(c). -OP- added to a cardinal number denotes that the number must be taken in a collective sense. As a root, opa = collective.
Examples.—Du = two, duope = two together, in twos. Tri = three, triope = in threes, in triplets. Dek = ten, dekope = in tens. Dudek = twenty, dudekope = in twenties, by scores. Cent = hundred, centope = in hundreds. Mil = thousand, milope = in thousands. Kvinope ili sin ĵetis sur min = Five together (five at a time) they threw themselves upon me. La soldatoj marŝis kvarope = The soldiers were marching in fours.
285. Suffix -UM-. (Ex. [30].)
-UM- has no special meaning. Its different meanings are easily suggested by the context and the signification of the root to which it is joined. There are but few words in which it is used, and these should be learnt as simple words.
The following embrace nearly all:—
- *Aerumi = to air, aerate. Aero = air.
- *Amindumi = to court, woo. Amo = love.
- Brulumo = a swelling, inflammation. Bruli = to burn.
- *Buŝumo = a muzzle (for a dog), a nose-band. Buŝumi = to muzzle, to gag. Buŝo = mouth.
- *Butonumi = to button. Butonumilo = a buttonhook. Butono = a button.
- Cerbumi = to rack one’s brains. Cerbo = a brain.
- *Gustumi = to taste (something). Gustumado = tasting, the sense of tasting. Gusto = taste.
- Kalkanumo = a heel of a boot, etc. Kalkano = heel (of the foot).
- *Kolumo = a shirt collar. Kolo = neck.
- Kolombumi = to spoon, bill and coo. Kolombo = a dove.
- *Komunumo = a commune, a community. Komuna = common.
- *Krucumi = to crucify. Kruco = a cross.
- *Laktumo = milt, melt, soft roe. Lakto = milk.
- Lekumi = to lap. Leki = lick.
- *Lotumi = to allot. Loti = to draw lots.
- *Malvarmumo = a cold, chill. Malvarmumi = to catch cold. Malvarma = cold.
- *Manumo = a cuff, a wristband. Mano = hand.
- *Mastrumi = to manage (the household), keep house. Mastrumado = household management. Mastro = master.
- *Nazumo = a pince-nez. Nazo = nose.
- Okulumi = to make eyes at. Okulo = an eye.
- *Palpebrumi = to wink, blink. Palpebro = an eyelid.
- Partumo = a fraction (mathematics). Parto = a part, a share.
- *Plenumi = to fulfil, accomplish. Plenumiĝi = to be accomplished, fulfilled. Plena = full, complete.
- Proksimuma, proksimume = approximately. Proksima near.
- Sapumi = to soap, lather. Sapo = soap.
- *Ventumi = to ventilate, to use a fan. Ventumilo = a fan. Vento = wind.
N.B.—The 17 words marked * are given in Dr. Zamenhof’s "Fundamento de Esperanto."
286. Prefixes BO-, DUON-, GE-, PRA-. (Ex. [25].)
These four prefixes all denote relationship in a greater or less degree.
(a). BO- denotes relationship by marriage, and is equivalent to the English suffix -in-law, as patro = father, bopatro = father-in-law.