[461] This evil effect Spencer himself emphasizes, though he thinks polygyny favorable to women where the habitat is unfavorable to their self-support and men are scarce: op. cit., I, 692-94. See Wake, op. cit., 219 ff., for the relatively advanced condition of women under polyandry; and compare Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 256 ff., who summarizes opinions as to the influence of polyandry; and Grosse, Die Formen der Familie, 110, who emphasizes the degradation of woman among pastoral polygynists.
[462] Westermarck, op. cit., 496-504.
[463] The facts are collected by Wake, op. cit., 210 ff., 198 ff.; cf. Spencer, op. cit., I, 693.
[464] Starcke, Primitive Family, 264.
[465] Ibid., 264-66. On the influence of ancestor-worship and the sense of propriety, see Wake, op. cit., chaps. vii and xii, 227 ff., 234, 435 ff. Cf. Spencer, op. cit., I, 691, 697; and on monogamy, Letourneau, L'évolution du mariage, chaps. xix, ii; Post, Familienrecht, 72 ff.
[466] See Starcke's masterly summary in chapter vii, "Marriage and its Development," who reaches the conclusion presented in the text. Westermarck, chaps. xxi, xxii, xxiv, obtains practically the same result. Compare also Wake, op. cit., chap. xii, who holds that group-marriage in the Australian and Punaluan forms is the original type of marriage. Then follow polyandry and polygyny; and these are in turn superseded by monogamy. Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 389, declares that polyandry and polygyny are the rule, and in this sense more "natural" than monogamy.
[467] Westermarck, op. cit., 505, 506.
[468] Morgan, Systems of Consanguinity, 477.
[469] Westermarck, op. cit., 507, 508.
[470] Ibid., 509.