-842.Close shooting[581]
843.Lean-Wolf’s exploits. Hidatsa[581]
844.Record of hunt. Alaska[581]
845.Charge after[585]
846.Killed after[585]
847.Old-Horse[585]
848.Old-Mexican[585]
849.Young-Rabbit[585]
850.Bad-Boy[585]
851.Bad-Horn[585]
852.Bad-Face[586]
853.Bad. Ojibwa[586]
854.Got-there-first[586]
855-860.Big[586]-[587]
861.Center-Feather[587]
862.Deaf Woman[587]
863-867.Direction[588]
868.Whooping cough[588]
869.Measles[589]
870.Measles or smallpox[589]
871.Ate buffalo and died[589]
872.Died of “whistle”[589]
873-874.Smallpox[589]
875.Smallpox. Mexican[589]
876.Died of cramps[589]
877-878.Died in childbirth[590]
879.Sickness. Ojibwa[590]
880.Sickness. Chinese[590]
881.Fast-Horse[590]
882.Fast-Elk[590]
883-887.Fear[591]
888-890.River freshet[591]-[592]
891.Good-Weasel[592]
892-897.High[592]-[593]
898-903.Lean[593]-[594]
904-915.Little[594]-[595]
916.Lone-Woman[595]
917.Lone-Bear[596]
918.Many shells[596]
919.Many deer[596]
920.Much snow[596]
921.Great, much[596]
922.Ring-Cloud[597]
923.Cloud-Ring[597]
924.Fog[597]
925.Kills-Back[597]
926.Keeps-the-Battle[597]
927.Keeps-the-Battle[597]
928.His-Fight[597]
929.River fight[598]
930.Owns-the-arrows[598]
931.Has-something-sharp[598]
932.Prisoner. Dakota[598]
933.Takes enemy[598]
934.Iroquois triumph[599]
935.Prisoners. Dakota[599]
936.Prisoners. Iroquois[600]
937.Prisoners. Mexico[600]
938.Short bull[600]
939-944.Sight[600]-[601]
945.Slow bear[601]
946-954.Tall[601]-[602]
955-956.Trade[603]
957.Brothers[603]
958.Same tribe[603]
959.Husband and wife[604]
960.Same tribe[604]
961.Same tribe[604]
962-966.Whirlwind[604]-[605]
967-975.Winter, cold, snow[605]-[606]
976.Peruvian garrison[607]
977.Comet. Mexican[613]
978.Robbery. Mexican[613]
979.Guatemalan symbols[614]
980.Chibcha symbols[616]
981.Syrian symbols[616]
982.Piaroa color stamps[621]
983.Rock painting. Tule river, California[638]
984-998.Gesture signs in pictographs[639]-[641]
999.Water symbols[642]
1000.Gesture sign for drink[642]
1001.Water. Egyptian[642]
1002.Gesture for rain[643]
1003.Water signs. Moki[643]
1004.Symbols for child and man[644]
1005.Gestures for birth[644]
1006.Negation[645]
1007.Hand[645]
1008.Signal of discovery[645]
1009.Pictured gestures. Maya[646]
1010.Pictured gestures. Guatemala[647]
1011-1019.Peace[650]-[651]
1020-1022.War[651]-[652]
1023.Chief-Boy[652]
1024.War chief. Passamaquoddy[652]
1025-1029.Council[653]-[654]
1030-1037.Plenty of food[654]-[655]
1038-1043.Famine[655]-[656]
1044-1046.Starvation[656]
1047-1051.Horses[656]-[657]
1052-1060.Horse stealing[657]-[658]
1061-1069.Kill and death[658]-[660]
1070.Killed. Dakota[660]
1071.Life and death. Ojibwa[660]
1072.Dead. Iroquois[660]
1073.Dead man. Arikara[660]
1074-1078.Shot[661]
1079.Coming rain[662]
1080.Hittite emblems of known sound[663]
1081.Hittite emblems of uncertain sound[664]
1082.Title page of Kauder’s Micmac Catechism[668]
1083.Lord’s Prayer in Micmac “hieroglyphics”[669]
1084-1085.Religious story. Sicasica[672]
1086.Mo-so MS. Desgodins[673]
1087.Pictographs in alphabets[675]
1088.Algonquian petroglyph, Hamilton farm, West Virginia[677]
1089.Algonquian petroglyphs, Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania[677]
1090.Algonquian petroglyphs, Cunningham’s Island, Lake Erie[679]
1091.Algonquian petroglyphs, Wyoming[680]
1092.Shoshonean petroglyphs, Idaho[680]
1093.Shoshonean petroglyphs, Utah[681]
1094.Shoshonean rock painting, Utah[681]
1095-1096.Arizona petroglyphs[682]-[683]
