[1003] Pointed out by Sohm, Eheschliessung, 164, 165.
[1004] Surtees Society Publications, LXIII, 26.
[1005] "Who giveth this woman to be married to this man? Then shall they give their troth to each other in this manner. The minister receiving the woman at her father's or friend's hands," etc.: Bingham, The Christian Marriage Ceremony, 164.
[1006] Thus the Hereford ritual simply says, after declaration of the dower, "et pater vel propinquus mulieris accipiat eam, et tradat homini per manum dexteram" (Surtees Society Publications, LXIII, Appendix, 116). Similarly the Pontifical of Anianus, bishop of Bangor, of the thirteenth century declares, "Primo dicatur (dos) feminae, deinde detur" (ibid., 162); and this form agrees substantially with that of the Hanley Castle Missal of the same period (ibid., 163). In the ritual of the fifteenth-century Harleian MS., in the British Museum, after asking the banns, "the woman shall be given in this manner: Sacerdos utriusque manu dextera apprehensa, jungat eos similiter, sicut faciunt qui fide se obligant" (ibid., 166); but here, of course, the words "jungat eos" are not words of power, for they precede the marriage vow of the parties. According to the Welsh ritual of the fifteenth century, "the woman is given by her father or by another friend" (ibid., 167); and this form is observed in the Sarum liturgy published both by Maskell (Monumenta, I, 56), and the Surtees Society (LXIII, Appendix, 19), while in one MS. of the same service the words "deinde detur [Ecclesiae] femina a patre suo, vel ab amicis ejus" (ibid., loc. cit., 19) appear, thus in effect agreeing with the form of the York manual. An interesting variation occurs in the Pontifical of Magdalen College, Oxford, of the twelfth century, where the priest does not receive the woman from her guardian, but joins with him in giving her to the husband: "Sacerdos et patronus sponsae dent ipsam sponso per dexteram" (ibid., 160). A ritual of Arles (ca. 1300) affords evidence of a similar transition in the form of tradition: see the extract in Sohm, Eheschliessung, 165 n. 27; and compare on this subject Friedberg, Eheschliessung, 38, 62. On the English celebration cf. Jeaffreson, Brides and Bridals, I, 88-98.
[1007] In general, for the canons relating to the priestly benediction and the ecclesiastical celebration see Johnson, Collection of the Laws and Canons of the Church of England, I, 202; II, 19, 27, 64, 89, 91, 340, 395, 410; Pemberton's historical summary in 10 Clark and Finnelly, 616 ff.; and the summaries of Maskell, Monumenta ritualia, I, cclxiv-ix; and Makower, Const. Hist. of Church of England, 213, 214 n. 5. For the early period see the collections of Thorpe, Schmid, Haddan and Stubbs, and Wilkins. An excellent discussion of the subject is given by Pollock and Maitland, Hist. Eng. Law, II, 364 ff.; and a very detailed treatment in Friedberg's Eheschliessung, 33 ff., 309 ff.
[1008] Poenit. Theod., Book I, c. 14, §1: Haddan and Stubbs, Councils, III, 187; Makower, Const. Hist. Church of Eng., 213, 214 n. 5.
[1009] Schmid, Gesetze, Anhang VI, 392, 393; Thorpe, Ancient Laws, I, 255-57; Makower, loc. cit. Cf. also the Excerptiones Ecgberti, c. 90 (or 88), Thorpe, II, 110, reproducing a canon of the Council of Carthage requiring that "the bridegroom and bride be offered by the parents, and bridefolk, to receive the priest's benediction": Johnson's Canons, I, 202, and the so-called Canones Ælfrici (A. D. 992-1001), sec. 9, in Thorpe, II, 347, declaring that "the layman may, however, with the apostle's leave take a wife a second time; if his wife falls away from him; but the canons forbid blessing thereto and have ordered such men to do penance": Makower, loc. cit.
[1010] "Praeterea statutum est, ut nullus filiam suam, vel cognatam, det alicui, absque benedictione sacerdotali. Si aliter feceret, non ut legitimum conjugium, sed ut fornicatorium, judicabitur."—Parker, De antiquitate britannicae ecclesiae (London, 1729), 173; also Wilkins, Concilia, I, 367; Makower, loc. cit.; and translated in Johnson's Canons, II, 19. Cf. Pollock and Maitland, Hist. Eng. Law, II, 368 n. 2.
[1011] "Ut fides inter virum et mulierem, occulte et sine testibus, de conjugio data, si ab alterutro negata fuerit, irrata habeatur."—Wilkins, Concilia, I, 382; Johnson, Canons, II, 27; Makower, loc. cit.
[1012] Johnson, Canons, II, 64.