Ridewood, Anat. Anz. xi. 1895, p. 425.
Garman, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, xii. 1885, p. 1; Günther, Challenger Reports, "Zool." xxii. 1887, p. 2.
In the Ammocoetes stage the gill-sacs open directly into the larval pharynx, which is retained as the branchial canal, the oesophagus of the adult being an independent and later formation.
Dohrn, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vi. 1886, p. 49.
Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 350.