1097-1098.Petroglyphs in Lower California[683]
1099.Haida totem post[684]
1100.New Zealand house posts[685]
1101.New Zealand tiki[686]
1102-1103.Nicaraguan petroglyphs[686]
1104.Deep carvings in Guiana[687]
1105-1106.Venezuelan petroglyphs[688]
1107.Brazilian petroglyphs[689]
1108.Spanish and Brazilian petroglyphs[690]
1109-1111.Brazilian petroglyphs[690]-[691]
1112.Brazilian pictograph[691]
1113-1114.Brazilian petroglyphs[692]
1115.Tree[693]
1116.Grow[693]
1117.Sky[694]
1118.Sun. Oakley Springs[694]
1119.Sun. Gesture sign[695]
1120.Devices for sun[695]
1121.Sun and light[695]
1122.Light[695]
1123.Light and sun[696]
1124.Sun. Kwakiutl[696]
1125.Sun mask. Kwakiutl[696]
1126.Suns[696]
1127.Gesture for moon[696]
1128.Moon[697]
1129.Stars[697]
1130.Day. Ojibwa[697]
1131.Morning. Arizona[698]
1132.Day[698]
1133.Days. Apache[698]
1134.Clear, stormy. Ojibwa[699]
1135-1139.Night[699]
1140.Night. Ojibwa[699]
1141.Sign for night[700]
1142.Night. Egyptian[700]
1143.Night. Mexican[700]
1144.Cloud shield[700]
1145.Clouds. Moki[700]
1146.Cloud. Ojibwa[700]
1147.Rain. Ojibwa[701]
1148.Rain. Pueblo[701]
1149.Rain. Moki[701]
1150.Rain. Chinese[701]
1151-1153.Lightning. Moki[701]-[702]
1154.Lightning. Pueblo[702]
1155-1158.Human form[703]
1159.Human form. Alaska[704]
1160.Bird man. Siberia[704]
1161.American. Ojibwa[704]
1162.Man. Yakut[704]
1163.Human forms. Moki[704]
1164.Human form. Navajo[705]
1165.Man and woman. Moki[705]
1166.Human form. Colombia[705]
1167.Human form. Peru[707]
1168.Human face. Brazil[708]
1169-1170.Human faces. Brazil[708]
1171.Double-faced head. Brazil[708]
1172.Funeral urn. Marajo[709]
1173.Marajo vase[709]
1174.Marajo vases[710]
1175.Human heads[711]
1176.Hand. Ojibwa[711]
1177.Joined hands. Moki[712]
1178.Cave-painting. Australia[713]
1179.Irish cross[715]
1180.Roman standard[715]
1181-1185.Tracks[716]
1186.Feet[716]
1187-1192.Broken leg. Dakota[716]-[717]
1193.Broken leg. Chinese[717]
1194-1198.Voice[717]-[718]
1199.Speech. Ojibwa[719]
1200.Talk. Mexican[719]
1201.Talk. Maya[719]
1202.Talk. Guatemala[720]
1203.Dwellings[720]
1204-1210.Dwellings. Dakota[721]
1211.Dwellings. Moki[721]
1212.Dwelling. Maya[722]
1213.House. Egyptian[722]
1214.Eclipse of the sun[722]
1215-1223.Meteors[722]-[723]
1224.Meteors. Mexican[724]
1225.Cross. Dakota[725]
1226.Cross. Ohio mound[725]
1227.Dragon fly[725]
1228.Crosses. Eskimo[727]
1229.Cross. Tulare valley, California[727]
1230.Crosses. Owens valley, California[728]
1231.Cross. Innuit[729]
1232.Crosses. Moki[729]
1233.Crosses. Maya[729]
1234.Crosses. Nicaragua[730]
1235-1236.Crosses. Guatemala[730]-[731]
1237.Crosses. Sword-makers’ marks[732]
1238.Cross. Golasecca[733]
1239-1251.Composite forms[735]-[736]
1252.Wolf-man. Haida[737]
1253.Panther-man. Haida[737]
1254.Moose. Kejimkoojik[739]
1255.Hand. Kejimkoojik[740]
1256.Engravings on bamboo. New Caledonia[743]
1257.Typical character. Guiana[745]
1258.Moki devices[746]
1259.Frames and arrows. Moki[746]
1260.Blossoms. Moki[746]
1261.Moki characters[748]
1262.Mantis. Kejimkoojik[749]
1263.Animal forms. Sonora[749]
1264-1278.Weapons and ornaments. Dakota[750]-[752]
1279.Weapons[753]
1280.Australian wommera and clubs[754]
1281.Turtle. Maya[756]
1282.Armadillo. Yucatan[756]
1283.Dakota drawings[756]
1284.Ojibwa drawings[757]
1285-1287.Grave creek stone[761]-[762]
1288.Imitated pictograph[765]
1289.Fraudulent pictograph[767]
1290.Chinese characters[767]

