Penal Methods of the Middle Ages: Criminals, Witches, Lunatics

by George Burnham Ives

[638]. Or this prayer of Pope Leo XIII.; “S. Michel Archange ... repoussez en enfer par la vertu divine Satan, et les autres esprits mauvais, qui errent dans le monde cherchant des âmes à perdre.” Quoted by P. Verdun, ii. p. 314.

[639]. D. H. Tuke, Hist. Insane, p. 14.

[640]. F. Beach, Psychology in John Hunter’s Time, p. 2.

[641]. L. A. Maury, La Magie, p. 329.

[642]. Cockayne, Leechdoms, ii. bk. iii. p. 335.

[643]. W. A. F. Browne, What Asylums were, are, and ought to be, p. 101. Edinburgh, 1837.

[644]. See Tylor, Primitive Culture, i. p. 258.

R. Routledge, Hist. Science, p. 5. London, 1881.

Edward Carpenter, The Art of Creation, p. 36. London, 1904.

[645]. It may be interesting to compare 1 Kings xxii. 20.