(e). J is like the English Y.
(f). H is always aspirated.
(g). Ĥ is a guttural aspirate similar to the Spanish J as heard in mujer (a woman), or like the Scotch ch in "loch," or the Irish gh in "lough." If the learner cannot catch this sound it will be sufficient to aspirate the character strongly, as if it were a double letter hH, laying stress on the last H.
(h). S never has the sound of Z, as it has in the English words "rose, has, was," etc.
(i). ĵ, the small letter, does not require the dot in addition to the circumflex.
(j). Ŭ is a consonant, and is used in the combinations AŬ and EŬ (see par. [10]).
8. Vowels.—There are no short vowels in Esperanto, as heard in the words bat, bet, bit, pot, but. All vowels should be of medium length, but it is well to begin by sounding them long (see note, page [12]).
9. The vowel A is sounded like "ah!" or the a in "father"; I like ee in "seen"; U like oo in "fool."
As regards the vowels E and O, we have no words in English exactly expressing their true sounds. The correct sound of E is something midway between the vowels heard in "bale" and "bell," and that of O something midway between those heard in "dole" and "doll," viz., "eh!" (cut short) and "oh!" (cut short), but without the prolonged sound heard in these words. In the vowel E there should be no trace of the ee sound heard in "cake"; its true sound is much nearer to the e in "bell." The vowel O approaches to the sound of o in "for," or of aw in "law."
In the scheme of pronunciation (par. [19]) we have therefore used ah for A; eh for E; ee for I; o for O; oo for U.