[186] Woolsey, Divorce, 132; also Thwing, The Family, 84. For the ordinance see Richter, op. cit., 6, 7. Similar causes are approved by Bullinger, Der christ. Ehestand, 102, appealing to the laws of the "holy Constantine, Theodosius, Valentinian, Anastasius, and Justinian."
[187] Lambert of Avignon, De sacro conjugio (Strassburg, 1524): cited by Richter, op. cit., 31, 32.
[188] See his De regno Christi (1557), II, 25 ff.; and the elaborate dissertation entitled Etlicher gelerten Theologi bedencken von der Ehescheidung: in Sarcerius, Vom heil. Ehestande, 161 ff.; also ibid., Corpus juris mat., 196 ff., which Richter, op. cit., 34 ff., ascribes to Bucer; though Mejer, Zum Kirchenrecht, 183, doubts the correctness of this view. On Bucer's doctrines see the discussion of Milton below.
[189] Melanchthon, "De conjugio," Opera Omnia (Erlangen, 1828), I, pars II, 236 ff.; or in Sarcerius, Vom heil. Ehestande, 159 ff.; or ibid., Corpus juris mat., 190 ff. Cf. also Richter, Beiträge, 32-34; and especially Mejer, Zum Kirchenrecht, 179-82, who compares the view of Melanchthon with that of Luther, showing that the former goes back to the Theodosian code.
[190] Monner, Tract. de mat. et clandes. conjugiis (Jena, 1561): ap. Richter, Beiträge, 40, 41. Representatives of the more liberal tendency in the sixteenth century are Chyträus, Hunnius, Wigand, Osiander, and the Danish theologian Hemming: Richter, op. cit., 42, 43, 28.
[191] Of course, after regular process was somewhat developed, as will presently be shown, the toleramus or permission of the magistrate concluding the decree was requisite to the remarriage even of the innocent person.
[192] The Renovatio ecc. Nord. (1525): Richter, Kirchenordnungen, I, 20, tolerates the second marriage of a person whose spouse has committed adultery. The Prussian Landesordnung of the same year expressly sanctions the divorce and remarriage of the injured spouse whose partner has committed the same offense: Richter, op. cit., I, 32. In 1531 the church ordinance of Goslar and that of Lübeck, drafted by Bugenhagen, recognize malicious desertion as a second ground for dissolving wedlock: Richter, op. cit., I, 156, 148; and a similar provision appears in the Pommer ordinance of 1535, also drafted by Bugenhagen: Richter, op. cit., 250. Compare Schulte, Lehrbuch, 414-28, who gives an account of the provisions of the many ordinances regarding divorce and remarriage.
[193] "Wenn der Ehebruch bey dem halse gestraffet würde, so bedürffte man hie nicht viel fragens": Bugenhagen, Vom Ehebruch und Weglauffen: in Sarcerius, Vom heil. Ehestande, 138.
[194] Richter, op. cit., 31, 45; citing Lambert of Avignon, De sacra conjugio, who recommends excommunication in case the magistrate does not execute the criminal.
[195] On Beust, Beza, and Brenz see Richter, op. cit., 45, 46. Compare Beust, Tract. de spons. et mat., 140, where he declares that the penalty for adultery is death; and Brenz, Wie yn Ehesachen ... zu Handeln: in Sarcerius, Vom heil. Ehestande, 152, where he leaves the offender to the temporal magistrate, urging rigorous punishment; and in cases of negligence advising excommunication by the parish priest.