PICTURE-WRITING OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS.

By Garrick Mallery.

INTRODUCTION.

An essay entitled “Pictographs of the North American Indians: A Preliminary Paper,” appeared in the Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. The present work is not a second edition of that essay, but is a continuation and elaboration of the same subject. Of the eighty-three plates in that paper not one is here reproduced, although three are presented with amendments; thus fifty-one of the fifty-four plates in this volume are new. Many of the text figures, however, are used again, as being necessary to the symmetry of the present work, but they are now arranged and correlated so as to be much more useful than when unmethodically disposed as before, and the number of text figures now given is twelve hundred and ninety-five as against two hundred and nine, the total number in the former paper. The text itself has been rewritten and much enlarged. The publication of the “Preliminary Paper” has been of great value in the preparation of the present work, as it stimulated investigation and report on the subject to such an extent that it is now impossible to publish within reasonable limits of space all the material on hand. Indeed, after the present work had been entirely written and sent to the Public Printer, new information came to hand which ought to be published, but can not now be inserted.

It is also possible to give more attention than before to the picture-writing of the aboriginal inhabitants of America beyond the limits of the United States. While the requirements of the acts of Congress establishing the Bureau of Ethnology have been observed by directing main attention to the Indians of North America, there is sufficient notice of Central and South America to justify the present title, in which also the simpler term “picture-writing” is used instead of “pictographs.”

Picture-writing is a mode of expressing thoughts or noting facts by marks which at first were confined to the portrayal of natural or artificial objects. It is one distinctive form of thought-writing without reference to sound, gesture language being the other and probably earlier form. Whether remaining purely ideographic, or having become conventional, picture-writing is the direct and durable expression of ideas of which gesture language gives the transient expression. Originally it was not connected with the words of any language. When adopted for syllabaries or alphabets, which is the historical course of its evolution, it ceased to be the immediate and became the secondary expression of the ideas framed in oral speech. The writing common in civilization may properly be styled sound-writing, as it does not directly record thoughts, but presents them indirectly, after they have passed through the phase of sound. The trace of pictographs in alphabets and syllabaries is discussed in the present work under its proper heading so far as is necessary after the voluminous treatises on the topic, and new illustrations are presented. It is sufficient for the present to note that all the varied characters of script and print now current are derived directly or mediately from pictorial representations of objects. Bacon well said that “pictures are dumb histories,” and he might have added that in the crude pictures of antiquity were contained the germs of written words.

The importance of the study of picture-writing depends partly upon the result of its examination as a phase in the evolution of human culture. As the invention of alphabetic writing is admitted to be the great step marking the change from barbarism to civilization, the history of its earlier development must be valuable. It is inferred from internal evidence, though not specifically reported in history, that picture-writing preceded and generated the graphic systems of Egypt, Assyria, and China, but in America, especially in North America, its use is still current. It can be studied here without any requirement of inference or hypothesis, in actual existence as applied to records and communications. Furthermore, the commencement of its evolution into signs of sound is apparent in the Aztec and the Maya characters, in which transition stage it was arrested by foreign conquest. The earliest lessons of the genesis and growth of culture in this important branch of investigation may, therefore, be best learned from the western hemisphere. In this connection it should be noticed that picture-writing is found in sustained vigor on the same continent where sign language has prevailed and has continued in active operation to an extent historically unknown in other parts of the world. These modes of expression, i. e., transient and permanent thought-writing, are so correlated in their origin and development that neither can be studied to the best advantage without including the other. Unacquainted with these facts, but influenced by an assumption that America must have been populated from the eastern hemisphere, some enterprising persons have found or manufactured American inscriptions composed of characters which may be tortured into identity with some of the Eurasian alphabets or syllabaries, but which sometimes suggest letters of indigenous invention. This topic is discussed in its place.

For the purposes of the present work there is no need to decide whether sign-language, which is closely connected with picture-writing, preceded articulate speech. It is sufficient to admit the high antiquity of thought-writing in both its forms, and yet it is proper to notice a strong current of recent opinions as indicated by Prof. Sayce (a) in his address to the anthropologic section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, as follows: