[818] Willcox, "A Study of Vital Statistics," in Pol. Sci. Quart., VIII, 76, 77; Ogle, "On Marriage-Rates and Marriage-Ages," Jour. of the Royal Stat. Soc., LIII, 272 ff.; Kuczynski, "Fecundity of the Native and Foreign Born Pop. in Mass.," Quart. Jour. of Economics, XVI, 1-36; Mayo-Smith, Statistics and Sociology, 103 ff., 124; Crum, "The Marriage Rate in Mass.," Pub. of Am. Stat. Assoc., IV, 331 ff.; Wallace, "Human Selection," Fort. Rev., XLVIII, 335 ff.
[819] Strahan, Marriage and Disease, 245 ff., giving statistics. Cf. Edson, "The Evils of Early Marriages," North Am. Rev., CLVIII, 230-34; Ussher, Neo-Malthusianism, 213 ff.; Wallace, "Human Selection," Fort. Rev., XLVIII, 333 ff.; Legouvé, Hist. morale des femmes, 74-84.
[820] See especially the excellent paper of Mary Roberts Smith, "Statistics of College and Non-College Women," Pub. of the Am. Stat. Assoc., VII, 1-26, whose conclusions support the view taken in the text; and Sidgwick, Health Statistics of Women Students of Cambridge and Oxford and Their Sisters (Cambridge, 1890), who reaches similar general results. Cf. Thwing, "What Becomes of College Women?" North Am. Rev., CLXI, 546-53, taking a very favorable view of the influence of higher education on woman in her domestic relations; and Shinn, "The Marriage Rate of College Women," Century, L, 946-48. Consult also the articles of F. M. Abbott, C. S. Angstman, G. E. Gardner, and F. Franklin mentioned in the Bibliographical Index, IV; and read Clara E. Collet's "Prospects of Marriage for Women," Nineteenth Century, XXXI, 537-52.
[821] Muirhead, "Is the Family Declining?" Int. Jour. of Ethics, Oct., 1896, 47-50.
[822] There are many reasons why all persons do not marry. Among these is a loftier ideal of love. "Persons often live single a whole life-time because they are unable to obtain the only one in the world for whom they can ever experience a throb of pure passion.... We see then that this more diffused and elevated form of love becomes at once the greatest incentive and the greatest barrier to marriage. It differs wholly from the localized passion in being selective. While it is less selfish, it must be called out by, and exclusively directed toward, one definite object. From this circumstance it may be called the objective form of love."—Ward, Dynamic Sociology, I, 626.
[823] Mrs. Mill, "Enfranchisement of Women," Westminster Review, July 1851; or Dissertations and Discussions, III, 117, 118. "While far from being expedient, we are firmly convinced, that the division of mankind into castes, one born to rule over the other, is in this case, as in all cases, an unqualified mischief; a source of perversion and demoralization, both to the favored class and to those at whose expense they are favored; producing none of the good which it is the custom to ascribe to it, and forming a bar, almost insuperable while it lasts, to any really vital improvement, either in the character or in the social condition of the human race."—Ibid., 101. Cf. Mr. Mill's masterly discussion of the relative effects of equality and inequality in marriage, in Subjection of Women, 53-90, 146 ff.
[824] "Yet coeducation wisely managed is almost indispensable to the training of noble men and women; for education in its broadest sense takes account of all the influences that go to form character. It is not wholly intellectual, but is moral and social, and can best be carried forward, under a proper régime, where young men and women are educated and trained together."—Livermore, What Shall We Do with Our Daughters? 44 ff. Cf. Kuhnow, Frauenbildung und Frauenberuf, 7 ff.; and especially Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 361 ff., 381-413.
[825] Stetson, Women and Economics, 151. On the woman labor question see the very enlightening discussion of Olive Schreiner, "The Woman's Movement of Our Day," Harper's Bazar, XXXVI (1902), 3-8, 103-7, 222-27; and her "Woman Question," Cosmopolitan, XXVIII (1899-1900), 45-54, 182-92, emphasizing the danger of woman's "sex-parasitism," through her economic dependence. Compare Günther, Das Recht der Frau auf Arbeit, 6 ff.
[826] The hardships which women as well as men endure under the present industrial conditions have little connection with their economic emancipation. "What some call a woman's movement for industrial liberty is not quite what it is claimed to be. It is largely an incident in the movement of property, which is seeking its own ends, caring very little for either sex or age. In order to find an easier place under the common industrial yoke that rests upon the neck of every individual, women seek more and more employments. But it is not so much womanhood as it is property that is the real impelling cause."—Dike, "Problems of the Family," Century, XXXIX, 392. Cf. Legouvé, Hist. morale des femmes, 366-90; Graffenried, "The Condition of Wage-Earning Women," Forum, XV, 68 ff.; Edson, "American Life and Physical Deterioration," North Am. Rev., CLVII, 440 ff., referring to the alleged evil effects of woman's new activities; Dilke, "Industrial Position of Women," Fort. Rev., LIV, 499 ff., discussing the condition of factory workers; Phillipps, "The Working Lady in London," ibid., LII, 193 ff.; Bremner, "The Financial Dependence of Women," North Am. Rev., CLVIII, 382 ff., protesting against regarding the economic "dependence of the wife as degradation;" and Collet, "Official Statistics on the Employment of Women," Jour. of the Stat. Soc., LXI, 216-60. Mrs. Mill, "Enfranchisement of Women," Dissertation, III, 109 ff., effectually disposes of the objection based on the alleged effects of woman's industrial competition with men. Cf. the elaborate discussion of Bebel, Die Frau und der Sozialismus, 202 ff.
[827] Mary Anne Radcliffe, The Female Advocate (London, 1799). A petition of women to Louis XVI. in 1789 prays "that men may not ply the trades belonging to women, whether dressmaking, embroidery, or haberdashery. Let them leave us, at least the needle and the spindle, and we will engage not to wield the compass or the square."—Ostrogorski, The Rights of Women, 26, 27; following Lefaure, Le socialisme pendant la révolution, 122.