[676] Such is the case among the Menangkabaw Malays of Sumatra; and, according to Burmese law, the woman who has once been married has no guardian: Post, op. cit., 169.
[677] Post, op. cit., 169.
[678] For many examples in America, Africa, Asia, and the island groups, see Westermarck, op. cit., 215-21; Darwin, op. cit., chap. xx, 597-99.
[679] Post, op. cit., 158; Vámbéry, Das Türkenvolk (1885), 229, 230.
[680] Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 748, 750. Elsewhere he says: "The only limit to the brutality women are subjected to by men of the lowest races is the inability to live and propagate under greater;" but, he adds, savage women are just as selfish and just as cruel as men, they only lack the power. A captured or purchased woman is an "absolute possession."—Ibid., I, 746-49.
[681] Letourneau, L'évolution du mariage, 150, 130 ff. Kohler, in ZVR., V, 338 ff.; VI, 342, 343; VIII, 242; XI, 416, 423, appears to take the same position. Cf. also his "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht," ZVR., III, 357 ff.; and Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 99 ff.; Post, Familienrecht, 201-5; Friedrichs, in ZVR., VIII, 377, notes; Bernhöft, in ZVR., IV, 234; idem, Staat und Recht der röm. Königszeit, 196 ff.
[682] Wake, Marriage and Kinship, 180, 183, 198 ff., holds, against Kames, that even in the case of polygyny the evil effects of purchase may be exaggerated, though they are often bad.
[683] Westermarck, op. cit., 223-35, gives a detailed discussion of the paternal power as to the liberty of the son. Very often, though not so generally as the daughter, he is denied freedom of choice in marriage.
[684] Ibid., 222. Starcke, Primitive Family, 256, 257, emphasizes the importance of female labor in early marriage; and this fact is well established by Grosse in the book already analyzed.
[685] On the place of the wooer in wife-purchase see Leist, Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 130 ff. What Spencer says of marriage by service is true in a high degree of marriage by purchase in general: Spencer, op. cit., I, 754, 755.