[799] Bebel, Die Frau und der Sozialismus, 93 ff., 175, 176, 427 ff., 431; or the same in Walther's translation, 43 ff., 229 ff. Compare Karl Pearson's discussion of "Socialism and Sex" in his Ethic of Free Thought, 427-46; and Caird, Morality of Marriage, 123-27.
[800] A Philosophical, Historical, and Moral Essay on Old Maids, by a Friend of the Sisterhood (London, 1785). Some of the gleanings from history in the second and third volumes are not entirely devoid of permanent interest.
[801] Haywood, The Female Spectator (7th ed., London, 1771). This is a fairly representative compilation of gossip and literary anecdote regarding woman, but without a trace of sociological perception.
For examples of the lighter productions referred to see An Essay on Marriage, in a cautionary Epistle to a Young Gentleman, wherein the Artifices and Foibles of the Fair, etc. (London, 1750); The Deportment of a Married Life: Laid down in a Series of Letters ... to a Young Lady ... lately Married (2d ed., London, 1798; 3d ed., 1821); Boone, The Marriage Looking-Glass: written as a Manual for the Married and a Beacon to the Single (London, 1848); Guthrie, Wedded Love (London, 1859), a volume of sentimental verse. Some of them have a pious or theological tone: The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Married State ... under the Similitude of a Dream (5th ed., London, 1760); Conjugal Love and Duty (4th ed., Dublin and London, 1758); Reflections on Celibacy and Marriage, in Four Letters to a Friend (London, 1771); Sandeman, The Honour of Marriage opposed to all Impurities (London, 1777); Bean, The Christian Minister's Affectionate Advice to a New Married Couple (4th ed., London, 1809). Others contain valuable passages, while vividly reflecting the contemporary view regarding woman's inferior position: "Philogamus," The Present State of Matrimony (London, 1739); The Art of Governing a Wife; with Rules for Batchelors (London, 1747).
[802] Astell, An Essay in Defense of the Female Sex (London, 1696; 3d ed., 1697). Cf. her Serious Proposal to the Ladies (London, 1694; 3d ed., 1697); and her Reflections upon Marriage (London, 1700; 4th ed., 1730).
[803] Defoe, An Essay upon Projects (London, 1697).
[804] The Hardships of the English Laws in relation to Wives (London, 1735), 4 ff.
[805] "Sophia," Woman not Inferior to Man; or, A short and modest Vindication of the natural Right of the Fair-Sex to a perfect Equality of Power, Dignity, and Esteem with the Men (London, 1739; 2d ed., 1740). This tract was answered by a "Gentleman," Man Superior to Woman; or, a Vindication of Man's Natural Right of Sovereign Authority over the Woman (London, 1739), insisting that woman was not created at all, but is "a sort of after-produced being" who must not "presume to call in question the great duty of vassalage" to man, under penalty of the withdrawal of his heart from her power. To this "Sophia" rejoined in Woman's Superior Excellence over Man (London, 1740).
[806] A new edition of this book, with an introduction by Mrs. Fawcett, appeared in London in 1890. Cf. Pennell, "A Century of Women's Rights," Fort. Rev., XLVIII, 408 ff.; Rauschenbusch-Clough, A Study of Mary Wollstonecraft and the Rights of Woman; Ostrogorski, The Rights of Women, 40; Richter, Mary Wollstonecraft die Verfechterin der "Rechte der Frau."
[807] In Germany Dorothea Christine Erxleben, in her Gründliche Untersuchung der Ursachen, die das weibliche Geschlecht vom Studium abhalten (Berlin, 1742); Vernünftige Gedanken vom Studiren des schönen Geschlechts (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1749); and Hippel, Bürgerliche Verbesserung der Weiber (Berlin, 1792); followed by his Nachlass über weibliche Bildung (Berlin, 1801), were already beginning the agitation for woman's liberation. A remarkably clear and incisive essay in defense of woman, entitled De l'égalité des deux sexes, appeared in Paris in 1673. Condorcet, Lettres d'un bourgeois de New Haven à un citoyen de Virginie (1787) compressed into a few sentences the basic arguments for the movement. In the same year appeared Mary Wollstonecraft's Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, a forerunner of her Vindication five years later. During the next fifty years a few earnest champions of woman's freedom came forward. First was Mary Anne Radcliffe, Female Advocate, or an attempt to recover the Rights of Women from Male Usurpation (London, 1799); followed by Hannah Mather Crocker, Observations on the Real Rights of Women (Boston, 1818); William Thompson and Mrs. Wheeler, Appeal ... of Women (London, 1825), a book written in reply to a statement in James Mill's article on Government, and possibly influencing John Stuart Mill's later thoughts on the subject; Sarah M. Grimke, Letters on Equality of the Sexes (Boston, 1838); Lady Sydney Morgan, Woman and her Master (London, 1840); Mrs. Ellis, Woman's Rights and Duties (London, 1840). The movement took organic form in 1848, when the first convention was held at Seneca Falls, New York. This was followed in 1850 by conventions in Ohio and Massachusetts. In 1851 Mrs. John Stuart Mill's powerful article in the July number of the Westminster Review on the "Enfranchisement of Women" supplied the agitation with a definite program. See Fawcett, The Woman Question in Europe, 273, note; Stanton, Anthony, and Gage, Hist. of Woman Suffrage, I, 70 ff.; Ostrogorski, Rights of Women, 54 ff.; Johnson, Woman and the Republic, 39 ff.; Wade, Women, Past and Present, 247.