[311] Le Bon, L'homme et les sociétés, II, 293; Westermarck, op. cit., 117; cf. Giraud-Teulon, Origines du mariage, 71.
[312] Tribes of California, 412.
[313] Adair, History of the American Indians, 143; Westermarck, op. cit., 119. Cf. Klemm, Kulturgeschichte, II, 80, who finds evidence in both Americas of male jealousy among the natives.
[314] "Although the men are very jealous of the favors of their wives, and incontinence on the part of the latter is certain to be more or less severely punished, the male offender, if notoriously persistent in his efforts to obtain forbidden favors, is usually killed by the injured lover or husband." Separations are often caused by jealousy.—Turner, "Ethnology of the Ungava District," XI. Rep. Bureau of Eth., 178, 188, 189. Cf. Krause, Die Tlinkit Indianer, 221, who says the "betrayer of a woman, if he escapes the dagger of the offended husband, must pay for his offense with presents. If, however, he is a relative, he takes the position of a subordinate husband (Nebenmann) and must help contribute to the support of the woman."
[315] José Vieira de Magalhães, "Familia e religião Selvagem," in his "Ensais de Anthropologia, Região e Raças Selvagens," published in Revista Trimensal do Instituto ... do Brasil, XXXVI, 108 ff. The passages quoted here and elsewhere from Magalhães are given in the translation made for the author by Professor J. C. Branner. The reports of Martius, Ethnographie, I, 112, 115, 116, 119, 120; idem, Rechtszustande, 59, 63, 64, 66-68, seem to confirm that of Magalhães.
[316] "I refer," he says, "to the uncatechised Indian, for the catechised one is, as a rule, a degraded being. Whether the system of catechising is bad, or whether in the efforts directed especially toward making a religious man, the development of the eminently social ideas of free labor is forgotten, or whether it is something else, the fact is this: the catechised Indian is a degraded man, without original customs, indifferent to everything and consequently to his wife and almost to his family."
[317] "Of the Weddings and Marriages of the Abipones," in his Account of the Abipones, II, 213. Dobrizhoffer was eight years among this people during his stay in South America, 1749-67.
[318] I am indebted to Professor J. C. Branner for a translation of the passages here and elsewhere quoted from Souza and Anchieta, as also for the dates.
[319] Souza, "chap. clii, which treats of the manner of marriages of the Tupinambas," in his "Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587," Revista Inst. Hist., XIV, 311 ff.
[320] José d'Anchieta, "Informação dos Casamentos dos Indios do Brazil," Revista Trimensal de Hist. e Geog., VIII, 254-62. "At most," he continues, "they beat the one guilty of adultery if they can, and he bears it patiently, knowing what he has done, except in case he is some great chief, and the woman has no father or strong brothers of whom he is afraid." Then the author relates how a "great chief," Ambirem, cruelly put a wife to death for adultery; but this act and others of the same sort he ascribes to the influence of the French, whom the good priest evidently does not like.