[291] Op. cit., 20; cf. Keane, Ethnology, 9, taking the same view.
[292] Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, IV, 224.
[293] Powers, Tribes of California, 206. Similar evidence is furnished by Corbusier: "For two years in succession I observed that in August and September the women solicited the attentions of the men, and an unusual number of couples were seen with their heads hidden in a blanket caressing each other. The majority of the children were born in the spring."—"The Apache-Yumas and Apache-Mojaves," Am. Antiquarian, VIII, 330.
[294] Westermarck, op. cit., 20, 24-38, cites the literature. On the pairing seasons among men and animals, see also Hellwald, op. cit., 127 ff.; Kulischer, in ZFE., VIII, 149 ff.; and Mucke, op. cit., 67 ff. The pairing season appears to be the result of natural selection, a device of nature to make sure that the young shall be born at a time most favorable to their sustenance and survival.
[295] Vignoli, Ueber das Fundamentalgesetz des Intelligenz im Thierreiche: translated from Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 42.
[296] Compare the interesting chapter of Hellwald, "Kuss und Liebe," op. cit., 97-120.
[297] Primitive Family, 241, 242, 268, and the whole of chap. vii, of the second division of the work, in which he gives the results of the researches comprised in the preceding chapters. Cf. Dargun, Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht, 17, 18, who favors Starcke's view as against Hellwald, op. cit., 457; also Lippert, Geschichte der Familie, 118, who takes a similar position.
[298] "The family is therefore distinguished from the family group and the clan as a group of kinsfolk established by contract, and only in a subsidiary sense by the tie of blood between parents and children."—Op. cit., 13. With Starcke's view compare that of Posada, who uses the suggestive word symbiose (convivencia) to express the totality of influences concerned in the origin of society. He says: "En somme, d'après tout ce qui vient d'être dit, la société humaine ne peut pas être considérée comme ayant eu la familie pour origine. A la force instinctive du sang, au fait nécessaire et primitif de l'union sexuelle, il faut ajouter et combiner la symbiose, qui tend à devenir territoriale, et résulte du besoin fondamental de la conservation: elle implique la coopération universelle et la vie de relation, déterminée par le plaisir, par la sympathie, par la nécessité de faire face aux exigences d'autres hommes; elle implique aussi la coopération universelle, non plus de mari à femme, ni de père à fils, mais d'homme à homme."—Théories modernes, 99, 100, 96, 81 ff., passim.
[299] Westermarck, op. cit., 20-22.
[300] Ibid., 22 ff., 379, 535. On these customs, often taken as evidences of former promiscuity, compare Lippert, Geschichte der Familie, 6, 7; and the examples in ZVR., V, 353; XI, 135, 136.