[666] That standards of beauty depend upon racial difference is urged by Westermarck, chap. xii, especially 273 ff., against Darwin, op. cit., chap. xx, 595-99, who holds that racial differences are due to different standards of beauty. On female beauty and ideals of beauty among all races see Ploss's full and interesting discussion: Das Weib, I, 59-124.
[667] Darwin, op. cit., chap. xx, 597.
[668] Ibid., chap. xx, 597-99.
[669] Post, Familienrecht, 166-71, 163, 157 ff.
[670] In such cases the right of betrothal belongs either to the parents, to the families, or to particular relatives, as, for instance, to the mother, eldest brother, or maternal uncle of the bride: Post, Familienrecht, 162-64, 166, 167; idem, Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtslebens, 32, 33. See Westermarck, op. cit., 213-15, notes, for examples. In West-Australia the consent of the whole tribe is necessary to a girl's marriage: Westermarck, 215; Kohler, in ZVR., III, 357 ff.; VI, 398.
[671] According to Post, Familienrecht, 205, the purpose is always Familienverbindungen anzuknüpfen; and usually the betrothed bride is held strictly to a life of chastity, even among peoples where such is not the custom for girls: Post, op. cit., 212, 213; Lippert, Geschichte der Familie, 149, 150. Of this, good examples are found in the South Sea: Kohler, "Studien," ZVR., V, 356; see also Starcke, Primitive Family, 212, 256, 257; Wake, Marriage and Kinship, 78-80; Post, Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 80; Ursprung, 57; Anfänge des Staats- und Rechtslebens, 35; Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 365-71; Westermarck, op. cit., 213, 214. On early betrothals see further Kohler, in ZVR., V, 342, (Aleuts); VI, 166 (Burma); VII, 352 (Australia), 372 (New Guinea); X, 99-103, 116 (Bombay); XI, 164 (India); Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Cent. Australia, 558.
[672] Post, Familienrecht, 213. Of course, in case of breach, the parents or other contracting parties are subject to fine, damage, or restitution, in a variety of ways: ibid., 214; Westermarck, op. cit., 224.
[673] Post, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 362, 363, gives many examples. Cf. idem, Familienrecht, 167.
[674] This is the rule among Jackuts, the Sarts of Turkestan, and the southern Slavs: Post, op. cit., 167, 168; Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, 320.
[675] Post, op. cit., 168, 169.