[196] Melanchthon, "De conjugio," Opera Omnia, I, pars II, 238: "Respondeo: magistratus politicus adulteria punire debet: ideo persona condemnata, si non punitur durius, pellenda est ex iis locis, ubi vivit persona innocens: cui altera, videlicet condemnata, velut mortua existimanda est; et haec severitas ad politicum magistratum pertinet."
[197] Woolsey, Divorce, 138, 139. See Luther, Vom ehel. Leben: in Strampff, 363, 364; or in Sarcerius, op. cit., 137. On Calvin see Strippelmann, Ehescheidungsrecht, 69, 70. The same view is expressed by Hooper, Early Writings, 383; and by Bucer: Milton's Prose Works, III, 299.
[198] Richter, Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des sechszehnten Jahrhunderts.
In many Protestant lands these ecclesiastical statutes or provisions, with the sanction of the civil authority, took the place of the old canon law. For a discussion of their contents see especially the monographs of Goeschen, Doctrina de mat., 59 ff.; idem, in Herzog's Encyclopädie, III, 702 ff.; Dietrich, Evang. Ehescheidungsrecht; and compare Hauber, Ehescheid. im Reformat., II, 219 ff.; Richter, Beiträge, 51 ff.; idem, Kirchenrecht, 1177, 1178; Strippelmann, Das Ehescheidungsrecht, 78 ff.; Greve, Ehescheidung, 298 ff.; Thwing, The Family, 84, 85; Woolsey, Divorce, 136-38.
[199] For example, by the Renovatio ecc. nord. (1525): Richter, Kirchenordnungen, I, 20; the Würtemberg ordinance of 1537: ibid., I, 280; the ordinance of the "Niederländer in London": ibid., II, 115; that of the foreign "Gemeinde zu Frankfurt": ibid., 157.
[200] Goeschen, Doctrina de mat., 61, 62, notes.
[201] As by the Prussian ordinance of 1584: Richter, op. cit., II, 468.
[202] As by the Brandenburg ordinance of 1540: ibid., I, 330; that of Pfalz-Neuburg: ibid., II, 146, 147.
[203] As by the ordinance of Zurich, 1529: ibid., I, 22; that of Basel, 1529: ibid., 126. Cf. Goeschen, Doctrina de mat., 63 n. 218, 29 n. 105.
[204] Bidembach, De causis mat. (Frankfort, 1608), 81-93; and Mentzer, De conjugio (Wittebergae, 1612), 190 ff., allow as causes only adultery and desertion. Other representatives of the conservative tendency in the seventeenth century, as enumerated by Richter, Beiträge, 58 ff., are the theologians Gerhard, Havemann, Calovius, and Hollaz, and the jurists Cypräus, Carpzov, Nicolai, Brunnemann, and Schilter; while the more liberal direction is taken by the theologians Brochmand, Hülsemann, Calixtus (J. U.), Dannhauer, and Quenstedt, and the jurists Henning Arnisaeus, Forster, Kitzel, Pufendorf, Samuel Stryk, and Bruckner.