[301] Westermarck, op. cit., 19, 20; Starcke, op. cit., 13. Friedrichs, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," ZVR., X, 253-56, accepts Starcke's conception of marriage, but finds his definition inadequate. He offers the following: "Eine von der Rechtsordnung anerkannte und privilegirte Vereinigung geschlechtsdifferenter Personen, entweder zur Führung eines gemeinsamen Hausstandes und zum Geschlechtsverkehr, oder zum ausschliesslichen Geschlechtsverkehr." Cf. Heusler, Institutionen, II, 271-76, on the distinction between Familie and Sippe. "Die Familie des Rechtes," he says, "ist nicht ein Verband von Blutsverwandten sondern eine Gemeinschaft der Hausgenossen;" but the Sippe (gens) is based on blood-relationship (271). He combats the view of Rosin, Der Begriff der Schwertmagen, §5. Hellwald, as already seen, prefers the term "mother-group" for the so-called primitive family; and does not find marriage proper until the stage of property and full "mother-right" is reached; see chap. ii.
[302] Early Law and Custom, 204, 205; cf. also Westermarck, op. cit., 115-17.
[303] Early Law and Custom, 204, 205, note.
[304] Westermarck, op. cit., 115; Mantegazza, Die Hygiene der Liebe, 405; cf. Maine, op. cit., 204.
[305] Op. cit., 115.
[306] Ibid., 115-17. Thus in Tibet but one of the husbands was usually at home; and among the Todas betrothals are made with the condition that each of the husbands should live with the wife a month by turns: ibid., 116.
[307] See the elaborate investigation of Westermarck, op. cit., chaps, xiv, xv, especially 334 ff.
[308] Ibid., 117-33, 495, 551. With this passage should be read his extremely interesting chapters on the "Courtship of Man," the "Means of Attraction," "Liberty of Choice," "Sexual Selection among Animals," "Sexual Selection of Man; Typical Beauty," and the "Law of Similarity."
[309] Finck, Primitive Love, 87 ff., criticises Westermarck's view, presenting a mass of facts to prove the absence of true jealousy among low races.
[310] Descent of Man, 591; cf. Westermarck, 117; and Kautsky, 194 ff. On jealousy among animals, see Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 23, 37.