The Draughtsman's Handbook of Plan and Map Drawing / Including instructions for the preparation of engineering, architectural, and mechanical drawings.

by George G. André

Woodland.

—To represent woodland, a flat-tint of green is first laid over the ground, as for grass-land. The groups and masses of trees are next drawn in outline, in the manner described in the last Section, with a hard and sharp lead pencil, or with a pen and pale ink. To fill in these outlines, a colour made up of indigo and gamboge in the same proportions as the ground tint, but of greater intensity, is laid on the lower and right-hand portion of each tree and mass of foliage, so as to occupy about two-thirds of the figure. The remaining portion, which will be the side towards the light, is then touched with an orange tint composed of gamboge and burnt sienna. It only remains to add the shadow. As the light is supposed to enter the drawing in parallel rays from the upper left-hand corner, the shadow of every object will surround its lower and right-hand outlines. It is laid close up to the outline in masses of foliage; but for single trees, as in orchards, it is detached. The form of the shadow was described in the last Section. To produce the shadow, the same tint is used as for the ground, two or three successive applications being sufficient to increase the intensity to the requisite degree; or a neutral tint may be used, composed of indigo, burnt sienna, and a little lake. After the shadow has been put in, the outlines on that side should be strengthened by going over them again with the pen. By drawing the trees in elevation, an opportunity is afforded for the display of artistic skill far greater than the foregoing method admits of. When drawn in this way, the work partakes somewhat of the nature of landscape painting.

Cultivated Land.

—Cultivated land is represented by a flat-tint of burnt sienna.

Uncultivated Land.

—Uncultivated land or brushwood is represented by a double tint of green, as for grass-land, and burnt sienna, as for cultivated land, laid on in the manner already described for the double tint. As this is the only double tint used, it may be made, if thought desirable, with alternate green and crimson lake.

Buildings.

—Buildings, including all structures of masonry, as bridges, locks, walls, and such like, are coloured with crimson lake, and shadowed with a neutral tint composed of indigo, burnt sienna, and a little lake, as given above for forest land.

Roads and Streets.

—Roads and streets, and generally all those portions of a drawing not particularly described, are tinted with yellow ochre.