-I, as: Fari = to do.
PARTICIPLES.
| -ANTA, | Active, Present, as: | Faranta = doing. |
| Farante (adv.) = in (when, or, other prep.) doing. | ||
| -INTA, | Active, Past, as: | Farinta = having done. |
| Farinte (adv.) = in having done. | ||
| -ONTA, | Active, Future, as: | Faronta = (being) about to do. |
| Faronte (adv.) = on being about to do. | ||
| -ATA, | Passive, Present, as: | Farata = being done, or, done. |
| Farate (adv.) = on being done. | ||
| -ITA, | Passive, Past, as: | Farita = been done, or, having been done. |
| Farite (adv.) = on having been done. | ||
| -OTA, | Passive, Future, as: | Farota = (being) about to be done. |
| Farote (adv.) = on being about to be done. |
N.B.—For examples of the noun-participles see par. [209].
CLASSES OF VERBS.
There are two classes of verbs—transitive and intransitive.
Transitive Verbs (transitivaj verboj).
161. A transitive verb has two forms or voices, the active and the passive.
(a). A verb is in the active voice when the subject is acting upon the object. The object then, being governed by the verb, must be in the accusative case; as:—Johano batis la hundon = John beat the dog. Here Johano is the subject acting upon hundon, the object; therefore hundon is in the accusative.
(b). A transitive verb is in the passive voice when the subject is acted upon; as:—La hundo estis batata de Johano = The dog was (being) beaten by John. The preposition "by" or "with," preceding the complement of a verb in the passive voice, is de or per. De is used for the agent, and per for the means or manner, as:—La domo konstruita de mia patro estas kovrita per ardezoj = The house built by my father is (having been) covered with slates.